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Electromagnetic Induction Notes Detailed

The document provides comprehensive notes on electromagnetic induction, covering key concepts such as magnetic flux, Faraday's law, Lenz's law, and self-inductance. It includes equations, examples, and applications related to generators, transformers, and eddy currents. Additionally, it discusses the dependencies of induced emf and energy storage in inductors.

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4 views3 pages

Electromagnetic Induction Notes Detailed

The document provides comprehensive notes on electromagnetic induction, covering key concepts such as magnetic flux, Faraday's law, Lenz's law, and self-inductance. It includes equations, examples, and applications related to generators, transformers, and eddy currents. Additionally, it discusses the dependencies of induced emf and energy storage in inductors.

Uploaded by

rajsharmaraj264
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electromagnetic Induction Notes

1. Magnetic Flux
Definition: Magnetic flux (Φ) through a surface of area A in a magnetic field B is defined as Φ = ∫ B·dA = B
A cosθ where θ is the angle between the magnetic field vector and the normal to the surface.
Key Points: • Flux measures the number of magnetic field lines crossing a surface.
• For a coil of N turns, the total flux linkage is NΦ.
• In vector notation, dΦ = B·dA; for non-uniform B or curved surface, integrate over the surface.
Example: A circular loop of radius r in a uniform field B perpendicular to its plane has Φ = Bπr².
Units: Weber (Wb), where 1 Wb = 1 T·m².

Related Questions: 5, 17, 18, 21

2. Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction


Statement: An emf (ε) is induced in a circuit whenever the magnetic flux through it changes with time:
ε = -d(NΦ)/dt = -N dΦ/dt.
Interpretation: The magnitude of the induced emf equals the rate of change of flux linkage; the negative
sign indicates the direction (Lenz’s law).
Differential Form: curl E = -∂B/∂t (Maxwell–Faraday equation).
Applications: Rotating coils in generators: ε_max = NABω when a coil of area A and N turns rotates at
angular speed ω in a uniform field B.
Worked Example: A coil with N=100, A=0.01 m² rotates 90° in 0.2 s in B=0.5 T. ∆Φ = NAB( cos0 - cos90 )
= 100*0.5*0.01 = 0.5 Wb. ε = ∆Φ/∆t = 0.5/0.2 = 2.5 V.

Related Questions: 1, 2, 8, 9, 14

3. Lenz’s Law
Statement: The direction of induced current opposes the change in magnetic flux that produced it.
Reason: Conservation of energy – the induced current creates a magnetic field opposing the flux change.
Negative Sign: In ε = -N dΦ/dt, “–” ensures the induced emf works against the change.
Example: If flux is increasing into the page, induced current creates field out of page; view shows current
direction via right-hand rule.

Related Questions: 12, 13, 16

4. Induced emf: Dependence & Charge Flow


Dependencies:
• Proportional to number of turns N.
• Proportional to ∆Φ (magnitude of flux change) and inversely to ∆t (time taken).
• Independent of coil resistance for emf magnitude (only current depends on resistance).
Charge Flow: Total charge Q through the circuit when flux changes by ∆Φ in time ∆t across resistance R:
Q = ∫I dt = ∫ (ε/R) dt = (1/R) ∫ |d(NΦ)| = (N ∆Φ)/R.
Example: For ∆Φ = 0.2 Wb, N=50, R=10 Ω: Q = 50*0.2/10 = 1 C.

Related Questions: 3, 4, 10, 11, 15

5. Flux Linkage & Self-Flux


Flux Linkage: ψ = NΦ, important in coils and transformers.
Self-Flux: Flux produced by coil’s own current: Φ_self = L I / N, where L ∝ N².
Relation: ψ = LI, self-inductance L = NΦ_self / I.
Implication: Doubling turns quadruples self-flux and L.

Related Question: 7

6. Eddy Currents
Phenomenon: Time-varying B induces circulating currents in bulk conductors (Foucault currents).
Effects: Energy loss as heat, undesirable in transformer cores and brake systems.
Mitigation: Use laminated cores (thin insulated sheets) or high-resistivity alloys to break current paths.

Related Question: 22

7. Self-Inductance
Definition: Property of a coil where changing current induces emf in itself: ε = -L dI/dt.
Calculation: L = NΦ / I; for solenoid: L = µ■ (N² A)/l.
Dependencies: ∝ N², ∝ core permeability µ, ∝ cross-sectional area A, ∝ 1/l.
Example: Air-core solenoid: N=1000, A=1e-3 m², l=0.5 m: L = 4π×10■■ * (1e6*1e-3)/0.5 ≈ 2.51 mH.

Related Questions: 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30

8. Energy Stored in an Inductor


Expression: U = ½ L I².
Derivation: Work to build current: ∫ ε I dt = ∫ L I (dI/dt) dt = ½ L I².
Storage: Energy resides in the magnetic field around the coil.
Example: L=0.1 H, I=3 A: U = 0.5*0.1*9 = 0.45 J.

Related Questions: 25, 29, 34

9. Solenoid Inductance
Formula: L = µ■ N² A / l for a long solenoid (length >> radius).
Parameters: N turns uniformly wound, A cross-sectional area, l length.
Trends: L increases with more turns and larger cross-section; decreases with longer length.
Example: N=500, A=2e-4 m², l=1 m: L ≈ 4π×10■■*(2.5e5*2e-4)/1 ≈ 0.063 H.

Related Questions: 35, 36

10. Mutual Inductance & Coupling


Definition: M between two coils: ε■ = -M dI■/dt.
Calculation: M = N■ Φ■ / I■ for coil 2’s flux from coil 1’s current.
Coupling Coefficient: k = M / √(L■ L■), 0≤k≤1; k=1 for perfect coupling.
Factors: Geometry, turns, separation, core material/permeability.
Example: Two coaxial solenoids: M = µ■ N■ N■ A / l (for complete overlap).

Related Questions: 37–48


11. Applications of Electromagnetic Induction
Generators: Rotating coil in B field produces alternating emf via Faraday’s law.
Transformers: Mutual inductance transfers energy between primary and secondary via changing flux in
iron core.
Induction Heating: Eddy currents in metal produce heat for cooking or industrial processes.

Related Question: 6

12. Special Scenarios: Moving Charges & Rotating Coils


Moving Charge: A charged particle moving near a loop changes local flux, inducing a transient current
whose direction reverses as particle passes.
Rotating Coil & Secondary Coil: Relative motion (translation or rotation) of current-carrying coil induces
emf in a nearby coil; direction set by Lenz’s law and geometry.
Examples: Magnetic braking, induction meters, rotating-coil galvanometers.

Related Questions: 16, 19, 20

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