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Development and Environment

► Environment:

Definition: The term "Environment" comes from the French word

“Environner,” meaning “To Encircle.” It encompasses everything within
the biosphere where life exists, affecting an organism during its
lifetime. The environment consists of all factors with which a living
subject interacts and all surroundings that encompass it, including both
direct and indirect influences.
► Classification of Environment:
Physical Environment: Includes the Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, and
Lithosphere.
Biological Environment: Comprises Flora, Fauna, and Microbial
life.
Cultural Environment: Encompasses Society, Economy, and
Politics.
Development and Environment

► Development:

► Definition: Multiple definitions exist for development, but

most focus on reducing vulnerability to poverty, ignorance,
and oppression. Indicators include Gross Domestic Product
(GDP), female literacy, and political freedom.
► For millions in the global South living at subsistence levels,
reducing vulnerability is critical. Meeting immediate needs
can sometimes threaten long-term sustainability, particularly
for those living in poverty, where survival often involves
practices that may compromise the environment, such as
deforestation or overuse of farmland.
Development and Environment

► Global Linkages in Environment and Development

Evolution of Development Theories:

► 1950s: Emphasis on industrial development, modeled after Western
countries.
► 1960s: Expansion of infrastructure projects like dams, roads, and
ports, alongside investments in agriculture, education, and health.
► 1970s: Shift towards "growth with equity," focusing on income
distribution and meeting basic human needs, particularly in rural
areas.
► 1980s: Emergence of environmental sustainability in development
theory, alongside an increased role for NGOs. Acknowledgment of the
finite nature of natural resources and the need for integrating
environmental management with economic policy.
Development and Environment

► Global Linkages in Environment and Development

Evolution of Development Theories:

► 1950s: Emphasis on industrial development, modeled after Western
countries.
► 1960s: Expansion of infrastructure projects like dams, roads, and
ports, alongside investments in agriculture, education, and health.
► 1970s: Shift towards "growth with equity," focusing on income
distribution and meeting basic human needs, particularly in rural
areas.
► 1980s: Emergence of environmental sustainability in development
theory, alongside an increased role for NGOs. Acknowledgment of the
finite nature of natural resources and the need for integrating
environmental management with economic policy.
Concept of Sustainable Development

► Sustainability:

Definition: Sustainability connects development with environmental

care, originating from practices like forestry and fishing. The concept
was popularized by the World Commission on Environment and
Development (WCED) in 1987, defining sustainable development as
"meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs."
Key Components:
► Economic: Focus on managing resources to live off their profits.
► Ecological: Ensure the resilience and robustness of natural systems.
► Social-Cultural: Maintain the stability of social and cultural systems.
Concept of Sustainable Development

Definitions of sustainable development

► ‘In principle, such an optimal (sustainable growth) policy would

seek to maintain an “acceptable” rate of growth in per-capita real
incomes without depleting the national capital asset stock or the
natural environmental asset stock.’ (Turner, 1988: 12)
► ‘The net productivity of biomass (positive mass balance per unit
area per unit time) maintained over decades to centuries.’
(Conway, 1987: 96)
► ‘Development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs.’ (WCED, 1987: 43)
► ‘A sustainable society is one in which peoples’ ability to do what
they have good reason to value is continually enhanced.’ (Sen,
1999)
Concept of Sustainable Development

► Three Components of Sustainable Development:

1. Economic Approach:
Maximize income while maintaining or increasing capital stock.
Focus on managing resources so future generations can sustain or
improve their living standards.
Sustainable economic growth means real GNP per capita increases
without negative environmental or social feedback.
Development is subject to resource harvest rates within natural
regeneration limits and waste disposal rates within ecosystem
capacity.
Basing development on careful economic analysis to balance
costs, benefits, and environmental protection.
Concept of Sustainable Development

► Three Components of Sustainable Development:

2. Ecological Approach:
Maintain the resilience and robustness of biological and physical
systems.
Preserve ecological processes, genetic diversity, and sustainable
use of species and ecosystems.
Apply ecological lessons to economic processes, ensuring
development aligns with environmental sustainability.
Concept of Sustainable Development

► Three Components of Sustainable Development:

3. Socio-Cultural Approach:
Maintain stability of social and cultural systems.
Focus on improving the standard of living for the poor through access
to food, income, education, health care, and sanitation.
Involves profound political, social, economic, and technological
changes, redefining relationships between developed and developing
countries.
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Socio-economic indicators of Development

► In assessing economic, environmental, and social

development, it is important to have clear, simple, and
reliable indicators of progress or lack thereof.
► economics- the most advanced in providing such
indicators
Measures of GDP, savings rates, and price and income
elasticities
► environmental science- useful indicators for measuring
environmental quality
► social indicators -somewhat less focused indicators.
► developing field of sustainability science, which relies
upon indicators from the other fields, is not well
developed, and has to rely upon combinations of these
for indicators of progress.
Socio-economic indicators of Development

► measurable factors that provide insights into the

economic and social well-being of a population
► help to assess the overall development of a country or
region
► can be used to compare levels of development across
different areas.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per Capita Access to Basic Services

Employment Rates Unemployment Rate

Poverty Rate Educational Attainment

Income Distribution (Gini Coefficient) Gender Equality Index

Life Expectancy Quality of Life Index

Literacy Rate Access to Basic Services

Infant Mortality Rate Unemployment Rate

Human Development Index (HDI)

Socio-economic indicators of Development

Importance of Socio-Economic Indicators in Development

Projects
► Needs Assessment
► Planning and Design
► Monitoring and Evaluation
► Policy Formulation
► Transparency and Accountability
Socio-economic indicators of Development

►Gross Domestic Product (GDP):

The total value of all goods and services produced within a

country over a specific period, usually a year.
primary indicator of a country's economic health and
performance

Three different approaches:

1. Output Approach
2. Income Approach
3. Expenditure Approach
Socio-economic indicators of Development

►Gross National Income (GNI):

GNI is calculated by adding GDP to net income from abroad

(income earned by residents from foreign investments minus
income earned by foreigners from domestic investments)

►Human Development Index (HDI):

HDI is a composite index measuring average achievement in three

basic dimensions of human development: Health, Education,
Standard of living
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Millennium Development Goals (MDG)

► All 191 United Nations member states, and at least 22

international organizations, committed to help achieve the
following Millennium Development Goals by 2015:

▪ To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

▪ To achieve universal primary education
▪ To promote gender equality and empower women
▪ To reduce child mortality
▪ To improve maternal health
▪ To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
▪ To ensure environmental sustainability
▪ To develop a global partnership for development
Millennium Development Goals (MDG)

► Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

► Target 1A: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of
people living on less than $1.25 a day
► Target 1B: Achieve Decent Employment for Women, Men, and
Young People
► Target 1C: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of
people who suffer from hunger
► Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education
► Target 2A: By 2015, all children can complete a full course of
Primary education/primary schooling, girls and boys
► Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women
► Target 3A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary
education preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015
► Goal 4: Reduce child mortality rates
► Target 4A: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the
under-five mortality rate
Millennium Development Goals (MDG)

► Goal 5: Improve maternal health

▪ Target 5A: Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the
maternal mortality ratio
▪ Target 5B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health
► Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
▪ Target 6A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of
HIV/AIDS
▪ Target 6B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for
HIV/AIDS for all those who need it
▪ Target 6C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of
malaria and other major diseases
► Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
▪ Target 7A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into
country policies and programs; reverse loss of environmental
resources
▪ Target 7B: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant
reduction in the rate of loss
▪ Target 7C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without
sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation
▪ Target 7D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the
lives of at least 100 million slum-dwellers
Millennium Development Goals (MDG)

► Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development

▪ Target 8A: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable,
non-discriminatory trading and financial system
▪ Target 8B: Address the Special Needs of the Least Developed
Countries (LDCs)
▪ Target 8C: Address the special needs of landlocked developing
countries and small island developing States
▪ Target 8D: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of
developing countries through national and international
measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term
▪ Target 8E: In co-operation with pharmaceutical companies,
provide acc ess to affordable, essential drugs in developing
countries
▪ Target 8F: In co-operation with the private sector, make
available the benefits of new technologies, especially
information and communications 1: Eradicate extreme poverty
and hunger
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)

► The short titles of the 17 SDGs are:

▪ No poverty (SDG 1)
▪ Zero hunger (SDG 2)
▪ Good health and well-being (SDG 3)
▪ Quality education (SDG 4)
▪ Gender equality (SDG 5)
▪ Clean water and sanitation (SDG 6)
▪ Affordable and clean energy (SDG 7)
▪ Decent work and economic growth (SDG 8)
▪ Industry, innovation and infrastructure (SDG 9)
▪ Reduced inequalities (SDG 10)
▪ Sustainable cities and communities (SDG 11)
▪ Responsible consumption and production (SDG 12)
▪ Climate action (SDG 13)
▪ Life below water (SDG 14)
▪ Life on land (SDG 15)
▪ Peace, justice, and strong institutions (SDG 16)
▪ Partnerships for the goals (SDG 17).
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)

► The short titles of the 17 SDGs are:

▪ Good health and well-being (SDG 3)

▪ Clean water and sanitation (SDG 6)

▪ Affordable and clean energy (SDG 7)

▪ Industry, innovation and infrastructure (SDG 9)

▪ Sustainable cities and communities (SDG 11)

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Development Concepts

► Development is a multidimensional process involving

both quantitative and qualitative improvements ina
society
► not just more income and more output but also basic
changes in socio-economic structure.
► Some fundamental goals:
► alleviation of basic poverty
► provision of adequate employment opportunities
► lessening of inequalities in income and jobs
► less environmental degradation
► greater political freedom, freedom of speech
Principles of Sustainable Development

► Sustainable development is development that meets

the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs
► key concepts of sustainable development
► Sustainable development is about equity
► Objectives of Sustainable development
► Strategic imperatives for sustainable development
Key concepts of sustainable development

► Includes two key concepts:

► the concept of “needs”, in particular the essential needs
of the poor
► the idea of “limitations” that are imposed by technology
and society on the ability of the environment to meet
those needs.
# Sustainable development therefore means meeting the
basic needs of all and extending to all the opportunity to
satisfy their aspirations for a better life
However it also implies acceptance of consumption
standard that are within the bounds of ecological
possibility and to which all can aspire
Key concepts of sustainable development

► Policies to meet human needs must, therefore,

► Increase productive capacity (to meet the basic needs of all)
and simultanouslywiden
► opportunities for equitable advancement (for satisfying
aspiration for better life)
► Assure that demographic growth remains in harmony with the
earth’s natural support system

► Sustainable development is best understood as a process of

change in which
► the use of resources
► the direction of investments
► the orientation of technological development &
► institutional changes
all enhance the potentialto meet human needs both today and
tomorrow
Sustainable development is about equity

► Sustainable development is “intergenerational” and

“intra-generational”

Intergenerational equity would not be achieved with

present-day social inequity that results when the
economic activities of some groups of people continue to
jeopardize the well being of people belonging to other
groups or people living in other parts of he world

In order for development to continue indefinitely, it

should balance the interests of different groups of people,
within the same generation and among generations, and
do so simultaneously in three major interrelated areas-
economic, social and environmental
Objectives of Sustainable development

Economic objectives
Growth
Equity
Efficiency

Environmental
Social objectives SD
objectives
Empowerment\
Ecosystem integrity
Participation
Carrying capacity
Social cohesion
Biodiversity
Cultural identity
Global issues
Institutional development
Strategic imperatives for sustainable development

► Enhancing growth
► Making economic growth less energy intensive and
more equitable
► Meeting the essential needs of the expanding
population
► Ensuring a sustainable and stabilized population level
► Conserving and enhancing the resource base
► reorienting technology and managing risk
► Merging environmental and economic concerns in
decision making
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Development Indices
Traditional approach: development indicator

• GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is a measure of (national

income = national output = national expenditure) produced in
a particular country

• GNP (Gross National Product) = GDP + net property

income from abroad. This net income from abroad includes
dividends, interest and profit.
• GNI (Gross National Income) = (similar to GNP) includes
the value of all goods and services produced by nationals –
whether in the country or not.
Traditional approach: development indicator
Limitations of GDP as an Indicator of Welfare

• GDP Doesn’t Include Increases to Standards of Living

• GDP Doesn’t Include Negative Effects on Nature
• GDP Doesn’t Include Household Production
• GDP counts “bads” as well as “goods.”
• GDP makes no adjustment for leisure time.
• GDP doesn’t adjust for the distribution of goods
• GDP deals in aggregates; GDP per capita in averages.
• From GDP’s perspective, bigger is always better.

In general, GDP measures only cash transactions.

Limitations of GDP as an Indicator of Welfare
Alternative measures of Development

• Human Development Index

• Genuine progress indicator
• Gross National Happiness
• Better Life Index
• Happy Planet Index
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Human Poverty

► Definition:
Human poverty refers to a multidimensional concept that
extends beyond income and material wealth. It encompasses
deprivation in essential areas such as education, healthcare,
access to clean water, and social inclusion. It focuses on the
overall well-being and quality of life, highlighting the
broader dimensions of poverty beyond economic indicators.

It is a state in which individuals or communities lack access

to essential resources and opportunities necessary for a
dignified and decent life.
Human Poverty

This concept includes factors such as:

► Lack of Education: Inability to read and write, lack of access to

quality education, and insufficient skills to improve one’s living
standards.

► Poor Health: Lack of access to adequate healthcare,

malnutrition, high infant mortality rates, and reduced life
expectancy.

► Lack of Basic Services: Inadequate access to clean water,

sanitation, electricity, and housing.

► Social Exclusion: Inability to participate fully in social,

economic, and political life, often due to discrimination or
marginalization.

► Vulnerability: Susceptibility to external shocks like natural

disasters, economic downturns, or social conflicts, without the
means to recover.
Measurement of Human Poverty

Measuring human poverty requires more than just examining

income levels. Various indices and indicators have been
developed to capture the multi-dimensional nature of
poverty:

► Human Poverty Index (HPI)

► Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)

► Global Hunger Index (GHI)

Human Poverty Index (HPI)

Developed by the United Nations Development Programme

(UNDP), the HPI was used in the Human Development
Reports to measure human poverty in developing countries.

Considers three key dimensions:

► Longevity: Measured by the percentage of people not
expected to live beyond age 40.

► Knowledge: Measured by adult illiteracy rates.

► Decent Standard of Living: Measured by the percentage of

people without access to clean water, healthcare, and the
percentage of children underweight for their age.

For Developed countries, there are four dimensions.

So there are two distinct indices: HPI-1, HPI-2
HPI-2

Considers four key dimensions:

► Longevity: Measured by the percentage of people not
expected to live beyond age 40.

► Knowledge: Measured by adult illiteracy rates.

► Standard of Living: Measured by the percentage of people

without access to clean water, healthcare, and the
percentage of children underweight for their age.

► Social exclusion: Measured by the long term unemployment

(12 months or more)
Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)

In 2010, HPI was replaced by the MPI which offers a more detailed and
comprehensive measure of poverty by considering multiple deprivations at
the household level across health, education and standard of living indicators.

Dimension Indicators Deprivation Cutoffs

Deprived if a child under the age of 18 years has died in the family in
Child mortality
the five years preceding the survey.
Health
Deprived if any adult or child, for whom there is nutritional information,
Nutrition
is undernourished.

Years of schooling Deprived if no household member has completed six years of schooling.
Education
No household member aged 'school entrance age + six' years or older
School attendance
has completed six years of schooling.

Cooking fuel Deprived if the household cooks with dung, wood or charcoal.

Deprived if the household's sanitation facility is either not improved

Sanitation (according to MDG guidelines), is shared with other households, or
both.
Deprived if the household does not have access to improved drinking
Drinking water water (according to MDG guidelines) or improved drinking water is
more than a 30-minute walk from the home round trip.
Standard of living
Electricity Deprived if the household has no electricity.

Deprived if at least one of the three housing materials for roof, walls
Housing and floor are inadequate: the floor is of natural materials and/or the roof
and/or walls are of natural or rudimentary materials.
Deprived if the household does not own more than one of these assets:
Assets radio, TV, telephone, computer, animal cart, bicycle, motorbike or
refrigerator and does not own a car or truck.
Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)
Development projects
What are Development Projects?
• Development projects are visual/concrete outcome of
comprehensive development plans and strategies. [e.g.,
“strategy” could be strong regional connectivity; a “project”
corresponding to this strategy could be “Dhaka-Chittagong
4-lane highway”]
Such plans and strategies are formulated based on extensive
assessments of development indicators, e.g., Gross national
income, life expectancy at birth , educational attainment,
access to safe water and sanitation, child mortality, energy
consumption, SDG targets, etc.
Goals of Development Projects
• Economic and Human Development
– Increase GNI (e.g., how Padma bridge would contribute to
GDP?)
– Poverty reduction and employment (direct or indirect)
– Improve public health (direct or indirect)
– Capacity development (knowledge, education, training)
– Access to resources (education, finance)
Socio-economic issues related to development
projects
• Land acquisition and resettlement
• Livelihood and Income level
• Occupational characteristics
• Fishermen, boatmen, landless laborers
• Land use pattern
• Cropping pattern
• Land tenure pattern
• Nutritional status
• Health and sanitation issues
• Tribal and indigenous people
• Women’s activities
• Education and literacy
Typical socio-economic impacts of development
projects: Human-interest related
– Loss of land and property (-ve)
– Displacement (-ve)
– Loss of income (-ve)
– Employment (both +ve and –ve)
– Health (both +ve and –ve)
– Transport/ communication (both +ve and –ve)
– Utility services (including water/sanitation) (+ve, -ve)
– Safety (including occupational safety) (usually –ve)
– Archaeological / historical sites; cultural resources
Phases of Project Life Cycle

6
Development Projects

Typical Components/Consideration of Studies

• Prefeasibility study
• Feasibility study
• Detailed design of the project
Development Projects
Typical Studies Conducted at Different Phases

• Topographic survey and geotechnical investigation

• Traffic Considerations
• Hydrological Considerations
• Environmental Aspects and Considerations
• Social Aspects and Considerations
• Concept Design of the Infrastructure
(Geotechnical/Foundation, Structural, Others)
• Project Cost Estimation
• Financial and Economic Analysis
Typical Studies Conducted at Different Phases

https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp/
pdf/11788528.pdf
Resettlement Planning Process
Activities for a Resettlement Planning Process
• Identifying the scope of work
• Resettlement Policy Framework
• Resettlement Action Plan
• Legal Framework
• Compensation Framework
• Livelihood restoration
• Resettlement assistance
• Budget and Implementation
• Organizational Responsibilities
• Consultation and Participation
• Grievance Redress
• Monitoring and Evaluation
• Resettlement Completion Audit
Resettlement Planning Process

LRP = Livelihood Restoration Program

 Resettlement Planning Process
Social data collection
• Field survey > socio-economic profile of the area
• Focus group discussions (FGDs)
• Key informant interviews (UNO, Upazila representatives,
health workers, schoolteachers)
• poverty assessment
• gender study
Objective of Socio-economic Baseline Survey
Main Objective: Characterize Socio-economic profiles of the population
in the Project area. E.g.,

• Education (literacy level)

• Employment pattern
• Means of income generation
• Health conditions
• Social stratification (poverty incidence)
• Expenditure patterns
How to characterize socio-economic profiles
of the population in the Project area.
Primary data:
Socio-economic questionnaire survey

Secondary data:
• Literature
• Bureau of Statistics
Example of Socio-economic questionnaire survey
Socio-economic Aspects of Development Projects
(Case study)
 Case study: Padma Multipurpose Bridge Project

Chapter 4: OVERVIEW OF LEGISLATION AND POLICIES

4.1 Relevant GOB legislation on land acquisition

4.2 Co-financier Safeguard Policies
4.3 Harmonization of policies
4.4 Resettlement policy framework

GOB= Government of Bangladesh

 Case study: Padma Multipurpose Bridge Project

4.1 Relevant GOB legislation on land acquisition

Basic Legal Basis: The Acquisition and Requisition of Immovable Property Ordinance 1982
(Ordinance II of 1982)
https://www.bwdb.gov.bd/archive/pdf/219.pdf
 Case study: Padma Multipurpose Bridge Project

4.1 Relevant GOB legislation on land acquisition

Other related laws/acts:

• The East Bengal State Acquisition and Tenancy Act, 1951

- defines the ownership and right of use of alluvion and diluvian land

• The Padma Multipurpose Bridge Project (Land Acquisition) Act 2009

- promulgated to refuse any fraudulent claim for compensation of land or structures
- Video filming the right-of-way is a provision of the law to ensure compensation for genuine losses only.
 Case study: Padma Multipurpose Bridge Project

4.1 Relevant GOB legislation on land acquisition

Inadequacies of GOB legislation regarding land acquisition and resettlement

• 1982 Ordinance II does not cover persons without title or ownership record (e.g., informal settler, informal
tenants)
• Market value of property is based on registered price which is lower than the actual market price
• The act does not have provisions for resettlement of affected households/businesses

National Constitution:
- Article 40: supports requirement for supplementary measures for affected people
- Article 42: No law with provision for compensation for acquisition of land can be challenged in a court on the
grounds that such compensation has been inadequate.
 Case study: Padma Multipurpose Bridge Project

4.2 Co-financier Safeguard Policies

World Bank Operational Policies

(OP 4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement )

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) Safeguard Policies

(SPS-2 on Involuntary Resettlement )

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

Islamic Development Bank IDB

 Case study: Padma Multipurpose Bridge Project

4.2 Co-financier Safeguard Policies

World Bank Operational Policies

(OP 4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement )

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) Safeguard Policies

(SPS-2 on Involuntary Resettlement )

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

Islamic Development Bank IDB

 Case study: Padma Multipurpose Bridge Project

4.2 Co-financier Safeguard Policies

World Bank Operational Policies require

- social screening
- impact assessment,
- public consultation and participation
to ensure that projects in which it invests are implemented in a socially responsible manner.

OP 4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement

- Involuntary resettlement should be avoided where feasible, or minimized
- Affected persons should be meaningfully consulted
- Affected persons should be assisted in their efforts to improve their livelihoods and standards of living or at
least to restore them to pre-project levels or to levels prior to the beginning of project implementation.
 Case study: Padma Multipurpose Bridge Project

4.2 Co-financier Safeguard Policies

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) Safeguard Policies

Summary Safeguard Policy for Involuntary Resettlement principles (SPS-2)

• Resettlement screening and social assessment

• Consultation and participation
• Livelihood restoration
• Assisted relocation: All relocation of displaced persons will be at project cost
• Land title: Displaced persons without titles to land or any recognizable legal rights to land are eligible for
resettlement assistance and compensation for loss of non-land assets
• Resettlement plan
• Disclosure
• Monitoring and evaluation
 Case study: Padma Multipurpose Bridge Project

4.2 Co-financier Safeguard Policies

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

• A wide range of social impacts should be addressed.

• Measures for social consideration should be applied from an early stage until the monitoring stage.
• Accountability and transparency should be ensured during the entire process.
• Stakeholders‟ opinions should play a prominent role in the decision-making process.
• Information should be disclosed in consultation with the project proponent.
• The capacity of organizations involved in environmental and social operations should be enhanced.
• Prompt implementation.
 Case study: Padma Multipurpose Bridge Project

4.3 Harmonization of policies

• 1982 Ordinance II + financiers safeguard policies

• Harmonized policy forms the basis for the preparation of Resettlement Action Plans

4.4 Resettlement policy framework

4.4.1 Resettlement policy and principles

4.4.2 Eligibility criteria
4.4.3 Valuation of assets
 Case study: Padma Multipurpose Bridge Project

4.4.1 Resettlement policy and principles

Resettlement policy framework for the PMBP has been designed

(a) cover all affected persons/households irrespective of titles to land
(b) compensate for lost assets
(c) restore or enhance the livelihoods of all categories of affected persons.
 Case study: Padma Multipurpose Bridge Project

4.4.1 Resettlement policy and principles

PMBP Project Resettlement Framework

(1) Affected persons will receive replacement value of land and other assets before relocation
(2) Owners of residential/commercial units will be compensated at replacement costs. Renters/leaseholders affected
by loss of living quarters or commercial premises will receive compensation and resettlement benefits due to loss of
income or dislocation.

(3) Affected community structures or physical cultural resources will be rebuilt or replaced at market prices under
project supervision.

(4) Affected people will receive assistance to re-establish lost assets

(5) The needs of women and vulnerable groups will be identified, and provisions made for social and economic
development support, employment, and means of subsistence to improve their status/livelihoods.
 Case study: Padma Multipurpose Bridge Project

4.4.1 Resettlement policy and principles BBA= Bangladesh Bridge Authority

NGO= Non-government Organization
PMBP Project Resettlement Framework

(6) Resettlement sites will be developed by the project with civic amenities to resettle affected people, particularly
those losing homesteads and business structures in the proximity of their original villages.

(7) BBA/resettlement implementing NGO will assist affected people and business-owners/operators – both directly
and indirectly affected – in all aspects.

(8) BBA will guide, supervise, and monitor land acquisition, compensation payment, and resettlement of the PAPs,
including grievance redress and resolution of disputed claims for compensation/resettlement benefits.

(9) Grievance Redress Committees (GRCs) will be formed to ensure participation, and speedy out-of-court
settlement of as many disputes as possible.

(10) Independent third-party monitoring by an external monitoring agency contracted to monitor resettlement
operations and outcomes evaluation.
 Case study: Padma Multipurpose Bridge Project

4.4.2 Eligibility criteria

• Compensation boundary:
project right-of-way land proposed for acquisition

• What are within the project right-of-way land:

Determined by Census survey and satellite images

• Cut-off date
Eligibility for compensation and resettlement assistance will be limited by a cut-off date (COD).

Will be refused compensation for fake structures erected on project right-of-way with the aim to claim
compensation
 Case study: Padma Multipurpose Bridge Project

4.4.3 Valuation of assets

Who: Deputy Commissioner (DC) and Valuation Advisory Committee (PVAC)

How: determine market value based on Govt. Record (1982 Ordinance)

Calculation of the market value of property:

Registrar (land)
Public Works Department (structures)
Divisional Forest Offices (for trees)
Department of Agricultural (Crops)
Department of Fisheries (for fish stock).

Replacement value determined by : Independent Agency/ Property Valuation Advisory Committee (PVAC)
constituted by BBA with representatives from BBA, concerned DC office, upazila and PWD