Q.Explain Aechitecture of DBMS in detail.

Ans:- Draw architecture Explain Architecture of DBMS

explain the internal behavior or database management system components In DBMS architecture there one
basic building blocks available which can interact with each other! to perform particulous job.In
Architecture there core various components on blocks which can perform different Jules. Query evaluation
engine have four blocks as follows :a) Plan enecutor b) Query evaluator c) parsnal d)optimizer Description
of Architecture a)l plan Executor: pian Executor is a blueprint about any query given by the user for evalua
-tion a query and is generally represented by relationship b) Query Evatator : Queny evalo for can be used to
understand and evaluate the relationship operator which can sesive as the building blocks for evalu- -CHing
queries. c) Panser : Pansen will check the syntan of query as well as veriries in the relationship and attribute
used in the query ane defined in the database d) Optimizen : saliqueries are optimized by decomposition
them into collection of smaller units called as blocks A typical query optimizer concentrate on optimizing a
single block at a time. The optimizes concent on optimizer enamine the system catalog the information
length types, I to retrive about data of data item and access path.
* Transaction manager:Any activity done by the user is called as transaction is nothing but any one
execution! of uses program in database! of useon program in database the management system.A transaction
is a program unit whose execution may change contents of database remain inconsistent stant For en: Aion
reservation,any type of bank transaction Transaction have four action:1)Road 2)Worite 3)commit 4)Abort
Lock manager:A Lock is a mechanism use to controt access to the data types objects. There are two types
OF locks 1)Share Lock : An object can be held by two different transaction at the same time. 2)Enclusive
lock: An object can. Be held by two different transaction at the same time 3)Enclusive Lock : An object
ensure that no other transaction hold any lock on this objects. Concurrency control::Concurrency control is
that term when same object can be demanded by the number of uscon at one time is called concurrency
control. Eg: Travel agent reservation. System Recovery manager:Recovery manager plays very important
role when system get corashed. An this situation. We may lost manimum data. Then recovery manager can
repairing using a techi que for recovery of derta sometimes it is possible to recoven a data particilly or Fully
but it depends upon intensity of damage to the system. Naïve usens Naïve usens are those users who not do
not have complete knowledge about a particular systern but can handle the simple operation perform on the
system :Sophisticated users. Sophisticated users are those users who have complete.Knowledge about
particulan system and can handle complen operation performe on it.
Q. Write any FIVE Differences between DBMS & RDBMS.Ans:-
RDBMS:-1)Data stored is in table format 2)Multiple data elements are accessible together 3)Data in the
form of a table are linked together 4)Normalisation is not achievable 5)Support distributed database
DBMS:-1)Data stored is in the file format 2)Individual access of data elements 3)No connection between
data 4)There is normalisation 5)No support for distributed database
Q.What is Data Models? Explain with their types in detail.Ans:- what is Data models I Explain with
their types in detail.Data model is a collection of conceptual tool for describing. A data data relationship
dater sematics and consistency constraints. Basically a data model is nothing but group of attributas which is
collected and srepre sents some entity and using that entity we can design a relationship between another
entity
•It is divided into following. Three types 1)object based model 2) Record based model 3) physical data
model 1)object based model:-Object based model describes data at the conceptual lever! And internal via
level.It can provide flexible Structuring capabilities and allow data constraints object based model is clivide
into another model ie (E-R model)
2) Recond based data model:- Recond based data model completely depends on a record based
operation
Any single now in a table is called as single mecard on a tupple It specifies the overall structur of database
and provides higher level description of the impleme -ntation of the databash
3)Physical data model:-Physical data model is that model which contains the actual data.When your
conceptual view is ready and we insert a databar is called physical data model.
Q.Explain Advantages & disadvantages of DBMS.Ans:- Advantage of ste DBMS
1)Reduction of redundancy 2)Data sharing. 3)Data Integrity 4) security. 5)conflict Resolution 6)Data
Independence a)Physical data independence b)Logical data independence
Reduction of Redundancy:- The centralized control of dater by DBA quoids unnecessary duplication of
data and efficiently meduce the total amount of data storage require •Advantage of avoiding dupli of
quimination. Of the inconsistence that tend to be present in nedun.-dant data Files
Data Sharing:In DBMS data can be shanad by authorized usesis of organization By proper management of
data it gives rights multiph users to ciccess if. To also allows multiple user. To access same piece of
information simult an cowly. Remote users can also Share, some data.Data integrity:- Data integrity means
the data contained in the database, is both entened and consistent therefore data valves being entered for
storage could be checked to ensure that they fall within specified mange and are or correct Format •Integrity
check should be incorporated in the database to ensure that if there is a sreference to centain object that
object must crist Data Security:-'Data is or vital importance to an organization and maybe confidential
DBA who has the ultimate responsibility of the data in DBMS can ensure that properness procedure are
Follows including proper authentication schemes for access to the DBMs and additional check before ting
caccess to pre permitting. sensitive data Different levels of security could be implemented for various type
of data and operations.The enforcement of security could be data value dependant and data dependant.
Conflict Resolution:-Any complict in the databas. Environment has to resolve by DBA. The DBA choose
best File Structure and access method to get optimal performance so that user won’t get a chance to
complait.Data independence:-Data independence allows. For changes at one level If edetabases without
affecting ether levels There ane two types of data independence
1)Physical data independence 2) data Independence
Disadvantage of DBMS:- Problem by centralization:-Centralization means that data is accessible from
single sounce namely the database this increased the potential serenity of security branches and aisouption of
the opera -tion of the organization because of down time failure.2) cost or software I hardware and
migration:-A signification disadvantage of DBMS IS Cost In addition to the Cost of purchasing ping and
develo a software Thardware is to be updated to allow for entensive program and the work space required
Forther enecution and storage also an additition cost is that the migration from traditionally separate
application environment to an integration.Complenity of backup and recovery:-Backup and recovery
opera -tion and fairly in complen DBMS envinnenment andthis is aproblemin concurrent multiuser DBMS.
Q.What is Relation Algebra. Explain following set operations with proper example.Ans:-Relational
algebra is a colle-ction of operiction to mani- pulate relation It is a procedural manipul- -ation language It
deseribe the procedure for solving any tupe of problem It defines the complete scheme for each of the result
relation.It specified the operation. And the other in which they are to be performed on tupple of relation. It is
just like a programi - -ng on language.Relational algebra is divided into in to Following tupes OF operchions
1)set oriented operation. The operation that are performed on particular no. of set are called set oriented
operation It is also called as basic operation broadly divided into following four types a)Union b)Intersection
c)difference d) cartesian product set oriented operation:-The operation performed on particular number of
well depine sets orientad operation or torciditional operation. Set oriented broadly divided into Following
atypes. a)union Intersection,Difference, Contesian products.
Q.Write any FOUR differences between 3NF and BCNF.
3NF:-1) 3NF is comparatively less strong than that of the BCNF.2)The functional dependencies in 3NF
already exist in 2NF and INF.3)3NF has a comparatively much higher redundancy.4)In the case of 3NF,
preservation occurs for all the functional dependencies.
BCNF:- BCNF is comparatively much stronger than that of the 3NF.2)The functional dependencies in
BCNF already exist in 3NF, 2NF, and INF.3)BCNF has a comparatively much lower redundancy.4)In the
case of BCNF, there is no preservation for all the functional dependencies.
Q. What is DDL? Explain following DDL commands with meaning & proper syntax and their
example. ALTER:- ALTER TABLE COMMAND:- The use of this command is 10 alten the Staucture of
table by Cither adding or modifiying Column Alter command is used to penferm the following action. On
the table Ad Adding Column in the anisting Table b) Incncdoing and decreasing the column size and
changing data typesI Dropping column Reniaming the column. Adding anew column to an existing table
Syntan: ALTER TABLE table name ADD (Column-name1 Column-name” data-type Example:- ALTER
TABLE Student ADD (result NUMBER (10)):Output Table attered 2) DESCRIBE:-Syntax: DESCRIBE
TABLE Name Enample: DESCRIBE
CREATE:- create table command. This command is used for Creciting tables The First stop In establishing
a database is to create one or more tables to hold data, creating a table to hold data. creating cre atable
Structure to hold data is called defining catable. CREATE TABLE < Table Names (columnname I Datatype
(size); (column name 2 Data type (size);* Example salt create table depart- ment (dept no number (2),
dname varchour 14) loc varehan (I3);
Q.What is DML? Explain following DDL Commands with meaning & proper syntax and their
example.Ans:-SELECT:- The Stect command enables to metrieve data from a specified table and display it
is tabulas Form. The syntein of select command is * Syntan: SELECT Sname.stud-id FROM student,
Example
2) UPDATE:-The UPDATE command is used to. change data already in a table one may change columns
of selected row with this column: command syntax UPDATE Command is used to échange data already in
atable one may change columns of selected row with this command. Syntan: UPDATE table-nameSET
column-name = empression Column-name = expression.WHERE Cond Example:-UPDATE student SFT
age age + 10 WHERE Stud = id> 105.
DELETE:-Suntax: DELETE FROM <tablename> [where <cond”>]; Enamples SAL 7 DELETE
FRomdepoiment sgrocos deleted.
Q.What is SQL? Explain with Advantages and Disadvantages of SQL.Ans:- SQL is a widely used
programming language designed to interface with databases.Web developers and data scientists may use
SQL on a daily basis in their careers. SQL functions as a method for retrieving data from within a database,
and this popular method can interface with multiple programs and systems. Advantages of SQL : SQL has
many advantages which makes it popular and highly demanded. It is a reliable and efficient language used
for communicating with the database. Some advantages of SQL Disadvantages of SQL : Although SQL has
many advantages, still there are a few disadvantages. Various Disadvantages of SQL.
Q.What is PL/SQL? Explain with its advantages.Ans:-PL/SQL gives high productivity to programmers as it can
query, transform, and update data in a database. PL/SQL saves time on design and debugging by strong features, such
as exception handling, encapsulation, data hiding, and object-oriented data types. Applications written in PL/SQL are
fully Advantages:-PL/SQL Stands for Procedural Language for SQL.2. PL/SQL is not Flexible & not easy to
learn.3.Data Manipulation not becomes very easy.4. PL/SQL is Procedural Language.5. PL/SQL is Extension of
SQL.6. PL/SQL can be used as programming Language and as an application development tool.
Q.Explain ANY FOUR SQL Data types in detail.Ans:-1)TINYTEXT Holds a string with a maximum length of
255 characters 2)TEXT(size) Holds a string with a maximum length of 65,535 bytes 3)BLOB(size) For BLOBS
(Binary Large Objects). Holds up to 65,535 bytes of data.4)MEDIUMTEXT:-Holds a string with a maximum length
of 16,777,215 characters
Q.Explain Components of SQL in brief.Ans:-SQL uses several key commands while interacting with databases.
These include: Data Definition Language (DDL): SQL uses commands to create and maintain databases such as
CREATE, DROP, ALTER, TRUNCATE, and COMMENT. Data Query Language (DQL): This refers to SQL
commands used to retrieve data from databases.
Q.What is clause? Explain any two Clauses with proper example.Ans:-There are two types of clauses:
independent clauses and subordinate clauses. Clauses contain a subject (the person or thing doing the action) and a
verb (the action). Here is an example of a clause: The grey squirrel darted up a tree.
Q.Draw & Explain architecture of PL/SQL.Ans:-In Oracle, PL/SQL (Procedural Language/SQL) is the procedural
language extension to the non-procedural SQL. It combines the data manipulation power of SQL and the procedural
power of standard programming languages. PL/SQL was developed by Oracle Corporation within the early ’90s to
reinforce the capabilities of SQL. It integrates well with SQL* PLUS and other application development products of
Oracle. PL/SQL is the superset of SQL. It provides SQL data manipulation commands and SQL data types. In
PL/SQL, a block without any name is called Anonymous Block. PL/ SQL block consists of various functions, library,
procedures, trigger, packages etc.
Q.Draw Block Structure PL/SQL? Explain in detail.Ans:-A block is a unit of code that provides execution and
scoping boundaries for variable declarations and exception handling. PL/SQL allows you to create anonymous blocks
(blocks of code that have no name) and named blocks, which may be packages, procedures, functions, triggers, or
object types.
Q.What is Cursor? Explain with Implicit cursor & Explicit cursor with proper example.Ans:-Cursors can be
broadly classified into Implicit Cursors and Explicit Cursors. Implicit cursors are automatically created when select
statements are executed. Explicit cursors needs to be defined explicitly by the user by providing a name. They are
capable of fetching a single row at a time. Implicit Cursor:-Whenever any DML operations occur in the database, an
implicit cursor is created that holds the rows affected, in that particular operation. These cursors cannot be named and,
hence they cannot be controlled or referred from another place of the code. We can refer only to the most recent cursor
through the cursor attributes.Explicit Cursor:-Programmers are allowed to create named context area to execute their
DML operations to get more control over it. The explicit cursor should be defined in the declaration section of the
PL/SQL block, and it is created for the ‘SELECT’ statement that needs to be used in the code
Q.Explain PL/SQL basics used in PL/SQL with proper example.Ans:-PL/SQL is a procedural language designed
specifically to embrace SQL statements within its syntax. PL/SQL program units are compiled by the Oracle Database
server and stored inside the database. And at run-time, both PL/SQL and SQL run within the same server process,
bringing optimal efficiency.
Q.Explain variable used in PL/SQL.Ans:-A variable is a meaningful name which facilitates a programmer to store
data temporarily during the execution of code. It helps you to manipulate data in PL/SQL programs. It is nothing
except a name given to a storage area