LESSON : CONTINENTS (CONTINENTS WHICH COMPOSED THE GLOBAL COMMUNITY)

The seven continents are Asia, Australia, Africa. Antarctica, North America, South America and Europe. It is seen that each continent
has a special shape. Some of these continents are connected while the water separates others.

ASIA

Asia being the largest of the continents covers around one-third of the world’s total land area. Asia is known for its vast size and
incomparable character. It stretches all the way east from Japan to the Southeast Arabian Peninsula, which is more than 8500
kilometers away.

It is interesting to see the geographical composition of Asia. Encompasses the entire climate and expanse, be it the equatorial rain
forest or the arctic tundra. We also get to See the highest and the lowest points of the Earth’s surface in Asia. The highest being, Mount
Everest (8,848 meters) and the lowest is the shore of the Dead Sea (397 meters below sea level.

Continent of Asia

Name of region and Territory:

Central Asia:

 Kazakhstan
 Kyrgyzstan
 Tajikistan
 Turkmenistan
 Uzbekistan

Eastern Asia:

 People’s Republic of China

 Hong Kong
 China
 China Macau
 China Taiwan/Taiwan

(under controversy)

 Japan
 North Korea
 South Korea
 Mongolia

Northern Asia:

 Russia

Southeastern Asia:

 Brunei
 Burma (Myanmar)
 Cambodia
 East Timor (Timor-Leste)
 Indonesia
 Laos
 Malaysia
 Philippines
 Singapore
 Thailand
 Vietnam

Southern Asia:

 Afghanistan
 Bangladesh
 Bhutan
 India
 Iran
 Maldives
 Nepal
 Pakistan
 Sri Lanka

Western Asia:

 Armenia Azerbaijan
 Bahrain
 Cyprus
 Gaza
 Georgia
 Iraq
 Israel
 Jordan
 Kuwait
 Lebanon
 Oman
 Qatar
 Saudi Arabia
 Syria
 Turkey
 United Arab Emirates
 Palestine
  Yemen

AFRICA

Africa is the second largest of the continents, covers around 22% of the world’s land area. The Equator intersects it and the expansive
landmass covers the Sahara, which is the world’s largest desert, and the Nile, the longest river on earth, as well as 53 nations. Most of
Africa is a desert region. This continent is basically divided into three regions, which are the Northern Plateau, the Central and Southern
Plateau, and the Eastern Highlands. This includes plains, swampy coastal regions, lush tropical forests with Savannah’s and hilly
plateaus inland.

It Is the home for many exotic large mammals, which include the zebras, giraffes, gazelles, elephants, hippopotamuses, and
rhinoceroses, antelope’s and carnivores such as lions, leopards, hyenas, and panthers. Africa is famous for its diamond, gold, uranium
and copper mining.

Name of region and territory of Africa

Eastern Africa:

 Burundi
 Comoros
 Djibouti
 Eritrea
 Ethiopia
 Kenya
 Madagascar
 Malawi
 Mauritius
 Mayotte (France)
 Mozambique
 Réunion (France) Rwanda Seychelles
 Somalia
 Tanzania
 Uganda
 Zambia
 Zimbabwe

Middle Africa:

 Angola
 Cameroon

Central African Republic

 Chad
 Congo

Democratic Republic of the Congo

 Equatorial
 Guinea
 Gabon
 São Tomé and Principe

Northern Africa:

 Algeria
 Egypt
 Libya
 Morocco
 Sudan
 Tunisia
 Western Sahara

Spanish and Portuguese territories in Northern Africa:

 Canary Islands (Spain)

 Ceuta (Spain) Madeira Islands (Portugal)
 Melilla (Spain)

Southern Africa:

 Botswana
 Lesotho
 Namibia
 South Africa
 Swaziland

Western Africa:

 Benin
 Burkina
 Faso
 Cape Verde
 Côte d’Ivoire
 Gambia

 Ghana
 Guinea
 Guinea-Bissau
  Liberia
 Mali Mauritania
 Niger
 Nigeria
 Saint Helena (UK)
 Senegal
 Sierra Leone
 Togo

NORTH AMERICA

North America is around twice the size of Europe. It stretches from the vast wintry environment of the Arctic regions to the Yucatan
Peninsula. America is sort of wedge shaped featuring an exceedingly irregular coastline with many prominent offshore islands,
including Greenland, which is the largest island in the world. It is basically divided into geographical regions. The North wildlife was
once abundant but after people started inhabiting this land, the numbers have decreased. The large mammals include several kinds of
bear, bighorn sheep, caribou, deer, elk, and antelope. Bison, which had a population of about 60 million once, are now found only in
protected herds. The Gila monster and the beaded lizard of the southwestern United States and Mexico are the only poisonous lizards
in the world. We also get to see a great variety of coastal regions as well as the freshwater rivers and lakes of North America. More
than 1,700 species of birds live and breed on this continent. North America has large deposits of many important minerals, including
iron ore, copper, nickel, and uranium. Coal is also found in eastern and western Canada and the United States. World’s greatest
deposits of Petroleum and Natural Gas are seen in the State of Mexico. The people are scattered and North America is culturally
diverse.

NORTH AMERICA

Country or territory

 Anguilla (UK) Antigua and Barbuda

 Aruba (Netherlands)
 Bahamas Barbados
 Belize
 Bermuda (UK)
 British Virgin Islands (UK)
 Canada
 Cayman Islands (UK) Clipperton Island (France)
 Costa Rica
 Cuba
 Dominica
 Dominican Republic
 El Salvador
 Greenland (Denmark)
 Grenada
 Guadeloupe (France)
 Guatemala
 Haiti
 Honduras
 Jamaica
 Martinique (France)
 Mexico
 Montserrat (UK)
 Navassa Island (USA)
 Netherlands Antilles (Netherlands)
 Nicaragua
 Panama
 Puerto Rico (USA)
 Saint Barthélemy (France)
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 Trinidad and Tobago
 Turks and Caicos Islands (UK)
 United States
 U.S. Virgin Islands (USA)

SOUTH AMERICA

South America is the fourth largest continent of the world although it contains less than 12% of the world’s population. The Andes,
world’s second largest mountain range is seen in South America. The second largest river- Amazon also runs through South America.
The lowland consists mainly of the Amazon Basin, which is covered in the equatorial region. These areas are of the wet tropical climate
and have a dense cover of rain forest. The largest forest area in the world is seen in South America. South America has diverse mineral
resources, like gold, silver, iron, bauxite, tin, lead and zinc many of which have not been thoroughly exploited

Country or territory

 Argentina
 Bolivia
 Brazil
 Paraguay

 Chile
 Peru
 South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands (UK)
 Colombia Ecuador
 Suriname
 Falkland Islands (UK) French Guiana (France)
 Uruguay
  Venezuela
 Guyana

EUROPE

Europe is the fifth largest of the continents. It is also conventionally known as “Europa”. Europa was the daughter of Phoenix in Greek
mythology. Some say it is possibly from “Ereb”, a Phoenician word for sunset. The Ural Mountains, the Ural River, part of the Caspian
Sea, and the Caucasus Mountains forms the main boundary between Europe and Asia. Lots of geographers also see the two
continents as one and call it EURASIA. Europe has a more or less a radial pattern of drainage. Most streams flow outward from the
core of the continent. A wide variety of mineral resources are found in Europe, including coal, petroleum and natural gas, copper, lead,
and tin..

Name of region and countries of Europe

 Åland (Finland)
 Albania
 Andorra
 Austria
 Armeniak
 Azerbaijanl
 Belarus
 Belgium
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Monaco
 Montenegro
 Republic of Macedonia Malta Moldovab
 Luxembourg
 Netherlandsi
 Bulgaria
 Norway
 Croatia
 Poland
 Cypruse Czech Republic
 Portugalf
 Denmark
 Estonia
 Romania
 Russiac San Marino
 Finland
 France
 Serbiag
 Slovakia
 Germany
 Greece
 Slovenia
 Spain
 Guernseyd
 Sweden Switzerland
 Hungary Iceland
 Ukraine
 Ireland
 United Kingdom
 Vatican City
 Italy
 Latvia
 Liechtenstein
 Lithuania

AUSTRALIA

Australia is the smallest of the seven continents. The interiors of the continent are predominantly plains. The Southeast and the
Southwest plains are the most densely settled areas of Australia. The climate of Australia is variable, but weather extremes are rare.
The Northern of Australia has a monsoon sort of climate while in the part south it is temperate.

Australia is known for it’s vast wildlife with rare species and it’s known as the land of the kangaroos, Aborigines are the original
inhabitants of Australia. Australians are known to have an ethnic sort of origin. One of the interesting features of Australia is the “Great
Barrier Reef”, which is the world’s largest coral reef.

 Australasia
 Australia
 New Zealand

Dependencies/Territorie s of Australia:

 Christmas Island Cocos

 (Keeling) Islands
 Norfolk Island

Melanesia

 Fiji
 Indonesia (Oceanian part only)
 New Caledonia (France) Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands
 Vanuatu

Micronesia

 Feed States of Micronesia

  Guam (USA)
 Kiribati
 Marshall Islands
 Nauru
 Northern Mariana Islands
 (USA) Palau
 Wake Island (USA)

Polynesia

 American Samoa (USA) Chatham Islands (NZ)

 Cook Islands (NZ)
 Easter Island (Chile)
 French Polynesia (France) Loyalty Islands (France)
 Niue (NZ)
 Pitcairn Islands (UK)
 Sarnoa
 Tokelau (NZ)
 Tonga
 Tuvalu
 Walis and Fotuna (France)

ANTARCTICA

Antarctica the sixth largest of the continents is ice bound through out the year. Penguins and seals, accompanied by a few
invertebrates such as mites and ticks the only land animals that can tolerate the low temperatures, primarily inhabit it. The marine life is
rich and it includes krill, a shrimp like organism that is a food source for large numbers of whales in the surrounding waters. Antarctica
has no trees, flowering plants, or grasses. The sparse vegetation is limited to about 350 species, which mostly encompass lichens,
mosses and algae. Antarctica is a true desert due to its extreme cold climate making it the coldest, windiest, and driest continent. It’s
average temperature is around -50°C (-58°F), and the land is swept by hurricanes and the annual rainfall is only around 50 millimeters
a year. This continent has no native civilization but the United Kingdom, Norway, France, Australia, New Zealand, Chile, and Argentina
have made territorial claims. Due to the climate it makes it impossible for people to settle down here. A current critical environmental
issue concerning Antarctica is its ozone shield, which protects the earth’s surface from harmful ultraviolet radiation. Measurements
indicate that the ozone layer above Antarctica has been reduced to a dangerous level.

The South Pole

Regions in Antarctica

 Graham Land
 Marie Byrd Land
 Queen Maud Land
 Victoria Land
 Wilkes Land

Arctic Seas

 Weddell Sea
 Amundsen Sea
 Ross Sea

Islands of Antarctica

 South Orkney Islands

After we have studied the global community or Nations, it is also inherent to gain knowledge of the different forms of government that
regulates the social political and economic relations of the global community.