Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology

Department of Computer Engineering

2024/2025 Academic Year

COE 153: ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY (Guide Only)

Background Notes for the Various Lab Activities

Prepared by
Dr. Daniel Akwei Addo
Department of Computer Engineering

For Educational Use Only

Contact: danieladdo@knust.edu.gh
Engineering Technology: Your Journey Begins

Welcome to the dynamic and ever-evolving world of Engineering Technology! This course is
designed to immerse first-year Computer Engineering and Biomedical Engineering students in a
hands-on learning experience that bridges theoretical concepts and real-world applications.

Through a series of engaging lab activities, you will explore the building blocks of modern
technology. From understanding the fundamentals of electronic components and mastering the
art of designing and fabricating Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) to diving into advanced topics
like electric vehicles, robotics, and web design, each activity is crafted to ignite your curiosity
and enhance your technical skills.

This course takes a multidisciplinary approach, combining elements of electronics, electrical

systems, computer hardware, networking, 3D printing, and automation. You will develop
practical expertise in tools and technologies such as Arduino boards, CAD software, diagnostic
tools, and programming platforms.

Whether you are wiring a circuit, assembling a computer, designing a 3D model, or

programming a robot, each step in this journey equips you with the knowledge and skills to
innovate, troubleshoot, and excel in your field.

Get ready to embark on an exciting adventure that transforms ideas into reality and lays a strong
foundation for your future in engineering. Let your journey into the world of technology begin!

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Table of Content Page Number
Course description 4

Lab Activity: Identification of Electronic Components and Testing 5

Lab Activity: PCB Making, Soldering, and Wiring of Components 8

Lab Activity: Identification of Electrical Machines, Their Parts, and Testing 12

Lab Activity: Identification of Power Cables, Electrical Wiring Components, and Instruments 15

Lab Activity: Measuring Instruments (Power Lab) 18

Lab Activity: Relays and Contactors, Push Buttons, Mobs, Air-Conditioners, and Fridges 21

Lab Activity: Electrical Wiring Part 1 & 2 23

Lab Activity: Introduction to Hardware Programming (Arduino) 26

Lab Activity: Automobile Checklists 31

Lab Activity: Computer Hardware and Assembly 33

Lab Activity: Computer Networking 37

Lab Activity: Computer-Aided Design with SolidWorks 40

Lab Activity: Introduction to 3D Printing 43

Lab Activity: Introduction to Robotics (EV3) 46

Lab Activity: Web Design 50

Questions 54

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Course Description:

This course provides a comprehensive introduction to key concepts and practical skills in
electronics, electrical systems, robotics, and emerging technologies, tailored for biomedical and
computer engineering students. Through hands-on activities and theoretical insights, students
will explore the identification and testing of electronic components, printed circuit board (PCB)
design, electrical machines, wiring systems, and advanced tools like Arduino, robotics, 3D
printing, and computer-aided design (CAD). The course equips students with foundational
knowledge and technical proficiency essential for designing, troubleshooting, and innovating
within biomedical and computer engineering fields.

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Lab Activity: Identification of Electronic Components and Testing

Introduction: Electronic component identification and testing is a fundamental skill for

computer and biomedical engineering students. This learning activity introduces students to basic
electronic components and equips them with the knowledge and techniques required to test these
components both in-circuit and out-of-circuit.

Learning Objectives:

By the end of this activity, students will be able to:

1. Identify basic electronic components by their physical appearance, symbols, and

specifications.
2. Test the functionality of electronic components both in-circuit and out-of-circuit using
appropriate tools.

Materials Required:

• Multimeter (digital or analog)

• Breadboard
• Electronic components (resistors, capacitors, diodes, transistors, inductors, LEDs, ICs,
etc.)
• Component datasheets
• Power supply (optional for circuit testing)
• Schematic diagrams for practice
• Component tester (optional)

Section 1: Identification of Electronic Components

1.1 Resistors:

• Appearance: Small cylindrical components with coloured bands.

• Function: Resists the flow of current in a circuit.
• Identification:
➢ Read the colour bands using the resistor colour code.
➢ Common values: 1 Ω to several MΩ.

1.2 Capacitors:

• Appearance: Cylindrical or disc-shaped components, marked with capacitance

values (e.g., 10 µF, 100 nF).
• Function: Stores electrical energy and releases it when required.
• Identification:
➢ Electrolytic capacitors: Polarized, marked with a + or - sign.
➢ Ceramic capacitors: Non-polarized, small disc-shaped components.

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 1.3 Diodes:

• Appearance: Cylindrical components with a stripe indicating the cathode (-).

• Function: Allows current to flow in one direction.
• Common Types: Standard diodes (e.g., 1N4007), Zener diodes, LEDs.

1.4 Transistors:

• Appearance: Three-legged components (Base, Collector, Emitter).

• Function: Acts as a switch or amplifier.
• Common Types: NPN and PNP transistors (e.g., BC547, 2N2222).

1.5 Inductors:

• Appearance: Coiled wires on a core.

• Function: Stores energy in a magnetic field.

1.6 Integrated Circuits (ICs):

• Appearance: Black rectangular chips with pins on either side.

• Function: Perform complex tasks; contains multiple components in a single
package.

1.7 Switches:

• Appearance: Mechanical components with two or more terminals.

• Function: Open or close a circuit.

1.8 Connectors and Terminals:

• Appearance: Metal or plastic housing with pins or sockets.

• Function: Provide connections between circuit boards, wires, or devices.

Section 2: Testing Electronic Components

2.1 Tools for Testing:

• Multimeter: Essential for measuring resistance, continuity, voltage, and current.

• Component Tester: Optional tool for quick identification and testing.

2.2 Testing Methods:

A. Resistors:

• Set the multimeter to resistance mode (Ω).

• Place the probes on both ends of the resistor.

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 • Compare the measured value with the colour code value.

B. Capacitors:

• Out-of-Circuit: Set the multimeter to capacitance mode, if available.

• In-Circuit: Discharge the capacitor first (use a resistor). Test using the
same method as above.

C. Diodes:

• Set the multimeter to diode mode.

• Place the positive probe on the anode (+) and the negative on the cathode
(-).
• Check for a low forward voltage drop (e.g., ~0.7V for silicon diodes).
• Reverse the probes to ensure no conduction (infinite resistance).

D. LEDs:

• Similar to diode testing, observe if the LED lights up when the correct
polarity is applied.

E. Transistors:

• Use the multimeter in diode mode.

• Test Base-Emitter and Base-Collector junctions for diode-like behaviour.
• Ensure no conduction between Collector-Emitter in both polarities.

F. Inductors:

• Check for continuity using resistance mode on the multimeter.

• Measure inductance using an LCR meter (if available).

G. Integrated Circuits:

• Consult the datasheet for pinout and testing procedures.

• Perform power-up tests using a breadboard circuit.

H. Switches and Connectors:

• Test continuity between terminals when the switch is toggled.

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Lab Activity: PCB Making, Soldering, and Wiring of Components

Introduction

PCB (Printed Circuit Board) making, soldering, and wiring are critical skills for anyone working
in electronics, especially in fields like biomedical engineering, computer engineering, and
embedded systems. These processes form the backbone of electronic device assembly, where
various components are connected to perform specific tasks. In this activity, students will learn
the essential concepts, materials, and techniques used in PCB design, soldering, and wiring.
Through hands-on experience, they will gain practical knowledge of how to create a functional
PCB, mount components, and troubleshoot common issues.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this activity, students will be able to:

1. Understand the purpose and construction of a PCB, including the materials and layers
involved.
2. Use PCB design software to design and prepare a PCB layout.
3. Understand the basic concepts of soldering, including tools, techniques, and common
soldering issues.
4. Solder components onto a PCB correctly and troubleshoot common soldering problems.
5. Identify different types of components (through-hole and surface-mount) and mount them
correctly onto the PCB.
6. Understand the principles of wiring and ensure proper component orientation during
mounting.
7. Use appropriate tools, such as a multimeter, to verify the functionality of the assembled
PCB.

1. Introduction to PCB Making

What is a PCB (Printed Circuit Board)?

• A Printed Circuit Board (PCB) is a flat, rigid board used to support and electrically
connect electronic components. It is the foundation for most modern electronic
devices, allowing components to be interconnected via conductive pathways (traces).
• PCBs are typically made from copper-clad fiberglass, which provides excellent
electrical conductivity and mechanical strength.

Common Materials Used for PCB Construction

• The base material for most PCBs is fiberglass or epoxy resin, which is laminated with
copper on one or both sides.
• Copper is used to create the electrical traces, while the resin material ensures strength
and insulation.

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 • A solder mask, typically green, is applied over the copper traces to protect them from
oxidation and prevent solder bridges during the soldering process.

Functions of a PCB

• PCBs connect various components such as resistors, capacitors, diodes, and ICs by
providing conductive paths.
• They reduce the overall size and complexity of electronic circuits, improve
performance, and lower costs.

Layers in a PCB

• Copper Layer: The conductive layer where traces are etched to form electrical paths.
• Solder Mask Layer: A protective green layer that shields the copper traces.
• Silk Screen Layer: Contains printed labels and symbols to help identify components
during assembly.
• Substrate Layer: The structural base material (often fiberglass) that provides
integrity to the PCB.

2. PCB Design and Preparation

PCB Design Software

• Eagle PCB: A popular design tool for creating PCB layouts. It allows users to
generate schematics and automatically create the PCB design.
• Other tools include Altium Designer, KiCad, and Fritzing, which offer similar
capabilities for both beginners and advanced users.

Typical PCB Thickness

• A standard thickness of 1.6mm is typically used in consumer electronics, providing a

good balance between durability and flexibility.
• Thicker PCBs are used for high-powered circuits or industrial applications, while
thinner boards are often used in flexible electronics.

PCB Design Process

1. Component Placement: The first step in the design process, where components are
positioned on the PCB.
2. Routing: Creating electrical paths (traces) between components, ensuring they follow
design rules to maintain signal integrity and avoid short circuits.
3. DRC (Design Rule Check): Verifying that the layout meets specific design standards
for trace width, spacing, and manufacturability.

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 Via

• Vias are small drilled holes that enable connections between different layers of the
PCB. They are essential for multi-layer PCBs.

3. Soldering Process

What is Soldering?

• Soldering is the process of joining two or more electronic components by melting a

filler metal (solder) to create a bond. This process connects components to the PCB
through their leads or pads.

Soldering Tools

• Soldering Iron: A hand tool with a heated metal tip used to melt solder.
• Solder: A metal alloy (typically tin and lead, or lead-free alternatives like tin and
silver) used to form electrical connections.
• Flux: A chemical agent applied to joints before soldering to clean and prepare
surfaces for a good solder bond.

Types of Solder

• Lead-Free Solder: Commonly used in modern electronics due to environmental

concerns. It consists of tin, copper, and silver.
• Lead-Based Solder: Historically used due to its lower melting point, but less
common today due to health risks.

Soldering Temperature

• Soldering irons are typically set to 250°C (480°F). Too high a temperature can
damage components, while too low a temperature may fail to properly melt the
solder.
• Desoldering Pumps: These are used to remove excess solder, especially when
troubleshooting or correcting mistakes.

Common Soldering Issues

• Cold Solder Joints: Occur when the solder does not melt fully or bond properly to
the PCB pads, often due to insufficient heat. These joints are prone to failure.
• Solder Bridges: Excess solder that forms a short circuit between adjacent pads or
traces.

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4. Wiring and Component Mounting

Component Leads

• Leads are the metal pins that come from electronic components, which are inserted
into the holes of a PCB and soldered to the copper pads to establish an electrical
connection.

Types of Components and Mounting

• Through-Hole Components: These components have long leads that pass through
holes in the PCB. They are durable and easier to solder manually, making them
common in prototyping and hobby projects.
• Surface-Mount Components (SMD): Smaller components that sit directly on the
surface of the PCB. SMD components allow for smaller and more compact designs
and are typically soldered using automated machinery.

Common PCB Components

• Resistor: Limits the flow of current to protect other components.

• Capacitor: Stores electrical energy and smooths voltage fluctuations.
• Diode: Allows current to flow in one direction only, typically used for rectification.
• Inductor: Stores energy in a magnetic field and is used in filters and oscillators.

Wiring and Orientation

• Correct orientation is crucial when mounting and wiring components. For example,
diodes must be installed with the correct polarity to ensure proper current flow.
• Polarized components (such as electrolytic capacitors) must be installed correctly to
avoid damage.

Wiring and Troubleshooting

• When wiring components, it is essential to follow the correct signal path and avoid
crossing traces or causing short circuits. Use tools like a multimeter to check for
continuity and ensure all connections are correct.

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Lab Activity: Identification of Electrical Machines, Their Parts, and Testing
Introduction:
Electrical machines, such as motors and generators, are fundamental components used in a wide
range of industrial and domestic applications. Motors convert electrical energy into mechanical
energy, while generators do the reverse, converting mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Understanding the different types of motors and generators, their parts, and how to test their
functionality is essential for students pursuing studies in electrical engineering. This activity will
focus on the identification of various electrical machine parts, understanding the differences
between motors and generators, and learning how to test these machines.
Learning Objectives:
By the end of this activity, students will be able to:
1. Identify the key components of an electric motor and generator.
2. Understand the different types of motors (e.g., AC motors, DC motors) and generators
(e.g., alternators, dynamos).
3. Differentiate between a motor and a generator.
4. Perform basic tests to check the functionality of motors and generators.
Materials Required:
• Electric motors (DC, AC, universal motor, etc.)
• Electric generators (alternators, dynamos)
• Multimeter (for measuring voltage, current, resistance)
• Insulation resistance tester
• Power supply
• Stroboscope (for motor speed measurement)
• Wiring diagrams for motor and generator connections
Section 1: Identification of Electrical Machines
1. Motors:
➢ DC Motors:
▪ Appearance: Cylindrical body with brushes and commutator.
▪ Function: Converts DC electrical energy into mechanical energy.
▪ Key Parts:
✓ Armature: Rotating part that carries the current.
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 ✓ Commutator: A mechanical switch that reverses current direction.
✓ Brushes: Conductive materials that press against the commutator.
✓ Field Windings: Coils that produce a magnetic field.
➢ AC Motors:
▪ Appearance: Usually larger than DC motors with a stator and rotor.
▪ Function: Converts AC electrical energy into mechanical energy.
▪ Key Parts:
✓ Stator: Stationary part that creates a rotating magnetic field.
✓ Rotor: Rotating part that reacts to the magnetic field.
✓ End Bells: Covers that house the bearings.
➢ Universal Motors:
▪ Appearance: Similar to DC motors but can run on both AC and DC.
▪ Function: Works with both AC and DC power supplies.
▪ Key Parts: Similar to DC motors with brushes and a commutator.
2. Generators:
➢ Alternators (AC Generators):
▪ Appearance: Larger with a cylindrical structure.
▪ Function: Converts mechanical energy into AC electrical energy.
▪ Key Parts:
✓ Stator: Stationary part that produces electricity.
✓ Rotor: Rotating part that generates a magnetic field.
✓ Slip Rings: Conductors that transfer current from the rotor to the
external circuit.
➢ Dynamos (DC Generators):
▪ Appearance: Smaller and simpler than alternators.
▪ Function: Converts mechanical energy into DC electrical energy.
▪ Key Parts:
✓ Commutator: Converts alternating current into direct current.
✓ Field Windings: Creates the magnetic field.
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 ✓ Armature: Generates current.
Section 2: Testing Electrical Machines
1. Testing Motors:
➢ DC Motors:
▪ Test the Armature Resistance: Measure the resistance across the
armature using a multimeter to ensure it is within specified limits.
▪ Test the Commutator and Brushes: Check for wear and ensure the
commutator is clean and functioning smoothly.
➢ AC Motors:
▪ Test the Insulation Resistance: Use an insulation resistance tester to
check for electrical leakage and ensure safe operation.
▪ Test the Rotor and Stator: Measure resistance in the stator windings to
ensure proper connections and check for any short circuits.
▪ Check the Motor Speed: Use a stroboscope to measure the motor's
operating speed and ensure it matches specifications.
2. Testing Generators:
➢ Alternators:
▪ Check Voltage Output: Measure the output voltage at the terminals of the
alternator while it is running. It should be within the specified range.
▪ Test the Slip Rings: Inspect slip rings for wear and ensure smooth transfer
of current from the rotor.
➢ Dynamos:
▪ Test the Commutator: Ensure the commutator is functioning well by
observing smooth current conversion.
▪ Measure the Output: Use a multimeter to measure the DC output of the
dynamo and compare it with the rated voltage.

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Lab Activity: Identification of Power Cables, Electrical Wiring Components,
and Instruments
Introduction: Understanding the various types of electrical cables and wiring components is
crucial for anyone working in electrical engineering, electronics, or related fields. This activity
introduces students to the different types of power cables, their components, sheath types, and
sizing standards. By examining the materials used in electrical wiring, students will gain
knowledge about the function and construction of cables used in power distribution and signal
transmission. Identifying cable types, sheath materials, and their applications is essential for
ensuring safety, efficiency, and reliability in electrical installations.
Learning Objectives: By the end of this activity, students will be able to:
1. Identify different types of electrical cables and wiring components.
2. Understand the significance of cable sizing and sheath types.
3. Recognize the materials used in cables and their applications.
4. Identify and categorize electrical instruments used in wiring installations.
Materials Required:
• Various power cables (e.g., PVC, armoured cables, twin and earth cables, coaxial cables,
etc.)
• Wire strippers
• Cable cutters
• Multimeter
• Cable labelling tools
• Electrical wiring components (e.g., connectors, junction boxes, cable glands, terminal
blocks, fuses)
• Safety equipment (gloves, goggles)
Section 1: Types of Power Cables and Wiring Components
1. Power Cables:
➢ PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) Insulated Cables:
▪ Appearance: Flexible cables with a thick PVC insulation.
▪ Function: Used for general purpose wiring in domestic and commercial
installations.
▪ Identification: Typically marked with a code indicating the wire’s gauge
and insulation type.

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 ➢ Armoured Cables:
▪ Appearance: Cables with a steel or aluminium armour protecting the
conductors.
▪ Function: Provide extra protection against mechanical damage, commonly
used in industrial environments.
▪ Identification: Steel or aluminium sheath visible under the outer insulation
layer.
➢ Twin and Earth Cables:
▪ Appearance: Two insulated conductors (live and neutral) and one
uninsulated conductor (earth).
▪ Function: Used for household wiring for lighting and power circuits.
▪ Identification: Typically, black or white outer sheath with color-coded
conductors inside.
➢ Coaxial Cables:
▪ Appearance: A central conductor, surrounded by insulation, a metallic
shield, and an outer protective sheath.
▪ Function: Primarily used for transmitting high-frequency electrical signals
(e.g., for internet, cable TV).
▪ Identification: Typically, round, with a metallic shield visible under the
outer sheath.
2. Electrical Wiring Components:
➢ Connectors:
▪ Function: Join two or more cables together securely, ensuring proper
electrical contact.
▪ Identification: Can vary in appearance (e.g., screw terminals, crimp-on
connectors, or push-fit connectors).
➢ Junction Boxes:
▪ Function: Enclose electrical connections to protect them from dust,
moisture, and damage.
▪ Identification: Small, square or rectangular boxes made from plastic or
metal.

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 ➢ Cable Glands:
▪ Function: Secure cables to an electrical device or junction box and provide
strain relief.
▪ Identification: Typically made of metal or plastic, threaded for attachment.
➢ Fuses and Circuit Breakers:
▪ Function: Protect electrical circuits from overloads or short circuits by
interrupting the current flow.
▪ Identification: Often marked with their rated current, visible in the
electrical panel or junction box.
Section 2: Cable Sizing and Sheath Types
1. Cable Sizing:
➢ Cable size is determined by the gauge or cross-sectional area of the conductor,
usually measured in square millimetres (mm²).
▪ Common Sizes: 1.5 mm², 2.5 mm², 4 mm², 6 mm², etc.
▪ The choice of size depends on the amount of current the cable is expected
to carry, the distance of the circuit, and safety standards.
2. Cable Sheath Types:
➢ PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride):
▪ Function: Provides insulation and protection against environmental factors
(water, dust).
▪ Identification: Flexible, often coloured (e.g., black, grey).
➢ XLPE (Cross-Linked Polyethylene):
▪ Function: Provides higher temperature resistance and electrical insulation.
▪ Identification: Similar to PVC but typically used for heavy-duty cables in
industrial settings.
➢ Rubber Sheath:
▪ Function: Offers flexibility and is resistant to harsh environmental
conditions, such as extreme temperatures or chemicals.
▪ Identification: Typically used in outdoor or industrial environments where
flexibility and durability are important.

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Lab Activity: Measuring Instruments (Power Lab)
Introduction: In the power laboratory, measuring instruments are essential tools used for
quantifying and analysing electrical parameters in various systems. This activity introduces
students to the various types of measuring instruments, such as voltmeters, ammeters,
wattmeters, and oscilloscopes, and provides an understanding of their functions, components,
and operating principles. Familiarity with these instruments is critical for conducting
experiments and ensuring accuracy in electrical measurements.
Learning Objectives: By the end of this activity, students will be able to:
1. Identify different types of measuring instruments and their parts.
2. Understand the mechanism of operation for each instrument.
3. Explain how these instruments are used in power and electrical systems for accurate
measurements.
Materials Required:
• Digital voltmeter
• Analog ammeter
• Digital multimeter
• Wattmeter
• Oscilloscope
• Function generator
• Electrical components (resistors, capacitors, power supply, etc.)
• Test leads and probes
• Power supply (AC and DC)
Section 1: Types of Measuring Instruments
1. Voltmeter:
➢ Function: Measures the voltage across two points in a circuit.
➢ Components: Display (analog or digital), two input terminals (positive and
negative), and a scale (for analog voltmeters).
➢ Operation: The voltmeter is connected in parallel with the component whose
voltage is to be measured. It measures the potential difference across the
terminals.

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 2. Ammeter:
➢ Function: Measures the current flowing through a circuit.
➢ Components: Display, input terminals (positive and negative), and a scale for
analog ammeters.
➢ Operation: The ammeter is connected in series with the circuit, and it measures
the flow of current passing through it.
3. Wattmeter:
➢ Function: Measures the electrical power (in watts) in a circuit.
➢ Components: Display, current and voltage coils, scale.
➢ Operation: The wattmeter is connected in series with the load and parallel with
the voltage supply. It measures the power consumed by the load.
4. Oscilloscope:
➢ Function: Displays the waveform of electrical signals, helping analyse AC and
DC voltages over time.
➢ Components: Display screen, input channels, time base, and vertical and
horizontal controls.
➢ Operation: The oscilloscope is connected to the circuit, and the waveform of the
electrical signal is displayed on the screen. It is useful for viewing the time-
varying behaviour of voltage or current.
5. Digital Multimeter (DMM):
➢ Function: Measures various electrical parameters like voltage, current, and
resistance.
➢ Components: Display, rotary dial, and input terminals.
➢ Operation: The multimeter is used by selecting the desired measurement (e.g.,
voltage, current, or resistance) on the dial and connecting the probes to the circuit.
Section 2: Mechanism of Operation
1. Voltmeter Operation:
➢ The voltmeter is based on the principle of measuring potential difference. In an
analog voltmeter, a moving coil meter measures deflection based on the voltage,
while in digital voltmeters, the voltage is converted into a numerical value for
display.

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 2. Ammeter Operation:
➢ The ammeter measures current by generating a proportional deflection (in analog
ammeters) or a digital reading. It is designed to have minimal resistance to
prevent any significant voltage drop.
3. Wattmeter Operation:
➢ The wattmeter uses the principle of electromagnetic induction to measure the
power in a circuit. It consists of two coils: a current coil and a potential coil. The
interaction between the magnetic fields of these coils is proportional to the power
consumed.
4. Oscilloscope Operation:
➢ The oscilloscope works by converting the time-varying electrical signals into a
visual waveform on the screen. The signal is input through the vertical channels,
and the time base controls the horizontal sweep to display the voltage fluctuations
over time.
Section 3: Practical Activity
1. Instrument Identification:
➢ Provide students with a variety of instruments (voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter,
oscilloscope, multimeter) to identify the components and explain their functions.
2. Instrument Operation:
➢ Have students use each instrument to measure parameters in a simple circuit. For
example, use a voltmeter to measure voltage across a resistor, an ammeter to
measure current, a wattmeter to measure power, and an oscilloscope to observe
the waveform of a signal.
3. Comparative Analysis:
➢ Ask students to compare the measurements from analog and digital instruments
and understand the differences in their operation and accuracy.
Section 4: Safety Guidelines
• Always ensure that instruments are correctly calibrated before use.
• Be mindful of the voltage and current ratings of each instrument to avoid damage.
• Use safety gear (gloves, glasses) when working with live circuits.
• Never touch the components while the circuit is powered on.

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Lab Activity: Relays and Contactors, Push Buttons, Mobs, Air-Conditioners,
and Fridges

Introduction:

This activity provides an introduction to essential electrical components, including relays,

contactors, and push buttons, which are integral to switching and controlling electrical circuits in
various applications. Additionally, students will explore the role of these components in
electrical systems, as well as an introduction to air-conditioning and refrigeration systems, which
rely on these components for efficient operation.

Learning Objectives:

By the end of this activity, students will be able to:

1. Identify and understand the function of relays, contactors, and push buttons.
2. Recognize the components and parts of air-conditioning and refrigeration systems.
3. Comprehend how switching components are utilized in everyday appliances such as air
conditioners and refrigerators.

Section 1: Switching Components

1.1 Relays:

• Appearance: A small rectangular or cylindrical component with contacts that open

and close based on an electrical signal.
• Function: A relay is an electrically operated switch that allows a low-voltage circuit
to control a higher-voltage circuit.
• Identification:
o Look for a coil, terminals for contact connections, and a set of mechanical
contacts.
o Commonly used in control circuits for automation systems.

1.2 Contactors:

• Appearance: Larger than relays, typically with a contact block and a coil.
• Function: A contactor is a heavy-duty relay used to switch high power electrical
loads like motors and lights.
• Identification:
o Stronger build and larger contact points compared to relays.
o Used in industrial applications like motor controls.

1.3 Push Buttons:

• Appearance: Small, round, and typically with a spring-loaded mechanism.

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 • Function: A push button is a momentary switch used to send an on/off signal to a
control system.
• Identification:
➢ Available in various sizes with different mechanisms (e.g., normally open,
normally closed).
➢ Common in user interfaces for equipment and machinery.

Section 2: Air Conditioning (AC) and Refrigeration Systems

2.1 Components of Air-Conditioners and Refrigerators:

• Compressor:
➢ Function: Compresses refrigerant and circulates it through the system.
➢ Identification: Typically, a cylindrical unit found in the rear of air
conditioners and refrigerators.
• Condenser:
➢ Function: Releases heat from the refrigerant.
➢ Identification: A coil or finned metal structure located at the rear or bottom
of an appliance.
• Evaporator:
➢ Function: Absorbs heat from the air inside the room or fridge to cool it.
➢ Identification: A coil inside the air handler (AC) or fridge, usually near the
cooling area.
• Expansion Valve:
➢ Function: Controls the flow of refrigerant into the evaporator, regulating
pressure.
➢ Identification: Often located near the evaporator, appearing as a small valve
with two connections.

2.2 Role of Switching Components in AC and Refrigeration:

• Relays and Contactors:

➢ These components are used in air conditioning and refrigeration systems to
control the operation of motors (compressors) and other high-power
components.
• Push Buttons:
➢ Used in both systems to start or stop operations, such as turning on the
compressor or controlling fan speeds.

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Lab Activity: Electrical Wiring Part 1 & 2

Introduction:

This activity provides an introduction to basic service design in electrical systems, with a focus
on wiring and cabling. Students will learn about the essential components involved in electrical
wiring, such as switches, outlets, and lighting fixtures. By the end of this activity, students will
have the skills needed to perform basic wiring for a single room, connecting various electrical
fittings to power sources safely and efficiently.

Learning Objectives:

By the end of this activity, students will be able to:

1. Understand the components involved in a basic electrical wiring system.

2. Perform basic wiring tasks for a single room, including the installation of switches,
outlets, and lighting fixtures.
3. Ensure that all connections are safe and up to standard for functional electrical systems.

Materials Required:

• Electrical wires (live, neutral, and earth wires)

• Switches
• Electrical outlets (receptacles)
• Light fixtures (lamps or bulbs)
• Circuit breaker (optional for real-world application)
• Wire cutters/strippers
• Electrical tape
• Screwdrivers
• Voltage tester
• Electrical junction boxes
• Cable clips or cable ties for organizing cables

Section 1: Understanding the Components

1. Electrical Wires:
➢ Live Wire (Hot Wire): Carries the current from the power supply to the load
(e.g., lamp, fan).
➢ Neutral Wire: Completes the circuit by carrying current back to the power
source.
➢ Earth Wire: Provides safety by grounding any stray current that could cause a
shock.
2. Switches:
➢ Function to control the flow of electricity to a load.
➢ Can be single-pole (controls one light) or double-pole (controls multiple lights or
circuits).

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 3. Outlets (Receptacles):
➢ Allow electrical devices to be connected to the power source. The live, neutral,
and earth wires connect to the corresponding terminals in the outlet.
4. Light Fixtures:
➢ Can be bulbs or other lighting devices that are wired into the electrical system.
5. Electrical Junction Boxes:
➢ Used to house connections between wires. They protect wires from damage and
prevent fires.

Section 2: Basic Wiring Procedure (Single Room)

Step 1: Plan the Wiring Layout

• Determine the locations for switches, outlets, and light fixtures in the room.
• Plan the wiring path to ensure minimal wire exposure and maximum safety.
• Identify the power source (main electrical panel) and ensure that the power is turned
off before beginning any work.

Step 2: Install Junction Boxes and Switches

• Install junction boxes in walls where wiring connections will occur.

• Mount the switch boxes in an appropriate location for easy access.
• Secure the boxes using screws or appropriate anchors.

Step 3: Wire the Outlets

• Begin by connecting the live, neutral, and earth wires to the corresponding terminals
of the outlet.
• Use wire cutters and strippers to properly prepare the wire ends before connecting
them.
• Ensure that the connections are tight and secure to avoid loose connections that can
cause electrical faults.

Step 4: Connect the Light Fixtures

• Connect the light fixture wiring to the appropriate terminals in the junction box.
• For each light fixture, connect the live wire to the live terminal and the neutral wire to
the neutral terminal.
• For safety, always ensure that the light fixtures are properly grounded.

Step 5: Final Wiring and Testing

• Once all components (outlets, switches, and lights) are wired, check for any loose
connections or exposed wires.
• Use a voltage tester to confirm the circuit is correctly wired and functioning.

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 • Ensure that the circuit is properly connected to the electrical panel, and check the
fuses or circuit breakers.

Section 4: Safety Considerations

• Always turn off the power before starting any electrical work.
• Use insulated tools and wear rubber-soled shoes for protection.
• Double-check all connections and ensure proper grounding.
• Adhere to local electrical codes and regulations to ensure compliance and safety.

25
Lab Activity: Introduction to Hardware Programming (Arduino)

Introduction

This activity introduces students to the basics of hardware programming using Arduino, an open-
source electronics platform based on simple software and hardware. Through hands-on projects,
students will learn how to connect and program sensors and actuators with an Arduino board to
create functional hardware systems. The key focus will be on learning how to program an
Arduino to interact with simple electronic components, such as LEDs, motors, and sensors, to
achieve specific tasks.

Students will also explore the core concepts of interfacing sensors with Arduino, understanding
the role of input and output devices, and writing basic programs to control these devices. In this
activity, students will start with basic exercises, such as programming an LED to blink and
creating a traffic light simulation, which will develop their understanding of how hardware and
software interact.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this activity, students will be able to:

1. Understand the basic components of an Arduino and how they function.

2. Program an Arduino to perform simple tasks, such as blinking an LED.
3. Design and implement basic electronic circuits with an Arduino.
4. Create a traffic light simulation using Arduino and LEDs.
5. Understand the concepts of input/output devices and how to use them in hardware
programming.

1. Introduction to Arduino

What is Arduino?

• Arduino is a popular microcontroller platform that allows users to create interactive

electronic projects. It consists of an open-source hardware board and a simple-to-use
software development environment.
• The Arduino board can read inputs from various sensors (e.g., temperature, light, motion)
and control outputs (e.g., LEDs, motors, displays).

Key Components of Arduino:

• Microcontroller: The brain of the Arduino, typically an ATmega328 on the Arduino

Uno.
• Digital I/O Pins: Used to read digital signals from sensors or control outputs like LEDs
or motors.
• Analog Pins: Used to read continuous values from sensors, such as temperature sensors.
• USB Connection: For programming the board and communicating with a computer.

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 • Power Pins: Supply power to the Arduino or external devices.

2. Setting Up Your Arduino Environment

Hardware Needed:

• Arduino Uno (or any other compatible Arduino board)

• Breadboard
• LED
• Resistor (220Ω)
• Jumper wires
• USB cable for programming

Software Needed:

• Arduino IDE: The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is used to write
and upload code to the Arduino board. It is available for free download on the Arduino
website.

Installing the Arduino IDE:

1. Download and install the Arduino IDE from the official Arduino website.
2. Connect your Arduino board to the computer using the USB cable.
3. Open the IDE and select the correct board type and port under the "Tools" menu.

3. Programming the Arduino

Basic Syntax:

• Arduino programming language is based on C/C++, which makes it easy to learn for
beginners.
• Every Arduino program (called a sketch) has two main functions:
➢ setup(): Runs once when the program starts, used for initializing the system.
➢ loop(): Runs repeatedly after the setup() function, used to continuously control the
system.

Example Program: Blinking an LED

1. Circuit Setup:
➢ Insert the LED into the breadboard, ensuring the longer leg (anode) goes to the
digital pin (e.g., pin 13) on the Arduino.
➢ Connect a 220Ω resistor between the shorter leg (cathode) of the LED and the
GND (ground) on the Arduino.

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 2. Code:

3. Explanation:
• pinMode(13, OUTPUT): Sets digital pin 13 as an output, meaning it will send a
signal to the LED.
• digitalWrite(13, HIGH): Turns the LED on.
• delay(1000): Pauses the program for 1000 milliseconds (1 second).
• digitalWrite(13, LOW): Turns the LED off.

Upload the Code: Click the "Upload" button in the Arduino IDE to send the code to the
Arduino. The LED should start blinking!

4. Creating a Traffic Light Simulation

Now that you know how to control an LED, let's build a basic traffic light simulation using
Arduino.

Components Needed:

• 3 LEDs (Red, Yellow, Green)

• 3 Resistors (220Ω)
• Jumper wires

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Circuit Setup:

1. Connect the red, yellow, and green LEDs to pins 8, 9, and 10 of the Arduino,
respectively.
2. Connect the cathodes (shorter legs) of the LEDs to the GND of the Arduino through
220Ω resistors.

Code for Traffic Light:

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Explanation:

• This program mimics a traffic light, where each LED is lit for a certain duration: red for 3
seconds, yellow for 1 second, and green for 3 seconds.
• digitalWrite(pin, HIGH/LOW) controls the state of each LED.
• delay(time) creates the timing for each light cycle.

5. Advanced Projects (Optional)

As you become more comfortable with Arduino, you can try more advanced projects such as:

1. Temperature Sensor: Use a temperature sensor (like the LM35) to read temperature data
and display it on the serial monitor.
2. Motion Detection: Interface a PIR motion sensor with Arduino to detect movement and
turn on an LED or trigger a sound.

6. Troubleshooting Tips

• LED Not Blinking: Ensure that the LED is connected in the correct orientation (long leg
to pin, short leg to GND).
• No Response: Check the Arduino board connection to the computer and verify the
correct port and board are selected in the IDE.
• Wrong Output: Double-check the pin numbers in the code and ensure they match your
circuit connections.

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Lab Activity: Automobile Checklists

Introduction

The advancement of automotive technology has led to the rise of electronic vehicles (EVs),
which incorporate a range of electronic components crucial for vehicle operation. This activity
introduces students to the electronic parts within vehicles, providing insight into the essential
systems that make modern vehicles function efficiently. Additionally, students will be introduced
to vehicle diagnostic tools and the process of diagnosing vehicle issues. Understanding these
tools and parts is essential for anyone working in automotive engineering or maintenance.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this activity, students will be able to:

1. Identify basic electronic parts in a vehicle.

2. Understand the function of each electronic component within the vehicle.
3. Use vehicle diagnostic tools to detect and troubleshoot vehicle issues.

Materials Required

• Vehicle diagnostic tool (OBD-II scanner)

• Vehicle with basic electronic components (e.g., sensors, battery, ECU, etc.)
• Automotive wiring diagrams
• Safety equipment (gloves, glasses, etc.)

Section 1: Basic Electronic Parts in a Vehicle

1. Battery:
➢ Function: Provides electrical energy to power the vehicle's electrical systems.
➢ Identification: Usually located under the hood or rear of the vehicle, enclosed in
a plastic casing with two terminals (positive and negative).
2. ECU (Engine Control Unit):
➢ Function: Controls engine functions, ensuring optimal performance and
efficiency.
➢ Identification: A small computer unit located in the engine compartment, often
near the engine or in the cabin under the dashboard.
3. Sensors (e.g., Oxygen Sensor, Temperature Sensor):
➢ Function: Monitor various parameters (e.g., oxygen levels, engine temperature)
and send data to the ECU for processing.
➢ Identification: Small components with wiring attached, typically located around
the engine or exhaust system.
4. Alternator:
➢ Function: Converts mechanical energy from the engine into electrical energy to
charge the battery and power the vehicle's electrical systems.

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 ➢ Identification: Typically found near the engine and belt system, often with a
visible pulley.
5. Starter Motor:
➢ Function: Engages the engine to start the vehicle.
➢ Identification: Located near the engine's flywheel, often attached to the
transmission system.
6. Fuses and Relay Systems:
➢ Function: Protect the electrical circuits and control the flow of electricity to
various systems.
➢ Identification: Found in fuse boxes, which are usually located under the
dashboard or in the engine compartment.

Section 2: Vehicle Diagnostic Tools and Diagnosis

1. OBD-II Scanner (On-Board Diagnostics):

➢ Function: A tool used to diagnose problems in the vehicle’s electronic systems by
reading fault codes from the ECU.
➢ Identification: A handheld device that connects to the vehicle’s OBD-II port
(usually located beneath the dashboard, near the driver’s seat).
➢ How to Use:
▪ Plug the OBD-II scanner into the diagnostic port.
▪ Turn the ignition on (vehicle doesn’t need to be started).
▪ Use the scanner to read error codes from the vehicle’s ECU.
▪ Interpret the codes based on the vehicle’s manual or online resources.
2. Multimeter:
➢ Function: Measures electrical parameters such as voltage, current, and resistance
to help identify electrical issues.
➢ Identification: A handheld tool with a display screen, rotary dial, and probes.
➢ How to Use:
▪ Set the multimeter to measure the desired electrical parameter (e.g.,
voltage for checking battery or alternator).
▪ Place the probes on the corresponding terminals of the battery or circuit.
▪ Read the result on the screen and compare with expected values.
3. Automotive Test Lights:
➢ Function: A simple tool used to test circuits and components for power.
➢ Identification: A light bulb with leads that can be connected to different parts of
the vehicle’s electrical system.
➢ How to Use:
▪ Connect one lead to a ground point (negative terminal or chassis).
▪ Touch the other lead to the component or wiring you wish to test.
▪ If the light turns on, the circuit is receiving power.

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Lab Activity: Computer Hardware and Assembly

Introduction

Understanding computer hardware and assembly is essential for building, upgrading, and
maintaining personal computers. In today’s digital world, being familiar with the components
that make up a computer system allows individuals to troubleshoot, upgrade, and optimize their
devices. This guide introduces you to the fundamental parts of computer hardware, their
functions, and how to assemble a computer from scratch. Whether you're building a custom
gaming PC, upgrading components, or simply learning how the pieces fit together, this material
will provide a solid foundation.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this activity, students should be able to:

1. Identify and describe the function of each key computer hardware component, including
the CPU, GPU, motherboard, RAM, and storage devices.
2. Understand the different types of memory (volatile and non-volatile) and their roles in a
computer system.
3. Explain the function of input and output devices and their role in the interaction between
the user and the computer.
4. Recognize the importance of safety precautions during computer assembly and
understand how to avoid damaging components with static electricity.
5. Successfully assemble a basic computer system, understanding how to install key
components such as the CPU, RAM, and storage devices.
6. Understand how to manage heat in a computer system and why thermal management is
crucial for the performance and longevity of components.

1. Basics of Computer Hardware

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

➢ The CPU is the "brain" of the computer, responsible for executing instructions
and performing calculations.
➢ It processes data received from input devices and software, determining the speed
and efficiency of the computer’s operations.
2. Memory Types
➢ Volatile Memory (RAM): Temporary memory that stores data actively being
used. The data is lost when the computer is powered off.
➢ Non-Volatile Memory: Includes HDDs, SSDs, and ROMs, where data is retained
even without power.
3. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)
➢ A GPU handles rendering images, videos, and animations.
➢ It is particularly important for tasks like gaming, video editing, and machine
learning applications, providing visual output for the system.

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 4. Motherboard
➢ The motherboard is the primary circuit board that connects all components, such
as the CPU, RAM, storage devices, and peripherals.
➢ It enables communication between the various hardware components, allowing
them to function as a cohesive system.
5. Ports and Connectors
➢ HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface): Used for transmitting high-quality
video and audio signals to monitors, TVs, or projectors.
➢ Common ports include USB (for connecting various devices), Ethernet (for
networking), and PS/2 (used for older keyboards and mice).

2. Storage Devices

6. Storage Speeds
➢ SSD (Solid-State Drive): Faster than HDDs because they have no moving parts.
SSDs offer faster boot times and quick data access.
➢ HDD (Hard Disk Drive): Uses spinning magnetic disks, offering greater capacity
at a lower cost but slower data transfer speeds.
7. BIOS/UEFI
➢ BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) or UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware
Interface) initializes the hardware during system startup and loads the operating
system.
➢ Stored on a non-volatile memory chip on the motherboard, this system allows
interaction between hardware and software before the OS boots.
8. Storage Capacity
➢ Modern storage devices typically range from 1 TB (terabyte) to several terabytes
for consumer-grade HDDs and SSDs.
9. Magnetic Storage
➢ HDDs use spinning magnetic disks to store data, with a moving read/write head
that handles data access.
10. SSD Definition
➢ Solid-State Drive (SSD): A storage type using flash memory, offering fast data
access speeds, durability, and no moving parts compared to traditional HDDs.

3. Input and Output Devices

11. Input Devices

➢ Keyboards, mice, and scanners are used to send data to the computer. For
instance, a keyboard allows users to input text and commands.
12. Tactile Output Devices
➢ Braille displays provide tactile feedback, allowing visually impaired users to
interact with computers and read text through touch.
13. Image Capture Devices

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 ➢ Webcams are used for capturing real-time video and images, making them
essential for video conferencing and streaming.
14. Combination Devices
➢ Touchscreen monitors serve as both input (via touch interaction) and output
(displaying information).
15. Specialized Input Devices
➢ Joysticks are used in gaming and simulation environments to control movement,
offering a more immersive experience than standard input devices.

4. Assembly and System Building

16. Safety Precautions

➢ Before assembling a computer, ensure you are grounded to avoid static electricity,
which can damage components.
➢ Use an anti-static wrist strap or touch a metal surface to discharge any static
build-up.
17. Thermal Management
➢ Thermal paste is applied between the CPU and heatsink to improve heat transfer.
This ensures the CPU remains cool during operation.
18. Graphics Card Connection
➢ Modern graphics cards are connected to the motherboard using PCIe (Peripheral
Component Interconnect Express) slots, which provide high-speed data transfer
for demanding graphics tasks.
19. Front Panel Connectors
➢ Front panel connectors on a motherboard manage the power/reset buttons and
indicator LEDs. These pins are labelled for easy identification during assembly.
20. Power Supply Unit (PSU)
➢ The PSU converts AC (alternating current) from the wall outlet into DC (direct
current), which is required by computer components.
➢ It supplies power to the motherboard, storage devices, and peripherals, ensuring
the system operates correctly.

Additional Key Concepts

Common Hardware Components:

• RAM (Random Access Memory): Temporary storage for active processes and programs.
• ROM (Read-Only Memory): Non-volatile memory used to store firmware, typically
responsible for basic system functions.
• Network Interface Card (NIC): Enables network connections, both wired and wireless,
allowing the computer to access the internet or local networks.

Peripheral Devices:

• Printers: Output devices that produce physical copies of documents.

• Speakers: Convert digital audio signals into sound.

35
 • Scanners: Convert physical documents into digital formats for easy storage or editing.

Building a Computer

When assembling a computer, follow this basic sequence:

1. Install the CPU: Carefully insert the CPU into the motherboard socket and apply thermal
paste between the CPU and heatsink.
2. Install RAM: Place the RAM modules into the RAM slots on the motherboard.
3. Attach the Cooler: Ensure the CPU cooler is securely attached to keep the processor cool
during use.
4. Mount the Motherboard: Secure the motherboard inside the case, aligning it with the
screw holes.
5. Connect the Power Supply: Attach the PSU to the case, connect the power cables to the
motherboard, storage devices, and peripherals.
6. Connect Peripherals: Attach devices like the keyboard, mouse, monitor, and any other
necessary peripherals.

36
Lab Activity: Computer Networking

Introduction
Computer networking is a vital part of modern computing, enabling devices to communicate
with one another, share resources, and access information globally. Understanding networking
concepts is essential for managing, troubleshooting, and designing networks that power
everything from small home systems to large-scale internet infrastructure. This material provides
a comprehensive overview of networking basics, the OSI model and protocols, IP addressing and
subnetting, and network security.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this lesson, learners will be able to:

1. Define the concept of computer networks and explain their importance.

2. Identify different types of network topologies and their applications.
3. Describe the function of networking devices such as routers, switches, and modems.
4. Explain the OSI model and its seven layers.
5. Understand key networking protocols like DHCP, TCP, and DNS.
6. Differentiate between IPv4 and IPv6, and understand the concept of subnetting.
7. Discuss the importance of network security and identify common threats and protective
measures like firewalls, VPNs, and antivirus software.

1. Networking Basics

What is a Computer Network?

• A computer network is a collection of devices connected to share data, resources, and

services. Networks range from Local Area Networks (LANs) to Wide Area Networks
(WANs) and the internet.

Types of Network Topologies

• Star: Devices connect to a central hub or switch.

• Bus: Devices share a single communication line.
• Mesh: Each device connects to every other device, providing redundancy.
• Ring: Devices are arranged in a circular manner.

Router

• Connects multiple networks and directs data packets between them.

• Facilitates communication between local networks and the internet.

Devices Used in LAN

• Switch: Connects devices in a network, directing data intelligently.

37
 • Hub: Basic device for connecting devices; lacks intelligence in data routing.
• Modem: Modulates and demodulates signals for internet access.

IP Address (Internet Protocol Address)

• Unique numerical identifier for devices on a network, essential for locating and
communicating with other devices.

2. OSI Model and Protocols

OSI Model
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model standardizes network functions into seven
layers:

1. Physical Layer: Raw data transmission (e.g., cables, wireless).

2. Data Link Layer: Manages node-to-node data transfer and error correction.
3. Network Layer: Handles data routing and addressing (e.g., IP).
4. Transport Layer: Ensures reliable end-to-end communication (e.g., TCP).
5. Session Layer: Manages device-to-device sessions.
6. Presentation Layer: Formats and encrypts data for user applications.
7. Application Layer: Interfaces with user applications (e.g., browsers, email).

Key Protocols

• DHCP: Automatically assigns IP addresses to devices.

• TCP: Ensures reliable data transfer with error correction.
• DNS: Converts domain names (e.g., www.example.com) into IP addresses.

3. IP Addressing and Subnetting

IP Address

• Identifies devices on a network. Two main types:

➢ IPv4: 32-bit address (e.g., 192.168.1.1).
➢ IPv6: 128-bit address for more devices.

Subnet Mask

• Divides IP addresses into network and host portions, aiding in efficient data routing.

CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing)

• Flexible IP allocation method, eliminating restrictions of classful addressing.

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IP Address Classes

• Class A: For large networks (1.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255).

• Class B: For medium-sized networks (128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255).
• Class C: For small networks (192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255).
• Class D: Reserved for multicast groups.

4. Network Security

Network Security Threats

• Phishing: Cyber-attacks impersonating institutions to steal sensitive information.

• Malware: Malicious software designed to damage or gain unauthorized access.

Protective Measures

• HTTPS: Secure version of HTTP using encryption.

• VPN: Securely connects users to private networks over public networks.
• Firewall: Monitors and controls network traffic based on security rules.
• Antivirus Software: Detects and removes malicious software.

39
Lab Activity: Computer-Aided Design with SolidWorks

Introduction

Computer-Aided Design (CAD) involves using specialised software to create, modify, analyse,
and optimise designs. CAD tools are invaluable in industries like engineering, manufacturing,
automotive, and aerospace.

SolidWorks is a powerful CAD software that bridges creative ideas and real-world production,
enabling users to design everything from small components to complex machines. With tools for
sketching, 3D modelling, assembly creation, and drawing annotation, SolidWorks helps turn
concepts into prototypes, simulations, and production-ready designs.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this lesson, learners will be able to:

1. Understand the role of CAD and SolidWorks in design and engineering.

2. Identify and utilise the primary file types in SolidWorks: Parts, Assemblies, and
Drawings.
3. Sketch 2D designs and transform them into 3D models using features like Extrude and
Revolve.
4. Create and manipulate assemblies to explore part interactions.
5. Produce and annotate detailed drawings for manufacturing.
6. Use built-in tutorials and shortcuts to improve efficiency and skill.

Key Concepts

SolidWorks File Types

1. Parts (.SLDPRT): Individual components, such as gears or bolts.

2. Assemblies (.SLDASM): Systems composed of multiple parts, like a gearbox.
3. Drawings (.SLDDRW): 2D representations with annotations and dimensions for
manufacturing.

Feature Manager Design Tree: Displays sketches, features, and changes to the design.
Command Manager: Your toolbox for accessing sketching, feature creation, and assembly
tools.

Sketching in SolidWorks

The Basics of Sketching

Every design begins with a sketch. Start by selecting a plane (Front, Top, or Right) based on
your design perspective.

Sketching Tools

40
 • Line Tool: Draw straight lines, the basic elements of sketches.
• Relations: Define interactions between sketch elements, such as making two lines
parallel.
• Smart Dimension Tool: Add precise measurements for accuracy.

Visual Feedback in Sketching

• Black lines: Fully defined sketches.

• Blue lines: Under-defined sketches needing more constraints.

Pro Tip: Use the Trim Entities Tool to clean up unwanted lines or curves.

Creating Features

Features turn 2D sketches into 3D models.

1. Extruded Boss/Base: Converts a sketch into a 3D shape by adding depth.

o Example: Extruding a square into a cube.
2. Revolve: Spins a sketch around an axis to create shapes like cylinders or bottles.
3. Cut-Extrude: Removes material from a model, such as creating holes or slots.
4. Fillet: Rounds edges, enhancing appearance and reducing stress points.

Tip: Feature order affects your design. Review the Feature Manager Design Tree to ensure
proper sequence.

Working with Assemblies

Assemblies allow designers to combine and evaluate interactions between parts.

Steps to Build an Assembly

1. Insert Components Tool: Add parts to the assembly workspace.

2. Mates: Define part relationships, such as:
➢ Coincident Mate: Aligns two surfaces.
➢ Concentric Mate: Aligns cylindrical parts like bolts in holes.

Interactive Example:
Assemble a wheel and axle. Use mates to ensure the wheel rotates freely around the axle.

Advanced Tip: Use Motion Analysis to simulate movement, such as gear interactions or robotic
arm motion.

Creating and Annotating Drawings

Drawings provide detailed 2D instructions for manufacturing.

41
Key Tools for Drawings

• Section View Tool: Displays internal details, such as a pipe cross-section.

• Detail View Tool: Highlights intricate features by zooming in.

Drawings include dimensions, tolerances, and annotations, ensuring clarity and precision in the
manufacturing process.

Additional Resources

1. Built-in Tutorials: Step-by-step guides under the "Help" menu for topics from sketching
to simulations.
2. Shortcut Keys:
➢ S: Opens the shortcut bar.
➢ Ctrl+8: Normalises the view to your sketch plane.
3. Practice Projects:
➢ Beginner: Design a simple box and add fillets to its edges.
➢ Intermediate: Create a bolt and nut assembly.
➢ Advanced: Design a mechanical linkage and test its motion in an assembly.
4. Community Forums: Join forums like SolidWorks User Groups (SWUGs) for advice,
project sharing, and networking.

42
Lab Activity: Introduction to 3D Printing

Introduction

3D printing, or additive manufacturing, is a transformative technology enabling the creation of

three-dimensional objects from digital designs. It has revolutionised industries by offering cost-
effective prototyping, customisation, and manufacturing solutions. This module introduces
students to the principles of 3D printing, guiding them through the design, setup, and operation
process while fostering creativity and technical skills.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this session, students will be able to:

1. Understand the principles of 3D printing and its diverse applications.

2. Use 3D modelling software to create basic designs.
3. Set up and operate a 3D printer for printing models.
4. Identify and troubleshoot common 3D printing issues.

Materials Required

• Hardware and Software:

➢ Computer with 3D modelling software (e.g., Tinkercad, Fusion 360, Blender)
➢ 3D printer (FDM or SLA type)
➢ Filament (PLA, ABS, or PETG) or resin
➢ SD card or USB drive for file transfer
• Safety Equipment:
➢ Gloves
➢ Safety glasses
• Additional Tools:
➢ Spatula for object removal
➢ Sandpaper for post-processing
➢ Sample 3D model files for practice

Section 1: Basics of 3D Printing

1.1 What is 3D Printing?

• A process of creating physical objects layer by layer from digital designs.

• Common 3D printing technologies:
➢ FDM (Fused Deposition Modelling): Melts filament to create layers.
➢ SLA (Stereolithography): Uses UV light to cure liquid resin.
➢ SLS (Selective Laser Sintering): Fuses powder using a laser.

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 1.2 Applications of 3D Printing

• Manufacturing and Prototyping: Rapid production of parts and prototypes.

• Healthcare: Custom prosthetics, implants, and medical models.
• Education and Research: STEM education, design experiments.
• Art, Design, and Entertainment: Sculptures, props, and custom creations.

Section 2: 3D Modelling

2.1 Using 3D Design Software

• Tinkercad (Beginner-Friendly):
➢ Creating Shapes: Drag and drop basic shapes like cubes and cylinders.
➢ Combining Shapes: Use operations like union and subtraction to create
complex objects.
➢ Exporting Files: Save designs in STL format for slicing and printing.

2.2 Design Guidelines for 3D Printing

• Ensure accurate dimensions for printability.

• Avoid overhangs exceeding 45 degrees without supports.
• Maintain watertight (manifold) geometry to prevent errors during slicing.

Section 3: 3D Printer Setup and Operation

3.1 Setting Up the 3D Printer

• Loading Filament or Resin: Properly feed material into the printer.

• Levelling the Print Bed (FDM): Ensure an even surface for consistent layer
adhesion.
• Preparing the Model: Use slicing software (e.g., Cura, PrusaSlicer):
➢ Import STL file.
➢ Adjust layer height, infill density, and supports.
➢ Save the sliced file to an SD card or USB.

3.2 Printing Process

• Insert the file into the printer and start the process.
• Monitor the print for smooth operation, especially during the initial layers.

3.3 Post-Processing

• Object Removal: Use a spatula to detach the print from the bed.
• Finishing:
➢ Clean and sand rough edges for smooth surfaces.
➢ Cure SLA prints with UV light for durability.

44
Section 4: Practical Activity

4.1 Basic 3D Design

• Task: Design a keychain or a simple cube using 3D modelling software.

• Steps:
➢ Start with basic shapes.
➢ Add text or features like holes for keyrings.
➢ Export the design in STL format.

4.2 Printing the Model

• Slicing: Import the design into slicing software and configure parameters:
o Layer height (e.g., 0.2 mm for balance between speed and quality).
o Infill percentage (e.g., 20% for moderate strength).
o Add supports if necessary.
• Printing:
o Transfer the sliced file to the printer.
o Start the print and monitor the progress.

4.3 Troubleshooting Common Issues

• Warping: Ensure proper bed adhesion by using a heated bed or adhesive aids (e.g., glue
stick).
• Stringing: Adjust retraction settings in the slicer.
• Adhesion Problems: Re-level the bed or increase bed temperature slightly.

Additional Resources

1. Built-In Tutorials: Explore tutorials in Tinkercad or your printer's software.

2. Shortcut Keys: Learn key commands for faster design and slicing workflows.
3. Practice Projects:
➢ Beginner: Design a simple box or pencil holder.
➢ Intermediate: Create a phone stand.
➢ Advanced: Model and print a mechanical gear system.
4. Online Communities: Join 3D printing forums to share designs and troubleshoot issues.

45
Lab Activity: Introduction to Robotics (EV3)

Introduction

Robotics is a multidisciplinary field that blends engineering, programming, and creativity to

develop machines capable of executing diverse tasks. This activity focuses on introducing
students to robotics using the LEGO EV3 robotics kit. Students will assemble and program
robots to perform tasks such as line tracing, detecting colours, sorting objects, and kicking a ball.
This hands-on approach promotes critical thinking and problem-solving skills while laying a
strong foundation in robotics.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this activity, students will be able to:

1. Assemble a functional EV3 robot using the LEGO EV3 kit.

2. Program the robot to execute basic tasks such as line tracing, colour detection, sorting,
and kicking a ball.
3. Understand the integration of hardware components (motors, sensors) with software
programming.

Materials Required

• LEGO EV3 Robotics Kit: Includes intelligent brick, motors, sensors, and structural
components.
• Computer or Tablet: Installed with EV3 programming software.
• Additional Items:
➢ Coloured objects (e.g., blocks or balls) for sorting tasks.
➢ A small ball for the kicking activity.
➢ Black tape to create line-tracing tracks.
➢ Open workspace for robot testing and activities.

Section 1: Components of LEGO EV3 Robotics Kit

1.1 EV3 Intelligent Brick

• Functionality: The brain of the robot, processing programs and controlling

movements.
• Features:
➢ Display screen and navigation buttons.
➢ Ports for connecting motors and sensors.

1.2 Motors

• Large Motors: Power the wheels for movement.

46
 • Medium Motors: Control precise movements for specialised tasks like operating an
arm or kicking a ball.

1.3 Sensors

• Colour Sensor: Detects colours and light intensity for line tracing and sorting tasks.
• Ultrasonic Sensor: Measures distance to identify obstacles.
• Gyro Sensor: Monitors the robot's orientation and turns.
• Touch Sensor: Detects physical interactions, such as pressing or bumping.

1.4 Structural Components

• Purpose: Provide the robot's physical framework and enable movement.

• Examples: Beams, axles, gears, and wheels.

Section 2: Assembling an EV3 Robot

2.1 Basic Robot Assembly

• Follow the LEGO EV3 building guide to create a standard robot.

• Attach large motors to the wheels for driving.
• Use medium motors for additional functions like kicking a ball or lifting an object.

2.2 Adding Sensors

• Mount the colour sensor near the base for line tracing and colour detection.
• Secure the ultrasonic sensor at the front for obstacle detection.
• Place the touch sensor on an arm or side of the robot for interactive functionality.

2.3 Task-Specific Design Modifications

• Kicking Mechanism: Attach a motorised arm or lever for striking a ball.

• Sorting Mechanism: Create a chute or conveyor system for separating objects.

Section 3: Programming the EV3 Robot

3.1 Introduction to EV3 Software

• Launch the EV3 software on a computer or tablet.

• Explore the drag-and-drop interface for creating programs.

3.2 Basic Programming Tasks

• Line Tracing:
➢ Program the colour sensor to detect a black line and adjust motor speeds to
stay on track.

47
 • Colour Detection and Sorting:
➢ Use the colour sensor to identify objects by colour and move them to
designated zones.
• Kicking a Ball:
➢ Program the medium motor to swing an arm when the ultrasonic sensor
detects the ball.

3.3 Testing and Debugging

• Run the robot and observe its performance.

• Refine the program or adjust the robot's assembly to improve accuracy.

Section 4: Practical Activities

4.1 Line Tracing Challenge

• Setup: Create a track using black tape on a white surface.

• Task: Program the robot to follow the line autonomously.

4.2 Colour Sorting Task

• Setup: Provide coloured objects (e.g., blocks).

• Task: Program the robot to detect colours and sort objects into different categories or
areas.

4.3 Obstacle Course

• Setup: Design a course with obstacles like walls or objects.

• Task: Use the ultrasonic sensor to navigate around obstacles.

4.4 Kicking a Ball

• Setup: Place a ball in front of the robot and set up a goal.

• Task: Program the robot to detect the ball and kick it into the goal.

Expected Outcomes

By completing this activity, students will:

1. Build and assemble a functional EV3 robot.

2. Write and test basic programs for performing robotic tasks.
3. Gain an understanding of robotics principles, including the integration of hardware and
software.
4. Develop critical thinking, creativity, and problem-solving skills applicable to advanced
robotics projects.

48
Additional Resources

1. EV3 Tutorials: Explore beginner guides available on LEGO's official website or online
video tutorials.
2. Online Programming Challenges: Participate in EV3 coding challenges to advance
skills.
3. Community Forums: Join LEGO robotics forums to share designs, seek advice, and
solve problems collaboratively.

49
Lab Activity: Web Design

Introduction

Web design involves the process of creating websites that are visually appealing, user-friendly,
and functional. It combines creativity and technical skills to design engaging and accessible
online experiences. Beginners in web design must first understand the basics of HTML
(HyperText Markup Language) and CSS (Cascading Style Sheets), as these are foundational
technologies for building and styling websites. Moreover, learning essential design principles
like responsiveness and accessibility ensures that websites cater to diverse user needs and
devices.

This learning material is designed to provide a comprehensive introduction to web design,

enabling learners to build their first functional, responsive, and visually engaging web pages.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this material, learners will be able to:

1. Explain the purpose and significance of web design in creating functional and
aesthetically pleasing websites.
2. Use HTML to structure website content, including headings, paragraphs, images,
hyperlinks, and lists.
3. Apply CSS to style HTML elements, controlling text, layout, colours, and other design
aspects.
4. Differentiate between inline, internal, and external CSS methods and understand their
applications.
5. Implement responsive web design techniques to ensure websites function well across
different devices.
6. Adhere to web design principles, including accessibility and usability.
7. Create a functional webpage integrating HTML, CSS, and web design best practices.

1. Web Design Basics

Purpose of Web Design

• Web design focuses on crafting websites that are both functional and aesthetically
pleasing.
• It combines visual design principles with technical skills to create engaging user
experiences.

HTML (HyperText Markup Language)

• HTML is the standard language used to structure content on the web.

• Common tags include:
o <html>, <body>, and <div> for defining webpage elements.

50
 Hyperlinks in HTML

• The <a> tag is used to create links.

o Example: <a href="https://example.com">Visit
Example</a>
• The href attribute specifies the destination URL.

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)

• CSS is used to style HTML elements, separating design from content.

o Example: background-color: blue; changes the background colour
to blue.
• CSS makes websites easier to maintain and update.

2. HTML Structure

Headings in HTML

• (<h1> to <h6>) structure a webpage's content.

o Example: <h1>Main Heading</h1>
• <h1> is the largest and most important heading, while <h6> is the smallest.

Images in HTML

• The <img> tag embeds images.

o Example: <img src="image.jpg" alt="Description">
o Attributes:
▪ src: Specifies the file path or URL of the image.
▪ alt: Provides a description for accessibility and when the image
cannot load.

Title of a Webpage

• The <title> tag sets the title displayed on the browser tab.
o Example: <title>My Website</title>

HTML5 Doctype Declaration

• The correct declaration for HTML5 is <!DOCTYPE html>.

• It tells the browser to use the latest HTML standard.

Lists in HTML

• Ordered List (<ol>): Items are numbered.

o Example:

51
 • Unordered List (<ul>): Items are bulleted.

3. CSS Basics

What is CSS?

• CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) styles HTML elements, controlling layout, colour, and
typography.

Adding CSS to HTML

1. Inline CSS: Added directly to an HTML element.

o Example: <p style="color: red;">This is red text.</p>
2. Internal CSS: Defined in a <style> block inside the <head> tag.
o Example:

1. External CSS: Stored in a separate .css file linked to the HTML.

o Example: <link href="style.css" rel="stylesheet">

Targeting Elements in CSS

• Classes: Targeted with a dot (.).

o Example: .button { background-color: green; }
• IDs: Targeted with a hash (#).
o Example: #header { font-size: 20px; }

Text Styling

• font-size: Controls the size of text.

o Example: font-size: 16px;
• color: Changes text colour.

52
 o Example: color: red;

4. Web Design Principles

Responsive Web Design

• Ensures websites look and function well on all devices (desktops, tablets, phones).
• Techniques include:
o Flexible layouts.
o Media queries.
o Responsive units like %, em, and vh/vw.

CSS Frameworks

• Frameworks like Bootstrap provide pre-designed components (e.g., buttons, grids) to

speed up development.

Meta Tags

• <meta> tags provide metadata about the webpage in the <head> section.
➢ Example:

➢ Common uses:
▪ Specifying character encoding.
▪ Setting the viewport for responsive design.

CSS Units

• Relative Units:
➢ em: Relative to the font size of the parent.
➢ %: Relative to the size of the parent element.
• Absolute Units:
➢ px: Fixed pixel size.

Website Accessibility

• Accessible design ensures usability for all users, including those with disabilities.
• Best practices:
➢ Use semantic HTML (e.g., <header>, <footer>, <nav>).
➢ Provide alt text for images.
➢ Enable keyboard navigation.

53
QUESTIONS

Lab Activity: Identification of Electronic Components and Testing

Depth of Knowledge: Level 1 (Recall and Reproduction)

1. What is the primary function of a resistor in an electronic circuit?

2. Identify the type of capacitor shown in the diagram (e.g., electrolytic or ceramic).
3. Name the three terminals of a transistor.
4. Describe the symbol used to represent a diode in a circuit diagram.

Depth of Knowledge: Level 2 (Skills and Concepts)

5. Compare the physical appearance of an electrolytic capacitor and a ceramic capacitor.

6. Explain the process of testing a diode using a multimeter.
7. Given a resistor with the colour bands red, violet, orange, and gold, calculate its
resistance and tolerance.
8. Interpret the datasheet of an LED to determine its forward voltage and current
requirements.

Depth of Knowledge: Level 3 (Strategic Thinking)

9. Analyse the test results of a transistor using a multimeter. If the Base-Emitter junction
shows continuity in one direction but the Base-Collector junction does not, explain
whether the transistor is functional and justify your reasoning.
10. Design a testing procedure to determine whether an inductor is functioning correctly,
considering both resistance and inductance measurements.

Lab Activity: PCB Making, Soldering, and Wiring of Components

DOK Level 1: Recall and Reproduction

1. What does each layer of a PCB (substrate, copper, solder mask, and silk screen) do?
Activity: Research online or examine a PCB from an old electronic device and label the
layers.
2. List the materials commonly used to construct a PCB.
Activity: Compare the materials in a PCB with household items that serve similar
functions (e.g., insulation, conductivity).
3. What is the purpose of a solder mask, and why is it typically green?
Activity: Observe a PCB to identify the solder mask and note any other visible colours.

54
DOK Level 2: Skills and Concepts

4. Explain the difference between through-hole and surface-mount components.

Activity: Find and compare examples of through-hole and surface-mount components in
old electronics.
5. Describe the steps involved in routing a PCB layout. Why is proper trace spacing
important?
Activity: Use free PCB design software (e.g., KiCad) to attempt basic routing of a simple
circuit.
6. Identify the polarity markings on capacitors and diodes. How does this affect their
installation?
Activity: Use a multimeter to test polarity on capacitors and diodes salvaged from old
electronics.

DOK Level 3: Strategic Thinking

7. Design a simple PCB layout for an LED and a resistor circuit.

Activity: Sketch the design on paper or use free PCB design software to create the layout.
Include proper placement of components.
8. How would you troubleshoot a cold solder joint on a PCB?
Activity: Practice soldering a simple wire-to-wire connection, deliberately create a cold
joint, and then attempt to fix it.
9. Analyse why vias are used in PCBs and how they enable connections in multi-layer
boards.
Activity: Inspect a multi-layer PCB from an old device and identify vias by shining a
flashlight through it.
10. Develop a plan for safely soldering components onto a PCB, including necessary tools
and precautions.
Activity: Create a checklist of steps and tools needed, and practice soldering wires onto a
small piece of protoboard.

Lab Activity: Identification of Electrical Machines, Their Parts, and Testing

DOK Level 1: Recall and Reproduction

1. Identify the Parts: List and label the components of a DC motor and describe the function
of each.
2. Define Basic Terms: Define what a commutator, rotor, and stator are, and explain their
roles in electrical machines.
3. Types of Machines: Name and differentiate between two types of generators and two
types of motors.

55
DOK Level 2: Skills and Concepts

4. Compare and Contrast: Create a table comparing AC motors and DC motors in terms of
structure, function, and applications.
5. Component Exploration: Disassemble a small electric motor (e.g., from an old toy or
appliance) and identify its components. Write a short description of how each part
contributes to the motor’s operation.
6. Diagram Interpretation: Given a simple wiring diagram of a motor or generator, identify
the key components and trace the flow of electricity.

DOK Level 3: Strategic Thinking

7. Build a Simple Circuit: Using a small DC motor, battery, and switch, create a basic
circuit at home. Test if the motor runs and document the process with diagrams and
observations.
8. Fault Analysis: Test a household fan or motor with a multimeter (if available) to measure
its resistance. Predict possible faults if the resistance is too high or too low.
9. Performance Evaluation: Use a stroboscope (or a simple smartphone app) to measure the
speed of a small motor. Adjust the input voltage and note how the speed changes. Explain
your observations.
10. DIY Dynamo: Create a simple dynamo using a coil of wire and a rotating magnet.
Measure the output voltage using a multimeter and explain how mechanical energy was
converted into electrical energy.

Lab Activity: Identification of Power Cables, Electrical Wiring Components,

and Instruments

DOK Level 1 (Recall and Reproduction)

1. List the different types of power cables mentioned in the activity (e.g., PVC cables,
armoured cables, twin and earth cables).
2. Identify the key components of a coaxial cable from a sample or an image.
3. Name three common electrical wiring components and state their primary functions.
4. Describe the purpose of the insulation and sheath in electrical cables.
5. State the unit used to measure the cross-sectional area of a cable.

DOK Level 2 (Skills and Concepts)

6. Examine a piece of household electrical wiring and identify the type of cable (e.g., twin
and earth). Write down the observed features such as sheath colour, conductor type, and
markings.
7. Using a multimeter, measure the continuity of a spare cable at home. Record the
resistance value and explain whether the cable is functional.
8. Compare two cables (e.g., a PVC-insulated cable and a coaxial cable) and list their
differences in terms of structure, material, and use.

56
 9. Observe a fuse or circuit breaker in your home and note its rating (e.g., 10A, 20A).
Explain why choosing the correct rating is important for safety.

DOK Level 3 (Strategic Thinking)

10. Design a labelled diagram showing how to connect a simple electrical circuit using a
power cable, a connector, and a light bulb. Include safety considerations such as cable
selection and component placement.

Lab Activity: Measuring Instruments (Power Lab)

DOK Level 1: Recall and Reproduction

1. Define the function of a voltmeter.

2. List the components of a digital multimeter.
3. What is the primary difference between a digital voltmeter and an analog voltmeter?

DOK Level 2: Skills and Concepts

4. Explain why a voltmeter must be connected in parallel with the component it is

measuring.
5. Describe how you would measure the current in a simple circuit using an ammeter.
6. What is the role of the current coil and the potential coil in a wattmeter?

DOK Level 3: Strategic Thinking

7. You are asked to measure the voltage, current, and power in a circuit using a voltmeter,
ammeter, and wattmeter. Describe the steps you would take to ensure accurate
measurements and explain why these steps are important.
8. Using the information from the practical activity, compare the readings from an analog
and a digital multimeter when measuring the same parameter (e.g., voltage). What factors
could contribute to differences in the readings, and how would you account for them?
9. Consider a situation where an oscilloscope is used to monitor an AC voltage signal. What
information would the waveform on the oscilloscope provide, and how could this data be
used to assess the health of the power supply?
10. You are troubleshooting a circuit with fluctuating power readings. Describe how you
would use the voltmeter, ammeter, and wattmeter in conjunction with an oscilloscope to
identify the issue.

57
Lab Activity: Relays and Contactors, Push Buttons, Mobs, Air-Conditioners,
and Fridges

DOK Level 1: Recall and Reproduction

1. What is the primary function of a relay in an electrical circuit?

2. List the components of a typical air-conditioning system.
3. What is the difference between a relay and a contactor?

DOK Level 2: Skills and Concepts

4. Explain why a contactor is used in high-power electrical systems, such as motors, while a
relay is used in control circuits.
5. Describe how a push button works in a control system. How does it send an on/off
signal?
6. Identify and explain the role of the compressor in an air-conditioning or refrigeration
system.

DOK Level 3: Strategic Thinking

7. You are tasked with diagnosing a malfunction in an air-conditioning system. The

compressor does not turn on when the push button is pressed. Describe the steps you
would take to troubleshoot this issue, considering the role of relays and contactors.
8. Compare the roles of the condenser and evaporator in an air-conditioning system. How
does each contribute to the overall cooling process?
9. Imagine you are designing a refrigeration system. Explain how you would choose
appropriate relays and contactors to control the system’s high-power components, and
why these components are necessary for efficient operation.
10. Consider a scenario where a refrigerator is not cooling properly. You suspect a fault in
the switching components. Explain how you would systematically check the relays,
contactors, and push buttons to find the cause of the problem.

Lab Activity: Electrical Wiring Part 1 & 2

DOK Level 1: Recall and Reproduction

1. What are the three main types of electrical wires used in basic wiring systems, and what
is the function of each?
2. List the common components found in a basic electrical wiring system.
3. What is the purpose of a junction box in an electrical wiring system?

DOK Level 2: Skills and Concepts

4. Explain how to connect the live, neutral, and earth wires to an electrical outlet.
5. Describe the steps involved in planning the wiring layout for a single room. Why is safety
important when planning the path of the wires?

58
 6. You are wiring a room and installing a switch. Describe the function of a switch in the
circuit and explain how to wire it properly.

DOK Level 3: Strategic Thinking

7. Imagine you are troubleshooting a non-functional light fixture in a room. Describe how
you would check the wiring and ensure proper connections. What could be the causes of
the issue?
8. Compare the roles of the switch and outlet in controlling electrical devices. How does
each contribute to the safe and efficient functioning of an electrical system?
9. You have installed a wiring system in a room, and now you are testing the circuit with a
voltage tester. What steps would you take to confirm the circuit is correctly wired and
operational?
10. Suppose you are tasked with rewiring a room to meet modern electrical codes. What
changes or improvements would you make to ensure the system is both safe and up to
standard?

Lab Activity: Introduction to Hardware Programming (Arduino)

DOK Level 1: Recall and Reproduction

1. Identify the basic components of an Arduino board. List their functions.

2. Write the syntax for the setup() and loop() functions in an Arduino program.
3. Define the purpose of the pinMode() function in Arduino programming.
4. What are the differences between digital and analog pins on an Arduino board?

DOK Level 2: Skills and Concepts

5. Set up a circuit with an LED on a breadboard. Use the Arduino IDE to write a program
that turns the LED on for 2 seconds and off for 1 second.
6. Explain the function of a resistor in an Arduino circuit. Why is it necessary when
working with LEDs?
7. Modify the traffic light simulation code to include a flashing yellow light (blinks twice)
before switching to green.

DOK Level 3: Strategic Thinking

8. Create a program that uses a button (input) to toggle an LED (output) on and off. Test the
circuit and program.
9. Design a night-light system using a photoresistor (light sensor) and an LED. The LED
should turn on in darkness and turn off in light.
10. Write and test a program that simulates a pedestrian crosswalk. Include two LEDs: one
for vehicles (red and green) and one for pedestrians (red and green). Program the LEDs to
alternate with appropriate delays.

59
Lab Activity: Automobile Checklists

DOK Level 1: Recall

1. List three electronic components commonly found in a vehicle.

2. Define the function of the battery in a vehicle.
3. Identify the location of the OBD-II port in a vehicle.

DOK Level 2: Skills/Concepts

4. Explain the role of the Engine Control Unit (ECU) in a vehicle's operation.
5. Compare the functions of a multimeter and an OBD-II scanner.
6. Describe the process of testing a vehicle battery using a multimeter.

DOK Level 3: Strategic Thinking

7. Analyse the data from an OBD-II scanner to identify a potential fault code and suggest
possible causes.
8. Design a simple circuit using a 9V battery, an LED, and a resistor to simulate a vehicle's
headlight system. Test its functionality.
9. Create a flowchart illustrating the steps to diagnose an issue with a car's electrical system,
starting with the battery.
10. Investigate the impact of a faulty alternator on vehicle performance, and propose steps to
confirm the diagnosis using at-home tools.

Lab Activity: Computer Hardware and Assembly

DOK Level 1: Recall and Reproduction

1. List five key components of a computer and describe their primary functions (e.g., CPU,
RAM, motherboard, GPU, storage device).
2. Identify the difference between volatile and non-volatile memory. Provide an example of
each.
3. Define the function of the BIOS/UEFI in a computer system. Why is it important during
system startup?

DOK Level 2: Skills and Concepts

4. Compare the features of SSDs and HDDs in terms of speed, durability, and cost. Which
would you recommend for gaming, and why?
5. Using the specifications of a computer you own or research online, explain how the CPU,
RAM, and GPU work together to process a gaming application.
6. Create a diagram of a motherboard, labelling at least five key components (e.g., CPU
socket, RAM slots, PCIe slots). Include a brief description of each component’s role.

60
DOK Level 3: Strategic Thinking

7. Research and compare two graphics cards. Highlight their specifications, price, and
suitability for tasks such as gaming, video editing, or machine learning. Make a
recommendation based on your findings.
8. Explain how you would diagnose a problem if your computer failed to boot. Outline the
steps you would take, referencing the motherboard, CPU, RAM, and power supply.
9. Design a simple cooling solution for a gaming PC, considering airflow, placement of
fans, and the application of thermal paste. Justify your choices.
10. Assemble a list of components needed to build a budget-friendly computer for office
work. Explain how each component fits into the system and why you chose it (e.g.,
processor, storage type, and power supply capacity).

Lab Activity: Computer Networking

DOK Level 1: Recall and Reproduction

1. What are the seven layers of the OSI model?

Task: List and briefly describe the function of each layer.
2. Define the following terms:
➢ IP address
➢ Subnet mask
➢ Default gateway
3. Match the following networking devices with their functions:
➢ Router
➢ Switch
➢ Modem
4. Identify two types of network topologies and describe their layouts.
5. What is the difference between IPv4 and IPv6?
Task: Write a short comparison including their bit sizes and example formats.

DOK Level 2: Skills and Concepts

6. Compare and contrast the roles of the transport layer and the network layer in the OSI
model.
Task: Create a table highlighting their functions and key protocols used.
7. Research Task: Find the IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway of your home
network.
Hint: Use the ipconfig (Windows) or ifconfig (Mac/Linux) command in the
terminal.
8. Create a diagram: Sketch or use software to draw a simple network that includes a router,
switch, and three connected devices. Label each component and describe the data flow.

61
DOK Level 3: Strategic Thinking

9. Network Simulation:
➢ Use a free network simulator like Cisco Packet Tracer or GNS3 to create a virtual
network.
➢ Task: Connect two PCs via a router and assign them IP addresses. Test
connectivity using the ping command.
10. Troubleshooting Scenario:
➢ Suppose your computer is connected to Wi-Fi, but you cannot access the internet.
➢ Task: Develop a step-by-step troubleshooting plan, considering potential issues
like IP conflicts, DNS settings, or modem/router functionality.

Lab Activity: Computer-Aided Design with SolidWorks

DOK Level 1: Recall and Reproduction

1. Define the three primary file types used in SolidWorks and provide an example for each
(e.g., Part, Assembly, and Drawing).
2. List five sketching tools available in SolidWorks and explain their basic function (e.g.,
Line Tool, Smart Dimension).
3. Identify the seven default planes available for sketching in SolidWorks and explain how
to select one for a new project.

DOK Level 2: Skills and Concepts

4. Demonstrate how to create a simple 2D sketch of a rectangle using SolidWorks,

including dimensions and constraints. Include screenshots or written descriptions of the
steps.
5. Explain the difference between the Extrude and Revolve features in SolidWorks. Include
an example of when to use each feature.
6. Compare a fully defined sketch (black lines) and an under-defined sketch (blue lines) in
SolidWorks. How do these differences affect the design process?

DOK Level 3: Strategic Thinking

7. Create a simple mechanical component (e.g., a cube with a cylindrical hole) using
SolidWorks, employing at least two features (e.g., Extruded Boss/Base and Cut-Extrude).
Submit a screenshot or render of the final model.
8. Analyse the steps required to assemble two components in SolidWorks (e.g., a wheel and
an axle). Include the types of mates used and how they affect part interaction.
9. Design a basic assembly using three parts (e.g., a box, a lid, and a hinge). Describe how
the parts interact and the mates used to connect them. Provide screenshots or
descriptions.
10. Evaluate a drawing generated in SolidWorks for clarity and completeness. Does it
include all necessary dimensions, tolerances, and annotations for manufacturing? Suggest
improvements if necessary.

62
Lab Activity: Introduction to 3D Printing

DOK Level 1 (Recall and Reproduction)

1. What is the definition of 3D printing, and what are the main steps involved in the
process?
2. List three common types of 3D printing technologies and briefly describe how they work.
3. What file format do you typically export a 3D design to in preparation for 3D printing?
4. Name at least two types of filament materials used in FDM 3D printers.

DOK Level 2 (Skills and Concepts)

5. Using Tinkercad or another 3D modelling software, design a simple keychain with your name
on it. Explain the steps you took to complete the design.
6. Explain the importance of bed levelling in FDM 3D printing and describe how it affects the
quality of your print.
7. You are printing an object that has overhangs. What slicing settings or design considerations
should you take into account to ensure a successful print?

DOK Level 3 (Strategic Thinking)

8. Imagine you are designing a mechanical part that needs to fit into a larger assembly. What are
the key design considerations for ensuring that your part can be accurately printed and
assembled?
9. If your 3D print is warping, how would you troubleshoot the issue? List at least three possible
solutions and explain their effectiveness.
10. You are tasked with creating a functional prototype of a phone stand. Describe the steps you
would take from design to printing, and how you would evaluate its functionality after printing.

Lab Activity: Introduction to Robotics (EV3)

DOK Level 1: Recall and Reproduction

1. Define what a sensor is in the context of robotics. Provide examples of at least two
sensors used in the LEGO EV3 kit.
2. What is the purpose of the motors in the LEGO EV3 robot? Name two types of motors
used in the kit and describe their functions.
3. List the basic components required to assemble a LEGO EV3 robot.
4. Describe the function of the EV3 Intelligent Brick. How does it contribute to the robot’s
operation?

DOK Level 2: Skills and Concepts

5. Using the LEGO EV3 software, explain how to program a robot to follow a line. What
are the key steps involved?
6. How would you modify the design of your LEGO EV3 robot to include a kicking
mechanism? Describe the components needed and their placement.

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 7. Create a simple program to make the robot stop when it detects an obstacle using the
ultrasonic sensor. What programming blocks would you use?
8. You are tasked with sorting objects based on their colour. Describe how you would use
the colour sensor to perform this task, including programming steps.

DOK Level 3: Strategic Thinking

9. Imagine you need to improve your robot’s ability to follow a curved line. What
adjustments would you make to the sensor and programming? Discuss how these changes
could improve the robot’s performance.
10. If your robot is not successfully kicking the ball in the assigned task, what
troubleshooting steps would you take to identify and solve the problem? Provide a step-
by-step strategy for fixing it.

Lab Activity: Web Design

DOK 1: Recall and Reproduction

1. What is the purpose of the <title> tag in an HTML document?

2. Name three common HTML tags used to structure a webpage.
3. What does the colour property in CSS do?
4. What is the difference between an ordered list and an unordered list in HTML?

DOK 2: Skills and Concepts

5. Using HTML, create a simple webpage with a heading, a paragraph, and a link to an
external website.
6. How would you apply internal CSS to change the background colour of a webpage to
blue?
7. Create a CSS rule to make all paragraphs have a font size of 18px and text colour red.
8. Describe the use of media queries in responsive web design and provide an example.

DOK 3: Strategic Thinking

9. You are designing a website that needs to work on both mobile and desktop devices.
Describe how you would structure the HTML and CSS to ensure the website is
responsive.
10. A webpage you designed doesn't display correctly on mobile devices. What steps would
you take to debug the issue and make the page mobile-friendly?

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