Data Communication

Chapter 1
( Week 1 , 2 )
 Content

- data communication

- Networks

- network types

- internet history

- standards and administration

 ‫‪When we communicate, we are sharing information. This sharing can be‬‬
‫‪local or remote. The term telecommunication, which includes telephony,‬‬
‫‪telegraph, and television, means communication at a distance.‬‬

‫تراسل البيانات هي مشاركة المصادر بين جهازين ‪ ،‬ال ‪ sender‬وال ‪ receiver‬عبر وسيط‬
‫معين ‪ ،‬زي اني بدل ما أجيب طباعة لكل جهاز اعمل مشاركة للطباعة دي ‪ ،‬او اني‬
‫اشارك المعلومات زي اني اشارك مع شخص ملفات او لينك علي النت ‪ ،‬فممكن اني‬
‫اشارك عن قرب زي اني ابعت الملفات او اللينك دا ألشخاص قريبين مني ‪ ،‬او‬
‫المشاركة عن بعد ابعتها ألشخاص في اماكن اخري‬

‫و تراسل البيانات دا زي المهاتفة والتلغراف والتلفزيون‬

‫فهو بيعمل بث للداتا فبتوصلنا بس علي مسافة بعيدة‬
 Components of data communication system :
To share data ( message ), we need a device to send data ( sender ) and device to receive
Sender
it ( receiver) throughout a transimition medium The process of data communication is an
organized process, as it goes under certain rules called protocols
Receiver
‫( وجهاز‬Sender ) ‫عشان اعمل تراسل او مشاركة للبيانات الزم يكون عندي جهاز يبعت الداتا‬
‫ ) وبتكون عملية تراسل‬Transimition medium ) ‫( عبر وسيط معين‬Receiver ) ‫يستقبلها‬
Message Protocols ‫البيانات عملية منظمة يعني بتمشي تحت قواعد معينة بنسميها‬

Transmission medium

Protocol Data representation

Comes in different forms such as text , number , image , video, audio ..
 Data Flow

● simplex : the communication is unidirectional,

Only one of the two devices on a link
can transmit; the other can only
receive.

● Half duplex : each station can both transmit

and receive, but not at the same time. When one
device is sending, the other can only receive

● Full duplex (also called duplex) : both stations can transmit and receive at the same
time
 Networks
A network is the interconnection of a set of devices capable of communication. In this
definition, a device can be a host such as a large computer, desktop, laptop,
workstation, cellular phone, or security system. A device in this definition can also be a
connecting device such as a router a switch, a modem that changes the form of data ,
and so on .

Network criteria
A network must be able to meet a certain number of criteria. The most important of these are
performance, reliability, and security .

Types of connection
- Point to Point - Multipoint
 Network Topology

Bus Topology :

Star Topology :

Ring :

Mesh Topology :
 Network types
Local Area Network Wide area Network
A wide area network (WAN) is also an connection
.. is usually privately owned and connects
of devices capable of communication. However,
some hosts in a single office, building, or
there are some differences between a LAN and a
campus. Depending on the needs of an
WAN. A LAN is normally limited in size; a WAN has
organization, a LAN can be as simple as two
a wider geographical span, spanning a town, a
PCs and a printer in someone's home office,
state, a country, or even the world. A LAN
or it8can extend throughout a company and
interconnects hosts; a WAN interconnects
include audio and video devices. Each host
connecting devices such as switches, routers, or
in a LAN has an identifier, an address, that
modems. A LAN is normally privately owned by the
uniquely defines the host in the LAN. A
organization that uses it; a WAN is normally
packet sent by a host to another host
created and run by communication companies and
carries both the source host's and the
leased by an organization that uses it.
destination host's addresses .
 LAN in the past and today :-

LAN in the past Bus Topology ‫كانت الشبكه علي شكل‬

LAN Today Star Topology ‫الشبكه علي شكل‬

WAN ‫عندي أشكال من توصيل ال‬

point-to-point WAN : is a network that connects two

communicating devices through a transmission media (cable or
air).
( These devices ara switches, routers or modems ) .
، ‫لما نوصل جهازين ببعض ) خلي بالك االجهزة دي مش الكمبيوتر‬
. ( ‫المقصود هنا توصيل سوتش او راوتر او موديم ببعض‬

switched WAN : is a network with more than two ends. We

can say that a switched WAN is a combination of several
point-to-point WANs that are connected by switches.
‫لما نوصل مجموعة اجهزة ببعض مش جهازين بس ( زي ما‬
. ) ‫قولنا االجهزة هيا سوتش وراوتر و موديم‬
 ‫إزاي نعمل شبكه مكونه من ‪ LANs 2‬و ‪ 1‬من ال ‪ WANS‬؟‬

‫بنعمل شبكة محلية عادي مكونة من اجهزة كمبيوتر ونوصل االجهزة دي بسويتش ونعمل شبكة‬
‫محلية كمان إلن انا عايز اعمل شبكتين محليتين وهاخد كابل من السوتش من كل شبكة و هوصله‬
‫بالراوتر او الموديم حسب انا عايز استخدم ايه في الشبكة فهيخرجني علي الشبكة الواسعة فهيبقي‬
‫عندي كدا اتنين راوتر فهيكون شكل ال ‪ WAN‬هي ‪point to point‬‬

‫الشرح دا مش موجود في الساليدز بس من شرح الدكتور‬

‫طب إزاي نعمل شبكه غير متماثله من ال ‪ WANs‬وال ‪ LANs‬؟‬

‫مطلوب مني اعمل شبكه فيها كذا شبكه من ال ‪ LANs‬و ‪ WANs‬يبقي انا هوصل في ال ‪ LAN‬أجهزه‬
‫كمبيوتر متصله بالسوتش وهاخد وصله من السويتش وهوصلها بالراوتر او الموديم حسب االستخدام‬
‫عشان اعمل ال ‪WAN‬‬
 Switching

A switch needs to forward data from a network to another network when required.

The two most common types of switched networks are circuit-switched and
packet-switched networks.

Circuit-Switching
Packet-Switching
a direct physical connection is
data that is to be transmitted is divided into small units
established between the sender
called packets
and receiver , data sent without
‫وهي اتصال بين االجهزه اللي بتخرجني علي شبكة ال‬
dividing .
‫ اللي هي ( الراوتر او الموديم ) بس الداتا اللي‬WAN
‫وهي اتصال السوتشات عن طريق‬
‫هتمشي هنا بين األجهزه دي الزم تتقطع او تتجزأ علي‬
‫كابل والداتا بتمشي فيه الكابل‬
packets ‫شكل حزم ُتسمي‬
‫من غير ما تتجزا او تتقطع‬
 The internet
internet today and accessing :-
The Internet today is an internetwork that allows any user to become part of it. The user, however,
needs to be physically connected to an ISP. The physical connection is normally done through a point-
to-point WAN. In this section, we briefly describe how this can happen, but we postpone the technical
details of the connection until Chapters 14 and 16.

‫االنترنت دلوقتي هو عبارة عن ان جهاز‬

‫ ) متصل بمزود‬customer network ) ‫العميل‬
‫( واللي‬provider network ) ‫خدمه االنترنت‬
‫هو شركة اتصاالت مثال او فودافون او‬
‫ فبتكون الشركات دي متصله‬، ‫غيرهم‬
‫بالبوابه الرئيسيه لالنترنت واللي هي العمود‬
‫ ) او المصدر‬backbone ‫الفقري لالنترنت ( ال‬
. ‫االساس لالنترنت‬
 internet today and accessing the internet
There were some communication networks, such as telegraph and telephone networks, before 1960.
These networks were suitable for constant-rate communication at that time, which means that after
a connection was made between two users, the encoded message (telegraphy) or voice (telephony)
could be exchanged. A computer network, on the other hand, should be able to handle bursty data,
which means data received at variable rates at different times. The world needed to wait for the
packet-switched network to be invented.

. 1960 ‫ قبل عام‬، ‫ مثل شبكات التلغراف والهاتف‬، ‫كانت هناك بعض شبكات االتصاالت‬
‫ مما يعني أنه‬، ‫كانت هذه الشبكات مناسبة التصاالت ذات المعدل الثابت في ذلك الوقت‬
‫ من‬. ) ‫بعد إجراء اتصال بين مستخدمين الرسالة المشفرة ( التلغراف ) أو الصوت ( الهاتف‬
‫ناحية أخرى يجب أن تكون شبكة الكمبيوتر قادرة على التعامل مع البيانات المتدفقة‬
‫ احتاج العالم إلى انتظار‬. ‫مما يعني تلقي البيانات بمعدالت متغيرة في أوقات مختلفة‬
. ‫اختراع شبكة تبديل الحزم‬
In 1972, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn, both of whom were part of the core ARPANET group, collaborated
on what they called the Internetting Project. They wanted to link dissimilar networks so that a host
on one network could communicate with a host on another. There were many problems to overcome:
diverse packet sizes, diverse interfaces, and diverse transmission rates, as well as differing
reliability requirements. Cerf and Kahn devised the idea of a device called a gateway to serve as the
intermediary hardware to transfer data from one network to another.
‫ و كانوا عايزين يربطوا‬، ARPANET ‫ وكالهما كان جزءاً من منظمة‬، Kahn Bob ‫ و‬Cerf Vint ‫تعاون‬
) ‫الشبكات غير المتشابهة بحيث يمكن لمضيف ( جهاز ) على إحدى الشبكات االتصال بمضيف (جهاز‬
. ‫آخر‬

‫ وواجهات متنوعة‬، ‫ أحجام حزم متنوعة‬: ‫كانت هناك العديد من المشكالت التي يجب التغلب عليها‬
‫ فكرة جهاز يسمى بوابة ليكون بمثابة جهاز وسيط‬Kahn ‫ و‬cerf ‫ فابتكر‬، ‫ومعدالت إرسال متنوعة‬،
. ‫لنقل البيانات من شبكة إلى أخرى‬