TABLE TENNIS → 1926 - The International Table Tennis

Federation (ITTF) followed. (ITTF is the highest

 is a common sport that is played indoors. governing body of Table Tennis)
 The former name/generic name of this game
is "ping pong" because of the sound it makes. → 1926 - London hosted the first official World
 The objective of the game is to hit the ball by Championships.
a racket and return it to the opponent over the → 1988 - Table tennis was introduced as an Olympic
net. sport.
 The sport originated in Victorian England,
where it was played among upper-class as an • During the 1900s, experimentation happened with
after dinner parlour game. different types of balls. Rubber balls bounced too
 It has been suggested that makeshift versions much. Cork balls didn’t bounce enough. Eventually,
of the game were developed by British a celluloid ball was created to provide the perfect
military officers in India around the 1860s bounce.
and 1870s. First coined name of Table Tennis • Table Tennis became the number one racket game
is Whiff-Whaff in India. in China, Japan and United States.
 Ping-Pong is a trademark name for table
tennis and associated equipment. The name
“Ping-Pong” was invented by the English
EQUIPMENTS
firm J. Jaques and Son at the end of the
1800s and later trademarked in the United ⸙ TABLE - constructed of ¾ -inch (1.9cm) thick fine
States by Parker Brothers, the board game plywood; 9 ft. (2.74 m.) in length and 5 feet (1.52 m)
company. in width.
 Table Tennis is the National Game of China
→ Playing surface: should be dark (usually green
and is currently the country dominating table
and non-reflecting) and should lie in horizontal plane
tennis.
2 ft. 6 in. (76cm.) above the floor.
 Ping-Pong Diplomacy – collaboration
between USA and China. → Sidelines and endlines are white and should
 Taking inspiration from lawn tennis, the first be ½ to ¾ in. (2 cm.) wide.
players belonged to middle-class Victorian
society. The first game would have been → The centerline is also white, but only 1/8 to
played using a champagne cork as a ball, 1.4 inch (3mm) wide.
cigar boxes as bats and books for the net. ⸙ NET - light in texture and stretched across center
of table and attached to the outside by vertical
• SINGLES – 2 players.
standards. Must be made of soft dark mesh/Nylon
• DOUBLES – 2 teams, 4 players mesh.
→ should be from 6 to 6 ¾ inches above the table.

HISTORY ⸙ RACKET OR PADDLE - a wooden rubber faced

racket (as mandated by the rules).
→ 1901 - James W. Gibb, a British enthusiast of
table tennis, who discovered novelty celluloid balls → the striking surface of the racket must be
on a trip to the US. covered with a pimpled rubber facing inward and
outward.
→ 1910 – “Table Tennis Association” and a “Ping
Pong Association” existed. (The Ping-Pong → a single layer of cellular (sponge) rubber may
Association was formed but was renamed The Table be located underneath the rubber surface.
Tennis Association in 1922.)
 → the two surface of the blade shall be black on
one side and bright red on the other side.
⸙ PING PONG BALLS - small, celluloid, spherical,
white or yellow in color, 40 mm in diameter, and 2.5
g. in weight.
→ fragile but quite hard to break unless stepped
on.
→ The ITTF approved standard ball has a
uniformed bounce. If it is dropped from a height of
12 inches (30.5 cm) on a plywood, it should bounce
up to 8 ¾ to 9 ¾ inches (22 to 25 cm)
STANCE AND FOOTWORK - proper stance and
→ In 1901 James Gibb brought back the first footwork in serving or receiving are just as important
celluloid ball, which was a lot lighter than the rubber in learning table tennis as they are in tennis,
balls. badminton, or any sport skill that requires a
constantly alert player.

FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS AND

TECHNIQUES TYPES OF SERVING:
GRIP AND RACKET CONTROL - Holding the 1. TOPSPIN SERVE - With either a forehand or
racket determine how you play the game. Two basic backhand stroke, the ball is put into play by
grip is recommended: projecting it upward from the flat free hand. As the
ball hit the racket, which is swung forward and
1. ORTHODOX OR SHAKEHAND GRIP - This
upward meets descending it, and the racket face is
is popularly used worldwide. Grasps the racket as if
closed (facing upward from the tabletop and net).
to shake hands with it. It gives you the best forehand
and backhand. 2. BACKSPIN SERVE - The ball is struck with a
downward, forward motion of the racket. The racket
face is open (facing upward from the tabletop and
net).

STROKES
1. PUSH - is the basic defensive shot.
2. DRIVE - racket is primarily perpendicular to the
2. PENHOLD GRIP - This is similar to holding a direction of the stroke.
pen between the thumb and forefinger. The
forefinger and thumb reach over the shoulders of the 3. CHOP - this is primarily a defensive stroke.
blade, with the other fingers spread over the back.
4. SMASH SHOT - is used on a higher-than-the-net
Only one side of the racket is used for both forehand
bounce - the higher the better. It is high straight
and backhand shots.
forward and downward without spin on the o
pponent’s court. This is an offensive stroke.
 RULES OF THE GAME A POINT
• The objective of the game is to hit the ball with the A point is awarded to the opponent in the following
racket or paddle held in the hand over the net. The circumstances:
ball must strike on the server’s side of the court
1. Failure to make a good service, unless a let is
before striking the top of the table on the opponent’s
declared.
court.
2. Failure to make a good return of a good service or
→ Striking the ball before it bounces is not allowed.
a good return made by the opponent, unless a let is
→ Whoever commits a mistake loses a point and declared.
your opponent gains a point.
3. If the player, the racket, or anything that the player
→ Once the ball is tossed, the game is in play. wears or carries touches the net or its support while
the ball is in play.
• A player or pair first scoring eleven (11) points is
the winner of the game, unless both players or pairs 4. If the player’s free hand touches the playing
score 10 points (deuce), the game shall be won by surface while the ball is in play.
the first player or pair subsequently gaining a lead of
5. If, before the ball in play has passed over the
two points. (unlike badminton, there is no golden
endlines or sidelines, not yet having touched the
point or limit to the points after deuce)
playing surface on the player’s side of the table after
→ A match is won in a three out of five games. being struck by the opponent, it comes in contact
with the player or anything the player wears or
RALLY – period during which the ball is being carries.
played.
6. If a player strikes the ball twice in succession.
• The player can touch the table using playing hand
during play, touching the table using free hand is not A LET
allowed. A let ball, which is then replayed, is called in the
• When the ball hits the edge of the table, it is following cases:
considered IN. 1. If the served ball, in passing over the net, touches
it or its support, provided that the service would
otherwise have been good or volleyed by the
SERVICE receiver.
• A good service is delivered by projecting the ball 2. If a service is delivered when the receiver is not
from the free hand and the projection starts from ready, provided always that the receiver may not be
above the playing surface. The ball must be resting deemed unready if an attempt to strike at the ball is
on the palm of free hand, which is flat, and the thumb made.
free of the fingers. As it starts to descend, the ball is
struck so that it touches the server’s court first and 3. If either player is prevented by an accident not
then, passing directly over or around the net, touches under his or her control from serving a good service
the receiver’s court. or making a good return.

• A good return of a served ball must be struck by → the player can have unlimited lets.
the receiver on the first bounce so that it passes
directly over or around the net and touches directly
on top of the opponent’s court.
• Each player has two (2) consecutive serves in Table
Tennis.
 A PLAY subsequent games of the match, the first server
having been chosen, the first receiver shall be the
The ball is in play from the moment it is projected
player who served to him in the preceding game.
from the hand in service until one of the following
has occurred: 5. In doubles, at each change of service the previous
receiver shall become the server and the partner of
1. It has touched one court twice consecutively.
the previous server shall become the receiver.
2. It has, except in service, touched each court
6. The player or pair serving first in a game shall
alternately without having been struck by the racket
receive first in the next game of the match and in the
immediately.
last possible game of a doubles match the pair due to
3. It has been struck by either player more than once the receive next shall change their order of receiving
consecutively when first one pair scores five points.

4. It has touched either player or anything that the 7. The player or pair starting at one end in a game
player wears or carries, except the racket or racket shall start at the other end in the next game of the
hand below the wrist. match and in the last possible game of a match the
players or pairs shall change ends when first one
5. On the volley it comes in contact with the racket player or pair scores five points.
or the racket hand below the wrist.
6. It has touched any object other than the net and
supports. https://us.cornilleau.com/content/71-the-history-of-
table-tennis
• In doubles, the returns have to be alternated
between each team member. https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-
school/story.php?title=tabble-tennis-grade-6
https://www.allabouttabletennis.com/table-tennis-
ORDER OF SERVING, RECEIVING, AND net.html
ENDS
1. The right to choose the initial order of serving,
receiving, and ends shall be decided by lot and the SAMAHAN NAWA SA EXAM!!
winner may choose to serve or to receive first or to
-KEZ (BSA2)
start at a particular end.
2. When one player or pair has chosen to serve or to
receive first or to start at a particular end, the other
player or pair shall have the other choice.
3. After each two points have been scored, the
receiving player or pair shall become the serving
player or pair and so on until the end of the game,
unless both players or pairs score 10 points or the
expedite system is in operation, when the sequences
of serving and receiving shall be the same but each
player shall serve for only one point in turn.
4. In each game of doubles match, the pair having the
right to serve first shall choose which of them will do
so and in the first game of a match, the receiving pair
shall decide which of them will receive first; in
 • The only event of the first recorded Olympic Games
(776 B.C.) was a foot race of approximately 205
yards (185 meters).
• Long jumping and javelin throwing were added
ATHLETICS soon. These events developed naturally from hunting
ATHLETES – Greek word for someone who and war.
competes on a competition.
• There are few records of sports in the Dark Ages,
ATHLOS – Greek word for contest or competition. but in England as early as the 12th century, accounts
can be found where a variety of sports being practice
ATHLON - price or reward by the general population including most of the
 Gold – wreath of olive leaves events that gradually developed into modern track
 Silver – laurel and field over the centuries.
 Bronze – pine or wild celery Foot racing, both sprinting and distance running,
ATHLETICS – based primarily on human physical were widely popular in England in the latter half of
feats. the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century.
Traditionally, athletics have been an amateur sport
but the opportunity to earn money has increased the
HISTORY level of competition.
• The ancient Greeks, Persians, and Romans used Improved training methods help today’s athletes
running as part of their military training. perform well. New equipments has raised
• PHALANX – military formation used to move in performance levels. The use of Fosbury Flop adds
unison when they initiate a war. about 15 centimeters to most jumps. The style was
named after American high-jumper Dick Fosbury,
• Those who cannot afford to buy animals for who introduced it in the late 1960’s.
transportation used to run.
• Athletes in the Olympics traditionally compete
without clothing to avoid discrimination (slaves, • The Asia’s Fastest Woman for almost a decade is
peasants, merchants). This practice is rooted in the pride of the Philippines having Lydia de Vega as
ancient customs, where nudity was seen as a symbol one of the finest athletes after the sensational events
of purity and a tribute to the gods and goddesses. of Mona Sulaiman who had laid laurels for the
Additionally, competing naked allows for greater country in the Olympics.
freedom of movement and enhances athletic MONA SULAIMAN – they used to give laurel
performance. wreath instead of medals in her time. There’s a
Athletes competed naked as a tribute to the Greek speculation that she is a hermaphrodite (2 human
God Zeus. They wanted to show Zeus their physical genitalia) and that it is the reason why she couldn’t
power and muscular physique. Showing off their join competitions and ended her athletic career.
bodies also helped intimidate other competitors. LYDIA DE VEGA – she won 25 golds in ASEAN
Since Greek heroes were often depicted nude in competition. She died at the age of 57 in 2022.
artwork and sculptures, this inspired athletes to train Record holder for the women’s 100-meter event.
harder and win their event. Athletes wanted to be HIDILYN DIAZ – first Filipino to win a gold medal
compared to true heroes like Hercules and Achilles. in the Olympic games.
https://www.suu.edu/blog/2016/08/naked-athletes-
olympic-history.html
CATEGORIES OF ATHLETICS CATEGORIES OF TRACK AND FIELD
COMPETITION 1. RUNNING EVENTS
1. TRACK AND FIELD - a sport comprising
various competitive athletic contests based on
running, jumping, and throwing. The name of the
sport derives from the competition venue: a stadium
with an oval running track around a grass field. The
throwing and jumping events generally take place in
the central enclosed area.
2. ROAD RUNNING/MARATHON - is the sport
of running on a measured course over an established
road. These events would be classified as long
distance according to athletics terminology, with
distances typically ranging from 5 kilometers to
42.195 kilometers in the marathon. They may
involve large numbers of runners or wheelchair
entrants.
3. CROSS COUNTRY RUNNING - it is a much BATON – the thing that is passed between players
more extreme competitive sport in which teams and on a relay race.
individuals run a race on open-air courses over
2. JUMPING EVENTS
natural terrain. The course, typically 4–12 kilometers
(2.5–7.5 mi) long, may include surfaces of grass and
earth, pass through woodlands and open country, and
include hills, flat ground and sometimes gravel road.
It is both an individual and a team sport; runners are
judged on individual times and a points-scoring
method for teams. Both men and women of all ages
compete in cross country, which usually takes place
during autumn and winter and can include weather
conditions of rain, sleet, snow or hail, and a wide
range of temperatures.
4. RACE WALKING/WALKATHON - it is a
long-distance athletic event. Although it is a foot  LONG JUMP – it is a track and field athletic
race, it is different from running in that one foot must event in which athletes sprint along a runway
appear to be in contact with the ground at all times. and jump as far as possible from a wooden
Stride length is reduced, so to achieve competitive take-off board into the sandpit. Requires full
speeds, race walkers must attain cadence rates extension of the body. Horizontal Jumps.
comparable to those achieved by Olympic 800-meter  HIGH JUMP – is a track and field athletic
runners and they must do so for hours at a time since event in which athletes jump unaided over a
the Olympic events are the 20 km (12.4 mi) race walk four-meter long horizontal bar placed at
(men and women) and 50 km. predetermined height without dislodging it.
 Uses fosbury flop to jump high. Vertical  Long Jump
Jumps.  High Jump
 TRIPLE JUMP – athletes sprint along a
runway then from the take-off board they  DECATHLON – a 10-event athletic contest.
jump forward, land on the takeoff foot, then 2-days period event.
take a step onto the other foot and finally  100m
jump into the sandpit. 2 leap then full jump.  400m
Horizontal Jumps.  110m hurdles
 POLE VAULT – athletes uses a long  1500m
flexible pole to lever themselves over a  Shot Put
crossbar. Like high jump, but with the aid of  Discus Throw
a pole. Vertical Jumps.  Javelin Throw
 Long Jump
3. THROWING EVENTS
 High Jump
 Pole Vault
 PENTATHLON – a 5-event athletic contest.
1-day period event. DISCUS THROW IS
NOT INCLUDED.
 800m
 Shot Put
 Long Jump
 High Jump
 SHOT PUT – uses metal ball made of brass.  100m
Thrown in a horizontal path.
 JAVELIN THROW – metal/plastic spear
are thrown. Arc motion.
 DISCUSS THROW – disk wood with metal
frame are thrown. Arc motion.
 HAMMER THROW – they used to use
hammer/mallet, but now that uses a ball that
has a chain and you first spin it before
throwing it.
4. COMBINED EVENTS

 HEPTATHLON – a 7-event athletic contest.

A 2-days period event.
 200m
 800m
 100m hurdles
 Shot Put
 Javelin Throw
 BADMINTON
• Badminton originated in India, ‘Poona’.
• Modern Badminton originated in Gloucestershire,
England.
• The origin of the game dates back at least 2000
years with the game “battledore and shuttlecock”
played in ancient Greece, China, and India.

BADMINTON TIMELINE
→ 1600 – it became an upper class past time in
England and many European countries.
→ SHUTTLECOCK – can be synthetic (nylon,
→ 1870 – British Army Officers were assigned to
plastic) and organic (feather from GOOSE), both
India and a version of this game called “poona”
can be used in an official game. It has 16 feathers.
became their favorite and brought it back to England.
CORK – head of the shuttlecock.
→ 1996 – badminton became a landmark game
played in the backyards and beaches of the USA.
→ Badminton took its name from the Badminton
House in Gloucestershire, the ancestral home of the
Duke of Beaufort where the sport was played in the
last century.
FAULT – when a player violates the rules.

ORGANIC SYNTHETIC
BADMINTON EQUIPMENT
→ RACKET – used to hit the shuttlecock COMMON FORMS OF BADMINTON
1. SINGLES – one player each side.
2. DOUBLES – two players each side.

SCORING
• Badminton scoring is based on 21 points.
• You get a point by winning a rally.
• Deuce – score reaches 20-20. The game continues
when a player leads by 2 points (22/20), the rally
continues if not, up until 29 pts.
 GRIPS
1. FOREHAND GRIP - This grip is used to hit shots
that are on the forehand side of your body and around
the head shots. Place your playing hand on the handle
as if you are shaking hands with it. Thumb is
encircled in the handle. There should be a V-shape in
between your thumb and your index finger. Going
outside. 2. BACKHAND STROKE – any shot performed
during the game with a backhand grip.

2. BACKHAND GRIP - This grip is used to hit

shots that are on the backhand side of your body.
Similar to the forehand grip except the complete
bottom of the thumb is in contact with the 3rd bevel 3. OVERHEAD STOKE - a DEFENSIVE SHOT
and the index finger is lowered down to a position that allows a player time to recover by forcing their
below the thumb (straightened). Going inside. opponent to move and increasing the amount of time
the shuttlecock is in the air. SMASH – quick
movement to provide enough force, flick, to surprise
opponent.

RULES OF THE GAME

STROKES
COURT - The court is rectangular and divided into
1. FOREHAND STROKE - any shot performed halves by a net. Courts are usually marked for both
during the game with a forehand grip. singles and doubles play, although badminton rules
permit a court to be marked for singles only. The
doubles court is wider than the singles court, but
both are of the same length. The exception, which
often causes confusion to newer players, is that the
doubles court has a shorter serve-length → When the shuttlecock landed outside the painted
dimension. area, it means OUT.
→ In a rally, both singles and doubles court has the → If the player’s racket touches the net, it is
same length. considered as a FAULT.
→ The full width of the court is 6.1 metres (20 ft), → During the rally, if the shuttlecock landed on the
and in singles this width is reduced to 5.18 metres court line, it is considered as IN.
(17 ft). The full length of the court is 13.4 metres (44
ft). The service courts are marked by a centre line
dividing the width of the court, by a short service line SERVING
at a distance of 1.98 metres (6 ft 6 inch) from the
net, and by the outer side and back boundaries. In → When the server serves, the shuttlecock must
doubles, the service court is also marked by a long pass over the short service line on the opponent’s
service line, which is 0.76 metres (2 ft 6 inch) from court or it will count as a fault. The server and
the back boundary. receiver must remain within their service courts,
without touching the boundary lines, until the server
→ The net is 1.55 metres (5 ft 1 inch) high at the
strikes the shuttlecock. The other two players may
edges and 1.524 metres (5 ft) high in the centre. The stand wherever they wish, so long as they do not
net posts are placed over the doubles sidelines, even block the vision of the server or receiver.
when singles is played.
→ At the start of the rally, the server and receiver
→ The minimum height for the ceiling above the stand in diagonally opposite service courts. The
court is not mentioned in the Laws of Badminton.
server hits the shuttlecock so that it would land in the
Nonetheless, a badminton court will not be suitable
receiver's service court. The shuttlecock is not
if the ceiling is likely to be hit on a high serve.
allowed to bounce and in badminton, the players
stand inside their service courts.
→ When the serving side loses a rally, the server
immediately passes to their opponent(s).
→ In singles, the server stands in their right service
court when their score is even, and in their left
service court when their score is odd.
→ In doubles, if the serving side wins a rally, the
same player continues to serve, but he/she changes
service courts so that she/he serves to a different
opponent each time. If the opponents win the rally
and their new score is even, the player in the right
service court serves; if odd, the player in the left
service court serves. The players' service courts are
determined by their positions at the start of the
previous rally, not by where they were standing at the
end of the rally. A consequence of this system is that
each time a side regains the service, the server will
be the player who did not serve last time.
→ When serving, a player must not step into the short
service line, also the player’s feet must stay on the
ground. If the player holds the shuttlecock above → If a let is called, the rally is stopped and replayed
his/her waistline, it is considered a FAULT. with no change to the score. Let may occur because
of some unexpected disturbance such as a
RALLY – a series of shots exchanged between either
shuttlecock landing on a court (having been hit there
team until the shuttlecock touches the ground, hits
by players playing in adjacent court) or in small halls
the net, or goes out of bounds of the court.
the shuttle may touch an overhead rail which can be
classed as a let.

SCORING → If the receiver is not ready when the service is

delivered, a let shall be called; yet, if the receiver
→ Each game is played to 21 points, with players attempts to return the shuttlecock, the receiver shall
scoring a point whenever they win a rally regardless be judged to have been ready.
of whether they served. A match is the best of three
games.
→ If the score reaches 20-all, then the game LOVE ALL – the score at the start of the game. O/O
continues until one side gains a two-point lead (such
as 24–22), except when there is a tie at 29-all, in
which the game goes to a golden point. Whoever
scores this point will win.
→ When the score in a game reacher 20-20 then the
final score should be 22-20.
FITNESS
→ At the start of a match, the shuttlecock is cast and
the side towards which the shuttlecock is pointing • PHYSICAL FITNESS is your ability to carry out
serves first. Alternatively, a coin may be tossed, with tasks without undue fatigue.
the winners choosing whether to serve or receive
first, or choosing which end of the court to occupy • Being fit not only means physical health, but also
first, and their opponents making the leftover the emotional and mental health too.
remaining choice. WELLNESS – quality or state of being healthy.
→ In subsequent games, the winners of the previous
game serve first. Matches are best out of three: a
player or pair must win two games (of 21 points HEALTH-RELATED COMPONENTS
each) to win the match. For the first rally of any  Body Composition
doubles game, the serving pair may decide who - refers to the relative amount of muscle,
serves and the receiving pair may decide who fat, bone, and other vital parts of the body.
receives. The players change ends at the start of the  Flexibility
second game; if the match reaches a third game, they - the range of motion in the body. It is the
change ends both at the start of the game and when ability to stretch, bend, and twist.
the leading players or pairs score reaches 11 points.  Muscular Endurance
*The players can take a 1 minute break when the - the ability of the muscle to continue to
point reaches 11. perform without undue fatigue.
- EXAMPLE: planks, lunges, push-ups
* A badminton match is completed when a player  Muscular Strength
wins 2 out of 3 games. - the ability of the muscle to exert force
during an activity.
- EXAMPLE: lifting weights
LET  Cardio-Respiratory Endurance
 - the ability of the body’s circulatory and
respiratory systems to supply fuel or oxygen
during sustained physical activity.

SKILL-RELATED COMPONENTS
 Agility
- the ability to move quickly and change
direction in different levels.
 Balance
- refers to the sense of equilibrium in the
body. The weight of the body rests in the
center of the gravity.
 Coordination
- the ability to use body parts and sense
together to produce smooth, efficient
movements that are vital in sports.
Anticipated.
 Reaction Time
- how quickly your brain responds to a
stimulus and initiate a response.
Measurement of your ability to act in reflex.
- EXAMPLE: starting a sprint in response
to the starting pistol
 Power
- performing a task quickly and forcibly.
 Speed
- the ability to reach a distance in the
shortest period of time. Ability to perform a
movement quickly in a short period of time.