Introductionaboutcourse&about computer

• A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information or data . It has ability to store
,retrieve and process data.

• Computer is a high speed electronics device which is capable of performing logical and arithmetical
operations. It accepts data (Instruction) as an input from the user, processes and gives desirable output is
called computer.

Block Diagram of computer

Block diagram of a computer gives you the pictorial representation of a computer that how it works
inside.

Input Unit: The input/output unit consists of devices used to transmit information between the external
world and computer memory.

The Processor Unit (CPU):It is the brain of a computer system. All major calculation and comparisons are
made inside the CPU and it is also responsible for activation and controlling the operation of other unit.
This unit consists of two major components that are arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit (CU).

Control Unit (CU):control unit And the control unit of a CPU controls the entire operation of a computer. It
also controls all devices such as memory, input/output devices connected to the CPU. Control Unit fetches
instructions from memory, decodes the instruction, interprets the instruction to know what the task are to be
performed and sends suitable control signals to the other components to perform for the necessary steps to
executes the instruction
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU):Here arithmetic logic unit performs all arithmetic operations such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division. It also uses logic operation for comparison.

Memory Unit:Memory unit is an essential component of a digital computer. It is where all data intermediate
and final results are stored. The data read from the main storage or an input unit is transferred to the
computer's memory where they are available for processing. This memory unit is used to hold the instructions
to be executed and data to be processed.

Disk Storage Unit:Data and instruction enters into a computer system through input device have to stored
inside the computer before actual processing start. Two types of storage unit are primary and secondary
storage unit.

1) Primary Storage Unit: Primary memory has direct link with input unit and output unit. It stores the input
data, calculation result.

2) Secondary Storage Unit: The primary storage is not able to store data permanently for future use. So
some other types of storage technology is required to store the data permanently for long time, it is called
secondary or auxiliary storage.

Output Unit :. The information fed through the input unit is stored in computer's memory for processing and
the final result stored in memory can be recorded or display on the output medium.

Types of computer:

There are two basic types of computer as given below:

1)Analog computer
2. Digital computer

1)Analog Computer: Analog computer process information of physical nature such as temperature,
pressure etc. Or you can says that an analogue computer is a computer that is used to operate with
numbers represented by directly measurable quantities.

2)Digital computer:Digital computers process information which is essentially in the form of 0 and 1.
Almost everyone talks about digital computer while talking about computer.

There are 4 types of digital computers:

1. Micro computers
2. Mini computers
3. Mainframe computers
4. Supercomputers

Types of Input Devices :

1)Keyboard
2)Mouse
 3)Scanner
4)Light pen
5)Trackball

1)Keyboard:It is by far the most common type of input device utilized for the purpose of feeding
information and programs into a computer system. The keypad on your computer has a variety of keys
on it, including those for the alphabet (a to z), the digits (0 to 9), special characters, function keys,
navigation/arrow keys, and many more keys. On a keyboard that is attached to a computer system,
when a key is pressed, an electric signal is produced and detected by an electronic circuit called a
keyboard encoder.

2)Mouse:The mouse is the second most popular computer input device. It is a pointing device. You can
also say that it is an electromechanical hand-held device.

The mouse is used in many ways, such as:

• to scroll
• to select
• to draw sketches or diagrams, etc.
• to use the right-click (pop-up menu)
• to change Windows' position
• and many more.

3)Scanner :It is also an important and popular input device nowadays, as it can enter information directly into
the computer without the need for typing. Therefore, scanning provides faster and "as-is" data entry, or
accurate data entry and exact data entry.

4)Light pen:This is an input device that allows you to draw lines or figures on a computer screen. You can use
it to do a variety of things. It is pressed against the cathode ray tube (CRT) screen so that it can detect the
rasters as they move across the display.

5)Trackball:The trackball operates in a manner that is analogous to that of an inverted mouse. The user
directly controls the movement of the ball, while the device itself remains immobile. The user will move the
ball in a variety of directions to produce different effects on the screen.

Types of Output Devices :

1)Monitors
2) Printers
3) Plotters
4)Projectors
5) Speakers

1)Monitors :This is also known as the display screen; however, it usually refers to the entire box, whereas the
display screen can mean just the screen. In addition, the term "monitor" often implies graphics
capabilities.Because monitors are used to output the data, such as by displaying images, videos, texts, and so
on, etc. Since they display information, monitors are considered output devices. From my point of view, the
monitor is the output device that is both the most essential and the most important. It's hard to picture
yourself using a computer that doesn't have a monitor. That is to say, the output is not visible to you .
2)Printers:A piece of hardware known as a printer is a piece of equipment that can print text or illustrations
on paper.

The different kinds of printers, including the following:

• Daisy wheel
• Dot Matrix
• Laser
• Ink-jet
• Thermal
• Line printer

3)Plotters :To create a design, a plotter is a piece of computer hardware that looks very much like a printer
and accepts input from a pen, pencil, marker, or any other type of writing instrument. These printers are
frequently utilized in the printing of CAD diagrams, schematics, and other documents.

4)Projectors :An output device that can take the display that is currently being shown on a computer screen
and project a larger version of that display onto a level surface. In order to ensure that everyone in the room
can see the presentation being given, projectors are frequently utilized in settings such as meetings and
presentations. Projectors are small devices that are actually quite a bit larger than a toaster and typically
weigh a few pounds. These projectors are used in conjunction with personal computers.

5) Speakers:An output device that is connected to the sound card of a computer and plays the sounds that
were generated by the computer. Speakers that also include subwoofers are the component of a personal
computer that is utilized the most frequently
EXPERIMENT 1:-
Aim: Identification of the different external components like spike busters, UPS, modem, printer, headphone,
microphone, web camera, joystick, flash drives, external HDD of a computer, discussion of their functions and
configurations.
Apparatus: Spike busters, UPS, modem, printer, headphone, microphone, web camera,
joystick, flash drives, external HDD

Spike busters (Surge protector):A Spike buster or Surge protector is device designed to protect electrical
devices from voltage spikes. A surge protector limits the voltage supplied to an electric device by either
blocking or shorting to ground any unwanted voltages above a safe threshold.

UPS (Uninterrupted power supply): An uninterrupted power supply, also uninterrupted power source, UPS or
is an electrical device that provides emergency power to a load when the input power source or mains power
fails. A UPS is typically used to protect hardware such as computers, data centers, telecommunication
equipment or other electrical equipment where an unexpected power disruption could cause injuries,
fatalities, serious business disruption or data loss. The primary function of any UPS is to provide short-term
power when the input power source fails.

Modem:A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a network hardware device that modulates one or more
carrier wave signals to encode digital information for transmission and demodulates signals to decode the
transmitted information.
A modem is a type of hardware device that converts between analog and digital data in real time for two-way
network communication.

Printer:A printer is a peripheral device which makes a persistent human-readable representation of graphics
or text on paper or similar physical media.A printer is a machine for printing text or pictures, linked to a
computer.
Headphone:Headphones are a pair of small loudspeaker drivers that are designed to be worn on or around
the head over a user’s ears.Its function is to convert an electrical signal to a corresponding sound.

Microphone:
A microphone (nicknamed mic or mike) is a transducer that converts sound into an electrical signal.

Web camera:A webcam is a video camera that feeds the images in real time to a computer.

Joystick:A joystick is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle or direction
to the device it is controlling.In computers, a joystick is a cursor control device used in computer games and
assistive technology.
Flash drives: A USB flash drive (also variously known as a USB drive, USB stick, thumb drive, pen drive, jump
drive, flash-drive or USB memory) is a data storage device that includes flash memory with an integrated USB
interface.USB flash drives are often used for storage; data back-up and transfer of computer files.

External HDD (Hard Disk Drive):

External hard disk drives are storage devices typically connect via USB; variants using USB 2.0 interface
generally have slower data transfer rates when compared to internally mounted hard drives connected
through SATA.

Advantages of External HDD:

• External storage devices provide additional storage other than that available in computer.
• Data can be transported easily from one place to another.
• It is useful to store software and data that is not needed frequently.
• External storage also works as data backup.This back up may prove useful at times such as fire or theft
because important data is not lost.
FORM FACTOR:

Form factor for computers refers to size, shape, and physical specifications of hardware or
hardware components. Computer form factor is used to describe any physical aspect of a
computer system. Form factor is very important for connection compatibility.

Form factor of SMPS: Motherboards comes in different shapes and sizes, so do supplies.
Today’s power supply form factors are ATX, ATX12V v1.x, ATX12V v2.x, and micro -ATX.

Connector Notes Voltage(s)

24-pin Main ATX power connector to the motherboard +3.3, +5, +12,
–12

20-pin Main power connector to the motherboard +3.3, +5, –5,

+12, –12

15-pin SATA connector +3, +5, +12

8-pin 12V for CPU used with an ATX12V v1 power supply +12

8-pin PCIe video; connects to a PCIe video adapter. Note that some connectors are +12
6+2-pin meaning they accept either the 6- or 8-pin cable.

6-pin PCIe video; connects to PCIe video adapter +12

6-pin Sometimes labeled as AUX; connects to the motherboard if it has a connector +3.3, +5

4- Connects to peripheral devices such as hard drives and CD/DVD drives +5, +12
pin Molex

4-pin Berg Connects to peripheral devices such as the floppy drive +5, +12

4-pin Sometimes labeled as AUX or 12V; connects to the motherboard for CPU +12

3-pin Used to monitor fan speed N/A

EXPERIMENT 2:-

Aim: Identification and study of different types of power connectors in the SMPS (Switch mode Power Supply)
like Molex, CPU 4x4. ATX power connectors for PCI, SATA (Serial Advance Technology Attachment) etc.

Apparatus: SMPS (Switch Power Supply unit).

SMPS or switched mode power supply is an electronics device that is used to convert AC to DC, AC to AC, DC to
DC and DC to AC voltages. The circuit consists of transformer, rectifier, voltage regulator and a filter. The input
supply is turned On and Off by MOSFETs and outputs a high efficiency, regulated voltage. The SMPS used in
computers is of AC to DC type supply.

1)Power-IN: The power-IN connector as shown in the figure is the input for MAINS supply. A power cable is
inserted here, the other end of which is connected to mains supply. The input supply gets converted to DC
supply.

2)FAN: If you look at the back side of Computer-SMPS, you will find a FAN at the right side. The FAN as you can
see, blows the air out and is only used to dissipate the internal heat from the SMPS since the switching is done
at high frequencies which create a lot of heat inside.

The Power supply connectors are:

1)4pin Molex
2)15pin SATA
3)20pin P1
4)20+4 pin P1
5)24pin P1
6)4pin auxiliary
7)8pin auxiliary Power In
8)4pin Berg
FAN
connector
9)6pin PCIe
10)6+2 pin PCIe
11)8pin PCIe

1)4 pin Molex :The 4pin Molex power connectors used to connect power to a variety of components.
Hardware items that use this connector include SATA drives, PATA drives some case fans. SATA drives do have
a 15pin SATA power connector but some have an additional 4pin Molex connection. This is helpful if you are
out of SATA connectors. There are also adapters available that will convert the 4pin Molex to SATA or other if
needed.
4-pin Molex power supply connector

3) 15 pin SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachement) :The 15pin SATA power connectors used for
SATA hard drives, optical drives and solid state drives. In some cases you will need to attach a SATA
connector to an expansion card to provide needed power.

15-pin SATA power supply connector

4) 20 pin P1: The 20pin P1 power connectors the main motherboard power connector used on older ATX
motherboards. Today, the 24pin power connector is used as the main power connector for motherboards.

20-pin P1 power supply connector

4)20+4 pin P1 : The 20+4 pin P1 power connector is a 20pin power connector with an additional 4pin
connector attached. This allows the power supply to be used on older and newer motherboards.

20+4 pin power supply connector

5)24 pin P1 : The 24pin P1 power connectors the primary power connector for todays motherboards.

24pin power supply connector

5) 4pin auxiliary: The 4pin auxiliary power connectors used for an extra 12 volts of power needed by the CPU.

4-pin auxiliary power connector

6) 8pin auxiliary: The 8pin auxiliary power connector is also referred to as the EPS12V cable. Today, many
CPU’s need more than power than the 12 volts of power provided by the 4pin power connector.
Depending on the power supply, this cable may provide one 12 volt rail of power over all 8 pins or 2 x 12
volt rails of power over 4pins apiece. Keep that in mind when shopping for a power supply.

8-pin auxiliary power supply connector

8)4pin Berg: The 4pin Berg power connector P7, is used to supply power to a floppy disk drive. Today, this
cable is mostly unused. A relic provided just in case you need to connect a floppy disk drive.
4pin Berg power supply connector

9)6pin PCIe : The 6pin PCIe power connector is used to supply power to expansion cards when needed. Often
times this is used for high-end video cards with the version 1 standard.

6-pin PCIe power supply connector

10)6+2 pin PCIe : The 6+2 pin PCIe power connectors used to provide an extra 12 volts of power to expansion
cards. This is used by high-end video cards that are using a PCIe x 16 card slot. This connector gives you the
option of either a 6pin or 8pin connector to suit your specific video cards needs.

6+2 pin PCIe power supply connector

11)8pin PCIe : The 8pin PCIe power connectors also used to supply power to expansion cards when needed.
This power supply connector is used for high-end video cards that used the version 2 standard.

8-pin PCIe power supply connector

EXPERIMENT 3:-
Aim:- Rectify the faults in SMPS, Selection of wattage of SMPS and Color Codes and their corresponding
Voltages.

Apparatus: SMPS, multi - meter, Power cord, Single Stand wire.

Procedure: To check the supply, whether it is working properly or not, you can test it before fitting it in the
cabinet. There is a simple way to test the SMPS, you just have to short the green wired connector to any black
colored (ground) connector using with single stand wire. If the SMPS is working perfectly, the fan of the supply
will start working.

1) Take the SMPS Connect to the switch give the AC supply.

2) Connect single stand wire green any black in ATX Power connector
3) Make main power ON.
4) Then take the multi meter set in the Voltage (DC) mode.
5) Then check Voltage of every pin is working or not.
Tabular column: