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IUnit-3

The document discusses pulse-width modulated inverters, which convert DC input to AC output with desired voltage and frequency. It covers various types of inverters, including single-phase and three-phase, and their operational principles, performance parameters, and modulation techniques. Additionally, it highlights the importance of controlling output voltage and reducing harmonics through methods like PWM control.

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pavan gangwar
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7 views

IUnit-3

The document discusses pulse-width modulated inverters, which convert DC input to AC output with desired voltage and frequency. It covers various types of inverters, including single-phase and three-phase, and their operational principles, performance parameters, and modulation techniques. Additionally, it highlights the importance of controlling output voltage and reducing harmonics through methods like PWM control.

Uploaded by

pavan gangwar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 45

PULSE-WIDTH MODULATED

INVERTERS
Introduction
 DC-to-AC converters are known as
inverters.

 The function of an inverter is to change a


dc input to a symmetrical ac output
voltage of desired magnitude and
frequency.

 T h e o u t p u t v o l t a g e c a n b e f i xe d o r
variable at a fixed or variable frequency.
Introduction

 A variable output voltage can be


obtained by varying the input dc voltage
and maintaining the gain of the inverter
constant.

 If the dc voltage is fixed, a variable


output voltage is obtained by varying the
inverter gain (PWM).

 The inverter gain is defined as the ratio


of the ac output voltage to dc input
Introduction

 The output voltage waveforms of ideal


inverters should be sinusoidal.

 However, the waveforms of ideal


inverters are non-sinusoidal and contain
harmonics.

 For high power applications, low


distortions are required.
Introduction

 Inverters can be broadly classified into


 Single-phase and
 Three-phase inverters.

 Inverters use controlled turn-on turn-off


devices, such as BJTs, MOSFETs, IGBTs,
and GTOs.
Principle of Operation

 The principle of single-phase inverter


operation can be explained with the
following figure.
Principle of Operation
Principle of Operation

 Note that the inverter consists of two


choppers.
The rms output voltage is:Vs
 V =
o
2

 The rms value of the fundamental


component is:
2 Vs
Vo1 =
2p
Performance Parameters

 The output of practical inverters contains


harmonics.

 The quality of an inverter is evaluated in


terms of the following performance
indices.
Harmonic Factor of nth
Harmonic
 This is a measure of individual harmonic
contribution defined as:

Von
HFn =
Vo1
 where Vo1 is the rms value of the
fundamental component and Von is the rms
value of the nth harmonic.
Total Harmonic Distortion

 This is the measure of closeness in


shape between a waveform and its
fundamental component.

1 ¥
THD = ( å Von2 ) 1 / 2
Vo1 n = 2,3,...
Distortion Factor

 THD gives the total harmonic content,


but it does not indicate the level of each
harmonic component.

 If a filter is used at the output of


inverters, the higher order harmonics are
attenuated more effectively.
Distortion Factor

 The distortion factor indicates the


a m o u n t o f h a rm o n i c d i s t o r t i o n t h a t
remains in a particular waveform after
the harmonics being subjected to a
second-order attenuation (divided by n2).

 Therefore, DF is a measure of
effectiveness in reducing unwanted
harmonics without ¥having to specify the
values of the load Von 2 1 / 2
1 filter.
DF = [
Vo1
( ) ]å
n = 2 , 3,... n2
Lowest Order Harmonic

 It is that harmonic component whose


frequency is closest to the fundamental
one, and its amplitude is equal or greater
than 3% of the fundamental component.
Single-Phase Bridge Inverter

 A single-phase bridge inverter is shown


below.
Single-Phase Bridge Inverter

The rms output voltage is Vo = Vs.


Three-Phase Inverters

 Three-phase inverters are used for high


power applications.

 Three-single phase inverters can be


connected in parallel to form a three-
phase inverter.

 This arrangement will require 12


transistors, 12 diodes, and three single-
phase transformers.
Three-Phase Inverters

 The gating signals of the single phase


inverters should be 120 degrees with
respect to each other.

 The transformer primaries are isolated


from each other, while the secondaries
may be connected in wye or delta.
Three-Phase Inverters
Three-Phase Inverters

 A three-phas e o u tp u t c a n b e o b ta i n ed f ro m a
configuration of six transistors and six diodes.
 Two types of control signals can be applied to the
transistors: 180o conduction or 120o conduction
180 degree Conduction

 For this mode of operation, each device


conducts 180 degrees.

 The sequence of firing is: 123, 234, 345,


456, 561, 612.

 The gating signals are shifted from each


other by 60 degrees.
180 degree Conduction
120 degree Conduction

 In this mode, each transistor conducts


for 120 degrees.

 The sequence of firing is: 61, 12, 23, 34,


45, 56, 61.
Voltage Control of Single-Phase
Inverters
 In industrial applications, it is required to
control the output voltage of inverters.

 There are various techniques to vary the


inverter gain.

 The most efficient method of controlling


the gain is to incorporate PWM control
within the inverters.
PWM control

 The commonly used techniques are:


 Single-pulse-width modulation

 Multi-pulse-width modulation

 Sinusoidal pulse-width modulation

 Modified sinusoidal pulse-width modulation

 Phase-displacement control
Single Pulse-Width Modulation

There is one pulse per half-cycle, and its width is


varied.
Single Pulse-Width Modulation

 The modulation index is:


Ar
M=
Ac

 The rms output voltage is:


d
Vo = Vs
p

 The following figure shows the harmonic


profile with variation of the modulation
index M.
 The dominant harmonic is the third.
 DF increases significantly at a low output
voltage.
Multiple-Pulse-Width Modulation

 The harmonic content can be reduced by


using several pulses in each half-cycle of
output voltage.

 This type of modulation is also known as


uniform-pulse-width modulation (UPWM).
Multiple-Pulse-Width Modulation

 The number of pulses per half cycle is


found from: f m f
p= c
=
2 fo 2

 where mf is defined as frequency


modulation ratio.

 The rms output voltage is:


pd
Vo = Vs
p
Multiple-Pulse-Width Modulation

 The following figure shows the harmonic


profile against the variation of
modulation index, and p=5.
Sinusoidal Pulse-Width Modulation

Instead of maintaining the width of all


pulses the same, the width of each pulse
is varied in proportion to amplitude of a
sine wave.
 This kind of modulation is known as
SPWM.
Sinusoidal Pulse-Width Modulation

 The rms output voltage is:

p
d m 1/ 2
Vo = Vs (å )
m =1 p
Sinusoidal Pulse-Width Modulation

The DF and LOH are reduced significantly, as shown


below.

 This type of modulation eliminates all harmonics less


than 2p-1.
Modified Sinusoidal Pulse-Width
Modulation
 This utilizes a different method of
modulation.
Modified Sinusoidal Pulse-Width
Modulation
 The harmonic profile is shown below.
Phase-Displacement Control

 Voltage control can be obtained by using


multiple inverters and summing the
output voltages of individual inverters.

 A single-phase full-bridge inverter can be


perceived as the sum of two-bridge
inverters.
Phase-Displacement Control

 A 180 degrees phase displacement


produces “c”.

 A delay angle of α produces “e”.

 Then the rms output voltage is:

d
Vo = Vs
p

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