u

T ►Lesson Worksheets 2
-heat

PE
~
 6.1 Work E
- KI

A Work: another way of energy transfer

1 Work is the energy transferred due to the action of a ____________
Force over a
distance
__________________.
2 When a force F acts on an object over a displacement s, the work done by F is

work = force parallel to displacement  displacement

w
W = F// s +
- 0
,
-
~ S

3 Joule
Work is the energy transferred and therefore measured in _________________ (J).
1J=1Nm
4 When the force F makes an angle  with the displacement s,
the force component ________________
I to the displacement = F cos 

W = Flos .
S

is also
Energy
e a
scalar
5 scalar
Work is a _____________
mini
quantity: it has magnitude but no direction.
6 When the force acts in the same direction as the displacement,  = 0 and cos 0 = 1.
F S
The equation becomes W = ____________.
.

When the force is perpendicular to the displacement,  = 90 and cos 90 = 0. The
O
equation becomes W = ____________.

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Quick check 1
Find the work done W by the force marked in each diagram.
(a) The box is held still by an upward (b) The box of mass 5 kg drops 1.2 m when
force of 50 N. it is released and acted by its weight.

50 N

1.2 m

weight

(c) The box is pushed by a force of 24 N

and it moves 2 m on a smooth

Fast horizontal ground.

40
24 N

2m

Solution
(a) W = O

(b) W = 50x1 2 .
=
60]

(c) W = 2410340
°
x2 =
36 .

85
B Positive and negative work
1 F// and s are in the same direction
*
 F// does positive / negative work E
V

F
 work is done by / against F//
11 1 000

..
00

S
rough
 the object s_________________
gain energy
2 F// and s are in opposite directions
 F// does positive / negative work
 work is done by / against F// (friction , air resistance (

 the object _________________

loss energy
3 If the applied force makes an angle with the displacement, only the component
_____________
/ to the displacement will do positive or negative work on the object.
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 ►Lesson Worksheets 2

C Work done by more than one force

1 The total work done due to several forces acting on the object is given by:

total energy gain

=

Total work done = sum of work done due to individual forces FiS + EzS + EsS ......

or ↓ Il

(Fi + Fz + Fz)S
Total work done = work done by net force

When finding the sum of work done, remember to add a negative sign to the work that is
done against a force.

Quick check 2
A box is pushed by a force of 24 N and acted by a friction of 10 N so that it moves 3 m to the
right on a horizontal ground.

- 24 was 603m
60
10 N
24 N
titgit
(a) What is the change in energy of the box?
(b) Then the man stops pushing and the box stops after moving 0.6 m to the right. Find the
change in energy of the box after the man stopping pushing.
Solution
(a) Apply W = F// s = Fs cos . NetwD :
24 los 60 x3
°
-
10 3
.
= 65
Energy change = sum of work done

Alternatively,
net force acting on the box =

Energy change = work done by net force

 The box gains / loses ___________ of energy.

(b) Energy change = work done by net force

6
 The box gains / loses ___________
-
of energy.
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 ►Lesson Worksheets 2

 6.2 Mechanical energy

1 mechanical
Kinetic energy and potential energy are collectively called ________________ energy.

A Kinetic energy
1 Kinetic
____________ energy (KE) is the energy possessed by an object due to its motion.
2 Suppose a constant force F acts on a box of mass m on a frictionless horizontal surface.
The box moves with uniform acceleration a from rest to velocity v after displacement s.
In this case, F does work W on the box and the energy transferred to the box becomes its
kinetic energy. F S .

= ma
v2
- u
.

S [r-ugas)
= M .

= [ m (v) Em (n2)
·

wi
kEv
KE ,

v2
By v2 = u2 + 2as, s = 2a

By F = ma and W = Fs,
v2
KE = W = Fs = (ma)  2a
if x
U2
↓ mi
KE = 2
(J)
my

3 The KE of an object depends on both its mass m and its speed v. It is directly
proportional to m and v2. It _______________
doubles when m doubles, and increases to
_______
4
. times when v doubles.

4 KE cannot be negative. It is a scalar and it depends / does not depend on the direction of
motion.
5 If the speed of an object changes from u to v, the change in KE (ΔKE) is given by
1 1 1
ΔKE = 2 mv2 − 2 mu2 = 2 m(v2 − u2)

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 ►Lesson Worksheets 2

Quick check 3
A car of mass 1200 kg travels at 30 m s−1.
(a) Find the kinetic energy of the car.
(b) The car then decelerates to 15 m s−1. Find its change in kinetic energy.
Solution
1
(a) Kinetic energy of car = 2 mv2 = (1200) (3012
540000 J
=

1 2 1 2
(b) Change in Kinetic energy = 2 mv − 2 mu = & (100) (152-302)

405,000
-
=

= loss
4050005
.

O ________________
 The car gains / loses of kinetic energy.

B Potential energy E I
1 There are many types of potential energy (PE). Elastic potential energy and gravitational
potential energy are two of them.
2 Elastic potential energy is the energy possessed by an elastic object when the object is
stretched, compressed, or bent.

·
E by
spring

>

V
>
-

LEPES

CHPE) = work done by gravity.

3 ___________________________energy
Gravitational potential is the energy possessed by an object due to its
position under gravity.
4 Suppose a box of mass m is lifted by a constant force F to a w = F S
.

h
height h above the ground at a constant velocity. In this case, F => PE .
=
mg
.

does work on the box and the energy transferred to the box
becomes its gravitational potential energy (PE).
As the box moves at a constant velocity,
F = weight of the box = mg
PE = W = Fs = mg  h = mgh

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 PE = O

►Lesson Worksheets 2
X
5 When the ground is taken as the reference level, the gravitational PE of an object at a
height h above the ground is defined as E PEg t
& Om
1

gravitation PE = Tm .

G
lowest level = OPE
Om
T
.

VVz
6 The reference level can be chosen arbitrarily.
7 Gravitational PE is a _____________.
scalor It will be _____________
Ve if the object is below
-
.

the reference level.

8 Gravitational PE depends on the ___________
height (vertical displacement) lifted against
* only ski
gravity, not the distance travelled or path taken.
9 For an object moving from A to B, its change in gravitational
PE is given by M

h
change in gravitation PE =
V

The change in gravitational PE depends on the change in

height (Δh) from one position to the other, but is dependent /
independent of the choice of the reference level

Quick check 4
A ball of mass 0.5 kg rolls down a slope of inclination A
30 from positions A to B as shown. The distance
3m
travelled by the ball along the slope is 3 m. A is 2 m
above the ground. Take the gravitational PE at the 2m
ground level as zero. B 30
h 0 =

(a) Find the gravitational PE of the ball at A. ground

(b) Find the change in gravitational PE of the ball
from A to B.
Solution
(a) Gravitational PE at A = mgh = 0 .
5 (9 .
81) x2

= 9 815
.

(b) Decrease in gravitational PE = mgh = 0 .

5 29 01) x.

3 sin 300
= -
7 5 .

J
7 55
0
 The ball gains / loses ________________
.
of gravitational PE.

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 G
►Lesson Worksheets 2
v u+ 2as
=

V
=OS
 6.3 Energy conversion and conservation of energy
atrest
=
Energy
PEAKE =B KEB
m mg
+
①
becoment le
-must
= m Vi
A Law of conservation of energy
5
mg(5)
9 81
.
.
5 =z v
~ v
= 9 9m/
.

1 The law of conservation of energy states that:

conserved
The total amount of energy in a closed system is ______________, i.e. always
-E
kept constant. Energy cannot be created or destroyed. T -

-
B Examples: total mechanical energy does not change
1 If an object moving from position A to position B with the total mechanical energy
conserved, ~
- ...
① KEA + PEA = KEB + PEB
or
②
loss in KE / PE = gain in PE / KE

Quick check 5
A simple pendulum consists of a sphere
O
suspended by an inextensible string from a
fixed point O. When the sphere is released at A inextensible
from rest, it swings pass B and C. Assume that string

air resistance is negligible. V= 0

m/s
KETO V= 0 5 .

m/s
A
(a) Find the speed v of the sphere at B. V =0 . 99m/s C
-

5 cm
(b) The speed of the sphere is 0.5 m s−1 at C. h
Find h. T
B
Solution
(a) Method 1: Method 2:
lowest pt !!
Loss in PE = gain in KE Take the PE at B as zero. O

gh = Emp -
KE + PE
A A -
= KEB + PEB
9 81
.
(0 05)
. =
[v2 9 8) (0) = Env
.

v= 0 .

99m/s v =
0 .

99m/s .

(b) Method 1: Method 2:

↑ PE = -K2
Emoggi-Emco 5 .
KEB += kEc + PEc
mgth =

= (0997 Emco 53 + M1981) h

0372m =
.

h
.

0
=
.

h = 0 .
0372m

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 ►Lesson Worksheets 2

Quick check 6 *Tensionafelastic string < extension

Jason goes bungee jumping on a bridge. An

elastic string is attached to his body. He leaves
the bridge from rest and falls to the lowest
position O. After that, he rebounds. The elastic
string is 40 m long before stretching and the
Ploss
B
T

25
.

v
V
mass of Jason is 65 kg.
rebounding
Consider the motion of Jason from leaving the O V

bridge to reaching point O. Assume that the total

mechanical energy of Jason and the string is
conserved. The mass of the string is negligible.
(a) Describe the energy change during the journey.
(b) (i) Find the speed v of Jason when the string starts stretching.
(ii) If point O is 125 m below the bridge, what is the energy E stored in the elastic
-

string when Jason reaches that position?

Solution
'G'PE- KE
(a) Before the string stretches, _______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________. us
When the string starts to stretch, Jason still speeds up. Therefore, ________________
urT
'G'DE
- + 'E'PE
_____________________________________________________________________. KE
↓ my
·

When the string is stretched to a certain length, Jason slows down. _______________
T
> 'E'PE
part f KE + 'GiPE
_____________________________________________________________________.
-

vmg
When Jason reaches O, he is momentarily at rest. All the loss in gravitation PE
all kE + 'G'PE
> EPE
_____________________________________________________________________.
-

(b) (i) Take the gravitational PE on the bridge as zero.

When Jason drops from the bridge to where the string just starts stretching,
KE1 + EPE1 + GPE1 = KE1 + EPE1 + GPE1 EA =
EB
PEA = KEB
(40) = mr
my
v= 28 m/s

(ii) When Jason drops from the bridge to point O,

EA = Eo
PEA = EPEo
my (25) = EPE .

EPE =
79706 .
25]
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 ►Lesson Worksheets 2

C Examples: total mechanical energy changes

1 When a moving object experiences resistive forces like friction and air resistance, work
is done against these forces. The object’s mechanical energy is lost as other forms of
gainst friction
energy, such as internal energy.
Eo-Elos-
.

&

Eo-wDf =
E
Quick check 7 Eo-f .
S :
El

15 m s−1

2000
O

12000N f ( 7
S
A car of mass 2000 kg moving along a horizontal road at 15 m s−1 brakes to a stop. The
average friction acting on the car during braking is 12 000 N.
-
-

(a) Find the distance d travelled by the car during braking.

(b) Suppose the car brakes to a stop when it moves down a slope, with the initial speed and
& How does the distance travelled by the car during
the average friction unchanged.
"

E
-

braking change? 4 ,

Eo-WDf =

Y
15 m s−1
KE + PEr
= f -

S .

d
Solution
(a) Work done ____________________ = loss in KE

KE-wDf : O

WDf
-(2000)152
=

-(2000 1521

(b) When the car moves down the slope before it stops, besides the loss in KE, there is
-F
also a loss in _____________________. WDf
The _______________________________ is
equal to the sum of these losses. Therefore, the car needs to travel a longer / shorter
M O
distance to stop. Sq
WDf4

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 ►Lesson Worksheets 2

Quick check 8
A
5 m s–1

30 m

A roller coaster cart of mass 400 kg travels along the track from point A to point B as shown.
Its speed at A is 5 m s–1. The distance travelled 120 m. The friction acting on it is 20 N. A is
30 m vertically above B. Find its speed vB at B.
-

Solution
EA-Eloss =
EB
Take the PE at B as zero. PEAtKEA-f S . = KE .

&B + W against friction

KEA + PEA = KEB + PE
+ Em8-2045
my(o) = I mus
v = 24.8 m .

2 If we do positive work on a system, the total mechanical energy of the system

increase 4
_____________. I'
Eo + WDon WDagainst- =

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 ►Lesson Worksheets 2

 6.4 Power
A Definition of power
1 If work W is done in time t, the power P can be defined as

Power = = We
W
P=
t

Quick check 9

2m
100 N

Sandy is pushing a box of mass 8 kg on a horizontal ground. The pushing force is 100 N to
the right and the box moves 2 m to the right in 5 s. Find the power delivered by Sandy.
Solution
work done
Power =
time taken
= 100x2 =
405/ = 40W

B Power and velocity

1 The power P provided by a force F can also be expressed as:
work done F  s s
P= = = F  = Fv
time taken t t F V instant
Pinstant = .

P = F Vaverage
t
:

average

This is the instantaneous power delivered by F.

2 Assume that F acting on the object is constant.
(a) If the object speeds up in the process, by P = Fv, the power developed by F will
&
_____________.
(b) If there is a resistive force acting on the object so that the object moves with a
constant velocity, the object has no change in mechanical energy. The power
F v
developed by F is __________
-
and equals the power loss due to the resistive force.
-

> intain
> VD

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-

11
voge
Power to maintain
motion= On p = F .
r =
f .
v

P = Fu = Ov = On 11
 ►Lesson Worksheets 2

Quick check 10
(a) A toy car moves at a constant velocity of 1.2 m s−1 on a horizontal surface. The total
resistive force acting on it is 8 N. Find the power of the motor of the toy car.
u= 0

(b) Another toy car accelerates uniformly from rest at t = 0 and its velocity becomes -

1.2 m s−1 at t = 5 s. The forward force provided by the motor is 8 N. Find the
instantaneous power of the motor at t = 2 s.
Solution
(a) Forward force due to the motor = total resistive force =
Power = Fv = 84 .
2 = 9 .
6

(b) Acceleration a = V= It at

1 2
.
= 0 + a 5
=0 . 24 m/s2
At t = 2 s, velocity v = 0 + 0 . 24x2

=
0 .

48m/s2
Power = Fiv = 8 x 0 .
48 = 3 . 84W .

as

Quick check 11
A spaceship flies with a constant power P in the outer space. At t = 0, the kinetic energy of
the spaceship is E0.The resistive force acting on the spaceship is negligible.
(a) Write an equation to show how the kinetic energy E of the spaceship varies with time t.
(b) Sketch the E−t graph from t = 0 to t = 5 s. What is the slope of the graph?
Solution
(a)
(b)

0 t

The slope of the graph is ________.

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 ►Lesson Worksheets 2

Quick check 12

0.5 m s−2 lift

A lift of mass 600 kg is raised directly by a motor. It accelerates upwards from rest uniformly
at 0.5 m s−2 from t = 0 to t = 2 s. The resistive force f acting on the lift is 500 N.
(a) Find the average power output of the motor from t = 0 to t = 2 s.
(b) Find the instantaneous power output of the motor at t = 1.5 s.
Solution
(a) Take the upwards direction as positive.
Given u = ________, a = ________, t = ________
v = u + at =
1
s = ut + at 2 =
2
Energy provided by motor = gain in _________ and _________ + W against _______
Pt =

 The average power output of the motor is ____________.

(b) Let F be the upward force acting on the lift due to the motor.
Net force acting on lift = F − ________ – ________ = ma

F=
At t = 1.5 s,
v=
Instantaneous power output =

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 zmr
Energy graph E/PE
IE =

im (utat)
Y math tips
I kEXEnergy
loss
1 ↓ s
KEX Loss

x
Energy
+
-

>X

- t

I kE
= EmxEmcrb + 2aS)
vo] kE woEnergy loss
=>
Energy same as
kE
before.
with Energy loss

73

.
EnergyConservation of systems

Inextensible E =
&↑
& sig
xPEsky
=
PPEcky
+ 4kEnkg + 5kg
boy
In

Falling ball on
Slope .

O Compare the speed

= same speed . = different velocity

the time +p < +c > tp < te

②
-

tiPE =
4 KE Compare
.

xagh =
zv
same

A B C
It
W - -
>
I
↓
Ebi