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Intro to Design chapter 1

The document introduces the design of experiments, focusing on key concepts such as treatments, experimental materials, and experimental units. It outlines the basic principles of experimental design, including randomization, replication, and local control, and explains fixed and random effect models. The document emphasizes the importance of these principles in minimizing bias and enhancing the validity of experimental results.

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Ahmad ullah
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6 views

Intro to Design chapter 1

The document introduces the design of experiments, focusing on key concepts such as treatments, experimental materials, and experimental units. It outlines the basic principles of experimental design, including randomization, replication, and local control, and explains fixed and random effect models. The document emphasizes the importance of these principles in minimizing bias and enhancing the validity of experimental results.

Uploaded by

Ahmad ullah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Chapter – 01

Introduction to Design of Experiment


Basic concepts of experimental Design

Treatment

In design of experiment treatment is an independent variable manipulated by the experimenter


and compare their effect on dependent variable called yield, e.g. the experimenter wants to
compare the yield capability of three varieties of wheat seeds. The Three varieties of wheat seed
are treatments.

Experimental Material

The material on which treatments is to be tested. It may land, machinery etc. In the above
example the three varieties of wheat seed can be tested to assign plot of land.

Plot Experimental Material


Treatment - 1 Treatment - 2 Treatment - 3
1
2
3

Experimental units

An experimental unit is the unit of experimental material to which a treatment is applied.

Experimental design

A plan used to collect the data relevant to the problem understudy in such a way as to provide a
basis for valid objective inference about the stated problem.

The plan is usually consist:

i. Selection of treatment whose effects are to be studied.


ii. The specification of the experimental layouts.
iii. The assignment of treatment to the experimental units.
iv. The collection of observation for analysis.

Note: All these steps are accomplished before any experiment is performed.
2

Basic Principle of Design of Experiment

The basic principles of a design of experiment are;

i. Randomization
ii. Replication
iii. Local Control

Randomization

The first principle of an experimental design is randomization, which is random process of


assigning treatments to the experimental units. The random process implies that that every
possible allotment of treatments has the same probability.

Purpose of Randomization:

Randomization is used to control bias and extraneous sources of variation present in the
experimental units.

Replication

The second principle of an experimental design is replication; which is the repetition of basic
experiment. It is a complete run for all treatments to be tested in the experiment. Some variation
is introduced because of the fact that the experimental units are not physically identical and this
type of variation can be removed by using a number of experimental units.

Purpose of replications:

a. To secure more accurate estimate of the experimental error.


b. To decrease the experimental error.
c. To obtain the most precise estimate of the mean effect of treatment.
𝜎2
𝜎𝑋2̅ =
𝑛
Local Control

The third principle of an experimental design is local control. Some sources of variation can be
minimize or removed by randomization and replication but not all. Local control is used to
choose a design in such a manner that all extraneous sources of variation are brought under
control. The term local control referring the amount of balancing block and grouping of the
experimental units.
3

Fixed Effect and Random Effect Models

Fixed Effect Model (Model – I)

A model in which k treatments or k levels of factors specifically chosen by the experimenter and
the results derived from the experiment is applicable on the treatments included in experiment
and cannot be generalize for other treatments.

Consider the model

𝑌𝑖𝑗 = 𝜇 + 𝜏𝑗 +∈𝑖𝑗

In fixed effect model the parameters of the model are fixed.

The hypothesis is to be test here as:

𝐻0 : 𝜏1 = 𝜏2 = ⋯ = 𝜏𝑘

In fixed effect model, it is assume that

i. ∑ 𝜏𝑗 = ∑(𝜇𝑖 − 𝜇) = 0
ii. ∈𝑖𝑗 ~𝑁𝑖𝑖𝑑 (0, 𝜎 2 )

Random effect model (Model II)

A model in which the k treatments or k levels of a factor are chosen a random sample from a
large number of treatments (Treatment Population) and the derived results from the analysis of
sample treatments are generalize for population.

Consider the model

𝑌𝑖𝑗 = 𝜇 + 𝜏𝑗 +∈𝑖𝑗

In random effect model the parameters of the model are random variable.

The hypothesis is to be test here as:

𝐻0 : 𝜎𝑇2 = 0

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