UNIT 1-INTRODUCTION TO DBMS

INTRODUCTION TO DBMS:
-DBMS stands for Database Management System.
-DBMS = Database + Management System.
-Database: Collection of data
-Management System: Set of programs to store and retrieve those data.
-Definition:
DBMS is a collection of inter-related data and set of programs to store & access
those data in an easy and effective manner.

OR

Database is a collection of related data that we can use for

-Defining: specifying data types, structure, constraints etc.
-Constructing: storing & populating
-Manipulating: querying DB to retrieve, modify and view info.
Basic Features of a database:
-To store data in database.
-To organize the data.
-To control access of data.
-Provide security by protecting data.

* FILE SYSTEM VS DATABASE SYSYEM

File System:
-It contains flat files that have no relation to other files.
-File System stores unstructured data
Advantages of DBMS over File System:
-Data Redundancy:
duplication of data
-Security:
Data should be secured from unauthorized access
-Data Isolation:
If the multiple transactions are running concurrently, they should not be affected by
each other
-Accessing Data:
Insertion, deletion and modification of records.
-Concurrent Control:
Simultaneous use of same file by many users
Disadvantages of DBMS over File System:
-High Cost of Hardware
-High Cost of Software
-Requires More Memory :
It occupies a large space of disks and large memory to run them efficiently.
-Complexity: Additional complexity and requirements.
-Higher impact of failure: As data is stored in single database.
 DATA ABSTRACTION: (process of hiding irrelevant details from the user)
Definition: It means hiding implementation details from end users.
It has 3 levels
a) Physical level (Internal level)
b) Logical level (Conceptual level)
c) View level
(1)Internal or Physical level: (How data is stored)
-Lowest level of abstraction.
-Describes how the data is actually stored.
-Actual PHYSICAL storage structure and access paths.

(2)Conceptual or Logical Level: ( What kind of data is stored)

-What data are stored in the database.
-What relationship exists among the data.
-Focuses on describing data types, entities, relationships, etc.
-Database administrator level.

(3)View Level:
-Highest level of abstraction.
-Only a part of the actual database is viewed by the users.
-Can be many different views of a database
DATA INDEPENDANCE:
Data Independence is the capacity to modify a scheme definition in one level
without affecting a scheme definition in a higher level.
There are two kinds of data independence:
(1)Physical data independence:
It is the capacity to modify the physical scheme without changing the conceptual
schema.

(2)Logical data independence:

It is the capacity to modify the logical or conceptual scheme(user view) without
changing the external schema.
Instance: Collection of data stored in the data base at a particular moment is
called an Instance of the database.
Schema: The overall design of the data base is called the data base schema.
DATA INDEPENDANCE:
Definition:
“Characteristics of database system to change the schema at one level without
having to the change the schema at the next higher level.”
There are two kinds of data independence:
(1) Physical data independence(Internal):
-Change occurred at physical level without affecting next logical level data.
-It is mainly concern with the storage of the data.
-It is easy to retrieve of data.
-It is concerned with internal schema.

(2)Logical data independence(Conceptual):

-Change occurred at conceptual level without affecting next external level data.
-No change in the application program.
*Structure of DBMS(Role of DBMS users):
*Functional Components:
Functional components of a database:
(1)Storage manager :
Deals with storage space
(2)Query processor:
Simplify and facilitate access to data.

The query processor components:

DDL interpreter: Interprets DDL statements.
DML compiler: Which translates DML statements in a query language.
Query evaluation engine: Executes low-level instructions generated by the DML
compiler.
Storage Manager:
A storage manager is a program module that provides the interface between the
low-level data stored in the database and the application programs and queries
submitted to the system.

The storage manager components:

(1)Authorization and integrity manager: Tests satisfaction of integrity
constraints and checks the authority of users to access data.
(2)Transaction manager: Ensures that the database remains in a consistent
(correct) state despite system failures
(3)File manager: Manages the allocation of space on disk storage
(4)Buffer manager: Fetching data from disk storage into main memory, and
deciding what data to cache in main memory.
Transaction Manager:
-Definition: A transaction is a collection of operations that performs a single
logical function in a database application.
-Ensures that the database remains in a consistent (correct) state despite system
failures.
*Users of DBMS:
Database users are the people or group of peoples who interact the database
directly or indirectly.

(a)Naive users:
- Naïve users, need not to be aware of presence of database.
- Un-experienced users.
- Ex: Clerk of bank office

(b)Casual users:
-These users having great knowledge about query processing.
-They do not write program but they fire query on database.
(c) Application programmer: (Computer Professionals)
- These users write program that uses the database.
-Accessing data, creating new data, modifying data is done by using these
application programs.

(d)End user or Online users:

- End user access data from the terminal end.
-They use developed application and they don’t have any knowledge about the
design and working of database.

(e) Database Administrator (DBA):

- It can be single person or group, responsible for everything that is related to
database.
- Good knowledge in data processing.
- DBA makes policies, strategies and provides technical supports.
*Main Responsibility of DBA (Database Administrator)
1. Performance:
DBA responsible for overall performance of database system.
2. Deciding Physical Storage:
How data is represented at physical storage?
3. Logical design:
Overall logical design of database handled by DBA.
4. Users View:
DBA decides different view for different users.
5. Deciding users:
DBA decides and give permission of accessing database to users.
6. Granting Permissions:
Without any grant from DBA, users can’t access database
Multiple choice questions:
1. DBMS stands for….
a) Databases Management System b) Databases Management Support
c) Database More system d) All of these
Ans: a

2. A collection of related record is called-----------------

a) File b) Field c) Byte d) All of these
Ans: a

3. Data is better organized and is easily accessible by using……...

a) File Management System b) DBMS c) Relational Data d) None of these
Ans: b

4. Which of the following is the advantages of database?

a) Security enforcement b) Data Consistency c) Redundancy reduced d) All of these
Ans: d
5. Which is a software or program that allows access or retrieval to data that
contained database.
a) DBMS b) File System c) both (a) and (b) d) None of these.
Ans: a

6. Level of abstraction includes-----------------------

a) physical level b) Conceptual Level c) View level d) All of the above
Ans: d

7. ---------------- is a collection of data.

a) DBMS b) File System c) Database d) RDBMS.
Ans: b

8. Different methods of accessing files include….

a) Random access b) Sequential access c) Index Sequential access d) All of these.
Ans: d
 9. Database System Components are -----------------.
a) Data b) Software c) Hardware c) All of these
Ans: d

10. A------------- is a collection of operations that performs a single logical

function in a database application.
a) transaction b) Update c) compilation d) All of these
Ans: a

11. DBA stands for ------

a) Database Administrator b) Database Allocation c) Database admin c) All of
these
Ans: a
 Fill in the Blanks:
1) ---------------is a collection of inter-related data and set of programs to store &
access those data in an easy and effective manner.
Ans: DBMS

2) -------------is a collection of records which are logically related with any

object.
Ans: File

3) -------------file concern with actual data that is stored.

Ans:Physical

4) Collection of related data items are called--------------.

Ans:Records

5) In file processing system the records are stored in separate--------------.

Ans:Files
Fill in the Blanks:
6) ---------is defined as collection of related relation or interrelated data.
Ans: Database

7) ---------shows organization of database and relationship between data.

Ans: Schema

8) ---------is simplified view of a data in which ones required data level is

provided and remaining data is hided from other.
Ans: Data

9) ---------is the capability to change one level data without affecting its
higher-level data.
Ans: Abstraction
Fill in the Blanks:

10) -------is important because databases typically require a large amount of

storage space.
Ans:

11) ------- makes policies, strategies and provides technical supports.

Ans: