LOAD SECTOR

CUSTOMER TYPE OF LOADS:

➢ Residential

➢ Commercial

➢ Industrial
➢ Others

➢ Transportation
CONNECTED LOAD
It is the sum of continuous ratings of all the equipment connected to supply system.

A power station supplies load to thousands of consumers. Each consumer has certain equipment
installed in his premises. The sum of the continuous ratings of all the equipments in the consumer’s
premises is the “connected load” of the consumer.

For instance, if a consumer has connections of five 100-watt lamps and a power point of 500 watts, then
connected load of the consumer is 5 × 100 + 500 = 1000 watts.
The sum of the connected loads of all the consumers is the connected load to the power station.
CONNECTED LOAD vs MAXIMUM DEMAND
Maximum demand the greatest demand of
load on the power station during a given period.

Maximum demand is generally less than the

connected load because all the consumers do
not switch on their connected load to the system
at a time. The knowledge of maximum
demand is very important as it helps in
determining the installed capacity of the station.
The station must be capable of always meeting
the maximum demand.
ILLUSTRATION
What is the maximum demand of Consumer A? Consumer B? Consumer C?

What is the maximum demand of the transformer?

What is the maximum demand on the feeder?

LOAD CURVES
➢ The curve showing the variation of load on the power station with respect to (w.r.t) time is known as a
load curve.
➢ plot of load (or load per end-user) variation as a function of time for a defined group of end-users. Daily,

weekly, monthly, and yearly load curves are commonly developed.

LOAD CURVES
➢ Monthly Load Curve can be obtained from the daily load curves of a specific month.

➢ Yearly Load Curve is obtained by considering the monthly load curves of that particular year. The yearly

load curve is generally used to determine the annual load factor.

LOAD CURVES Off-Peak
LOAD CURVES
Peak
LOAD CURVES
The area under the daily load curve
gives the number of units generated
in the day.
Units generated/day = Area (in kWh)
under daily load curve.
LOAD CURVES
The highest point on the daily load curve
represents the maximum demand on
that day.
LOAD CURVES
𝑫𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒚 𝒐𝒓 𝑴𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒉𝒍𝒚 𝒐𝒓 𝒀𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒍𝒚 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒆𝒅
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 =
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

The area under the daily load

curve divided by the total
number of hours gives the
average load on the station in
the day.

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑/𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Solve for the load factor given the daily load curve:

(a) Power, kW (10𝑘𝑊)(24ℎ𝑟)

a) 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
(24ℎ𝑟)
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 10𝑘𝑊
10
(10𝑘𝑊)
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = ∗ 100
(10𝑘𝑊)
𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎%

Time
12 MN 12 NN 12 MN
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Solve for the load factor given the daily load curve:
10𝑘𝑊 12ℎ𝑟 +(5𝑘𝑊)(12ℎ𝑟)
(b) Power, kW b) 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
(24ℎ𝑟)
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 7.5𝑘𝑊

10 (7.5𝑘𝑊)
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = ∗ 100
(10𝑘𝑊)
𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 = 𝟕𝟓%

Time
12 MN 12 NN 12 MN
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Solve for the load factor given the daily load curve:
1
∗(10𝑘𝑊)(24ℎ𝑟)
(c) Power, kW c) 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 2
(24ℎ𝑟)
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 5𝑘𝑊
10 (5𝑘𝑊)
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = ∗ 100
(10𝑘𝑊)
𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 = 𝟓𝟎%

Time
12 MN 12 NN 12 MN
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Solve for the load factor given the daily load curve:
1
2
∗ 10𝑘𝑊+5𝑘𝑊 24ℎ𝑟
(d) Power, kW d) 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
(24ℎ𝑟)
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 7.5𝑘𝑊
10
(7.5𝑘𝑊)
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = ∗ 100
(10𝑘𝑊)
𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 = 𝟕𝟓%
5

Time
12 MN 12 NN 12 MN
CAPACITY FACTOR
the ratio of the actual energy produced to the maximum possible energy that might have been produced during the
same period.

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡

𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
Total number of hours per Day: 24 hours
Total number of hours per Year: 365*24 = 8760 hours
Total number of hours per Month: 8760/12 = 730 hours
𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑
𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ∗ 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑
𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ∗ 8760 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
SAMPLE PROBLEM
As of 2020, the Three Gorges Dam in China with its nameplate capacity of 22,250 MW is the largest power station in the world by
installed capacity. Last 2021, it generated 87 TW-hr. Determine its Capacity Factor.

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡

𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 365 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝐼𝐶

87,000,000𝑀𝑊 − ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
=
365 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
22,250𝑀𝑊
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 0.45 𝑜𝑟 45%

SAMPLE PROBLEM
A 50,000-kW steam power plant delivers an annual output of 238,000,000 kW-hr with a peak load of 42,860-kW.
Find the a) annual load factor and the b) annual capacity factor of the plant.

238,000,000𝑘𝑊−ℎ𝑟 238,000,000𝑘𝑊−ℎ𝑟
a) 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = b) 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 365 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
8760 ℎ𝑟 50,000𝑘𝑊
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 27,168.95𝑘𝑊

𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 54.34%
𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑

27,168.95𝑘𝑊
𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
42,860𝑘𝑊

𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 63.39%

USE FACTOR
if Capacity Factor = Use Factor; No. of hours in operation is EQUAL to the maximum hours of the period.
if Capacity Factor < Use Factor; No. of hours in operation is LESS THAN the maximum hours of the period.

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑

𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝐼𝐶 ∗ 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A diesel station supplies the following loads to various consumers :
Industrial consumer = 1500 kW
Commercial establishment = 750 kW
Domestic power = 100 kW
Domestic light = 450 kW
If the maximum demand on the station is 2500 kW and the number of kWh generated per year is 45 × 105,
determine (i) the diversity factor and (ii) annual load factor?
 A diesel station supplies the following loads to various consumers :

SAMPLE PROBLEM Industrial consumer = 1500 kW

Commercial establishment = 750 kW
Domestic power = 100 kW
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠 Domestic light = 450 kW
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 If the maximum demand on the station is 2500 kW
and the number of kWh generated per year is 45 × 105,

1500 + 750 + 100 + 450 determine (i) the diversity factor and (ii) annual load factor?
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
2500
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 1.12

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑/𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑

𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑙𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
45 𝑥 10^5
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = = 513.7 kW
8760

513.7
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = = 20.548%
2500
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A power supply is having the following loads :

Type of Load Max Demand (kW) Diversity group Demand Factor

Domestic 1500 1.2 0.8
Commercial 2000 1.1 0.9
Industrial 10,000 1.25 1

If the overall system diversity factor is 1·35, determine (i) the maximum demand and (ii) connected load of each type.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

1500+2000+10000
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 = = 10,000 kW
1.35

𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 = 1500 𝑥 1.2 = 1800 𝑘𝑊
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 2000 𝑥 1.1 = 2200 𝑘𝑊
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 10000 𝑥 1.25 = 12500 𝑘𝑊
SAMPLE PROBLEM
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑

𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

1800
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 = = 2250 𝑘𝑊
0.8

2000
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 = = 2444 𝑘𝑊
0.9

10000
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 = = 10000 𝑘𝑊
1
SAMPLE PROBLEM
At the end of a power distribution system, a certain feeder supplies four distribution transformers each one supplying a group of
customers whose connected loads are listed below. Using typical demand and diversity factors, find the maximum demand of the
feeder. Note that motor efficiency assumed uniformly 72% for simplification

Transformer 1 Transformer 2 Transformer 3 Transformer 4

(General Power service, (Residential Lighting) (Store Lighting, General (Residential Lighting)
Commercial Lighting) Power Service)

a: 7.5kW, 5kW e: 5kW j: 10kW, 3.7kW m: 15kW

b: 5.5kW, 4kW f: 4kW k: 8kW, 18.5kW n: 5kW

.
c: 11kW g: 8kW l: 4kW o: 2kW

d: 3.7kW, 2kW h: 15kW p: 5kW

i: 20kW
SAMPLE PROBLEM
FOR TRANSFORMER 1: (General Power Service and Commercial Lighting)
General Power: (Use 72% motor efficiency)

𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑=(𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟)(𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑)

a: 7.5𝑘𝑊/0.72∗0.65=6.77𝑘𝑊
b: 5.5𝑘𝑊/0.72∗0.75=5.73𝑘𝑊
c: 11𝑘𝑊/0.72∗0.65=9.93𝑘𝑊
d: 3.7𝑘𝑊/0.72∗0.75=3.85𝑘𝑊
෍ 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 6.77𝑘𝑊 + 5.73𝑘𝑊 + 9.93𝑘𝑊 + 3.85kW

෍ 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 26.28𝑘𝑊

Commercial Lighting:
෍ 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 = (0.6)(5𝑘𝑊 + 4𝑘𝑊 + 2𝑘𝑊)

෍ 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 6.6𝑘𝑊

𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇1
σ 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
=
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑡. 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
σ 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
+
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑡. 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒
 6.6𝑘𝑊 26.28𝑘𝑊
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇1 = +
1.5 1.5

𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇1 = 21.92𝑘𝑊

FOR TRANSFORMER 2: (Residential Lighting)

Residential Lighting:
෍ 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 0.5 5𝑘𝑊 + 4𝑘𝑊 + 8𝑘𝑊 + 15𝑘𝑊 + 20𝑘𝑊

෍ 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 26𝑘𝑊

𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇2
σ 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
=
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑡. 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
 26𝑘𝑊
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇2 =
3.5

𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇2 = 7.43𝑘𝑊

FOR TRANSFORMER 3: (Store Lighting and Power)

Store Lighting:
෍ 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 = (0.7)(10𝑘𝑊 + 8𝑘𝑊 + 4𝑘𝑊)

෍ 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 15.4𝑘𝑊

Power:
3.7𝑘𝑊 18.5𝑘𝑊
෍ 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 = ∗ 0.75 + ∗ 0.55
0.72 0.72

෍ 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 17.99𝑘𝑊

 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇3
σ 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 σ 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
= +
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑡. 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑡. 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒
15.4𝑘𝑊 17.99𝑘𝑊
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇3 = +
1.5 1.5

𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇3 = 22.26𝑘𝑊

FOR TRANSFORMER 4: (Residential Lighting)

Residential Lighting:
෍ 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 = (0.5)(15𝑘𝑊 + 5𝑘𝑊 + 2𝑘𝑊 + 5𝑘𝑊)

෍ 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 13.5𝑘𝑊

 σ 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇4 =
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑡. 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
13.5𝑘𝑊
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇4 =
3.5

𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇4 = 3. 86𝑘𝑊

σ 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑠

𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑟 =
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑡. 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑠

21.92 + 7.43 + 22.26 + 3.86

𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑟 =
1.3

𝑴𝒂𝒙 𝑫𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒅𝑭𝒆𝒆𝒅𝒆𝒓 = 𝟒𝟐. 𝟔𝟕𝒌𝑾

SAMPLE PROBLEM
A power station has to meet the following demand :
Group A : 200 kW between 8 A.M. and 6 P.M.
Group B : 100 kW between 6 A.M. and 10 A.M.
Group C : 50 kW between 6 A.M. and 10 A.M.
Group D : 100 kW between 10 A.M. and 6 P.M. and then between 6 P.M. and 6 A.M.

Determine (i) diversity factor (ii) units generated per day (iii) load factor.

Time (Hours) 0–6 6-8 8-10 10-18 18-24

Group A 0 0 200 200 0
Group B 0 100 100 0 0
Group C 0 50 50 0 0
.
Group D 100 0 0 100 100
Total load 100 150 350 300 100
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 350 𝑘𝑊

𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 = 200 + 100 + 50 + 100 = 450 𝑘𝑊

𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠

𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
450
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = = 1.286
350

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 100 𝑥 6 + 150 𝑥 2 + 350 𝑥2 + 300 𝑥 8 + 100 x 6 = 4600 kWh

𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑙𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

4600
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = = 191.7 𝑘𝑊
24
191.7
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = = 54.8%
350
LOAD DURATION CURVE
LOAD DURATION CURVE
LOAD DURATION CURVE
IMPORTANCE OF LOAD DURATION CURVE
The load duration curve gives the data in a more presentable form. In other words, it readily
shows the number of hours during which the given load has prevailed.

The area under the load duration curve is equal to that of the corresponding load curve. Obviously, area
under daily load duration curve (in kWh) will give the units generated on that day.

The load duration curve can be extended to include any period of time. The variation and distribution of
demand for an entire year can be summarised in one curve. The curve thus obtained is called the annual
load duration curve.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
The annual load duration curve of a certain power station can be considered a straight line from 20 MW to 4 MW. To meet this
load, three turbine-generator units, two rated at 10 MW each and one rated at 5 MW are installed. Determine (i) installed
capacity (ii) plant capacity factor (iii) units generated per annum (iv) load factor and (v) utilisation factor.
20,000

4,000

0 8760
Hours of the year
𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 10 𝑀𝑊 + 10 𝑀𝑊 + 5 𝑀𝑊 = 25 𝑀𝑊

1
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑥 20 + 4 = 12 𝑀𝑊
2

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = = 48%
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

1
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑚 = 𝑥 20 + 4 𝑥 8760 = 105.12 𝑥 10^6 𝑘𝑊ℎ
2

12,000
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑥 100 = 60%
20,000

𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑥 100 = 80%
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦