1

OVERVIEW OF
ERGONOMICS
CHAPTER 1
BY:
DR NURUL SHAHIDA BINTI MOHD SHALAHIM

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Chapter Outline
What will you learn in this chapter?

1.1

DEFINITION OF ERGONOMICS

Definition of ergonomics by global main boards

1.2

AIMS, OBJECTIVES AND BENEFITS OF ERGONOMICS

Look into the aims and benefits that ergonomic

offers to society

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1.3

HISTORY OF ERGONOMICS

Explore the start of ergonomic until recent

important events

1.4

ERGONOMICS IN THE WORLD AND MALAYSIA

Discover the growth of ergonomics in the world

and in Malaysia

1.5

THE ROLE OF THE ERGONOMIST

Discover the role of ergonomists

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1.6

DOMAINS OF ERGONOMICS

Explore domains of ergonomics: physical,

cognitive and organizational

1.7

HUMAN CHARACTERISTICS, CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS

Analyze the abilities and limitations of us,

humans

FINISH

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Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter, you should be able to:

01 Define aims, objectives and benefits of

LO
ergonomics

02 Describe the history and development of

LO
ergonomics

03 Describe physical, cognitive and organizational

LO
ergonomics

04 Describe human characteristics, capabilities and

LO
limitations

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Definition of ErgonomicsSubchapter 1.1

Ergonomics
ERGON is the science NOMOS
Meaning “work” and the art of Meaning “natural laws”

fitting the job

and
the workplace
to workers’ needs.

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Who coined the term

“Ergonomics”?
The word ergonomics was coined by a Polish scholar,
Wojciech Jastrzębowski, in 1857 became widely known
when his book in Polish was reprinted with English
translation in 1997.

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Definition of Ergonomics Main definition

“Ergonomics is the scientific discipline concerned with the fundamental

understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a
system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and
methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall
system performance.”

(International Ergonomics Association, 2015)

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Ergonomics helps
harmonize things
that interact with
people in terms of
people’s needs,
abilities and
limitations.
IEA, 2015

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Other Definitions
By other boards/ institutions

NIOSH OSHA USA

Science of fitting The science of
workplace ILO designing the job to HSE
conditions and job fit the workers.
demands to the
capabilities of the A systematic study Science concerned
working population. of people at work the “fit” between
with the objective of people and their
improving the work work.
situation, the
working conditions
and the task
performed.
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Aims and Objectives of Ergonomics Subchapter 1.2

Prevent injuries Ensure comfortability Improve productivity

Ergonomics started by The principles of Ergonomic removes
scientifically seeking the ergonomics ensures that barriers
best and least tiring way to the design complement the to productivity and makes
use muscles (etc.) when consumer ability strengths job tasks easier and faster
working. for and strives to minimize to accomplish.
the effort and limitations
while using the product
rather than forcing them to
adapt.

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Benefits of Ergonomics Can you list some?

BENEFITS BENEFITS BENEFITS

• Write something • Write something • Write something

• Write something • Write something • Write something

USE YOUR
BRAIN

Can you list some of the • Write something • Write something • Write something
benefits of ergonomics?

• Write something • Write something • Write something

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What if we ignore ergonomics? Sure there’ll be risks

RISK 1 RISK 2 RISK 3

Increase possibilities of Musculoskeletal Increase injuries, accidents Decrease workers’ productivity, thus
Disorders decrease companies’ profitability

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What if we ignore ergonomics? Direct costs of ignoring ergonomics problem

PRODUCTION LOST COST OF EQUIPMENT REPAIRS

Phenomenon whereby something new and somehow Phenomenon whereby something new and somehow
valuable is formed the created item valuable is formed the created item

MATERIAL LOST COST OF PREVENTIVE MEASURES

Phenomenon whereby something new and somehow Phenomenon whereby something new and somehow
valuable is formed the created item valuable is formed the created item

ABSENTEEISM PENALTIES/ LEGAL COST

Phenomenon whereby something new and somehow Phenomenon whereby something new and somehow
valuable is formed the created item valuable is formed the created item

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What if we ignore ergonomics?
Indirect costs of ignoring ergonomics problem

INDIRECT COST INDIRECT COST DIRECT COST DIRECT COST

Bad publicity due to Effects of chronic Management time to Overtime payments,

industrial accidents or injuries- gradual change keep production going penalties for late
union grievances in productivity deliveries

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Cases in Malaysia
Cases of ignored ergonomic factors

?? %

?? %

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Ergonomic
and Pain [2]
Newspaper Article
Date: October 23rd, 2016

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Ergonomic
and Pain [3]
Newspaper Article
Date: November 12th, 2017

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Ergonomic
and Compensation [4]
Newspaper Article
Date: July 26th, 2016

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Ergonomics and Compensation From SOCSO

More than occupational diseases

The number of work related musculoskeletal disorders in the country
has been rising steadily and compensation for ergonomics related
cases was found to be higher than other occupational diseases.

1:4
Of every four cases reported to SOCSO, one was related to
musculoskeletal disorders.

Back vs. hips

The study also showed the location of the main injury was to the back
(51.2 per cent) followed by the hips (28.86 per cent).

Compensation increased
Comparison by year also showed that the total amount of
compensation increased from RM1.04 million in 2009 to RM1.94
million in 2014
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Reported Cases
Data Retrieved from SOCSO (Social Security Organization)

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Reported Cases
Data Retrieved from SOCSO

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TAKE A BREAK!
Watch a video here.

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Activity 01
Now stretch your brain! Can you really?

01 BRAINWORK 01

Answer the pop quiz here based on the video you

just watched.

02 BRAINWORK 02

Should a company practice ergonomics?

03 BRAINWORK 03

Can you apply ergonomics in your daily life?

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History of Ergonomics Subchapter 1.3

Wojciech Jastrzebowski Design concepts of fitting the

created the word ergonomics machine to the size of the
in a philosophical narrative, soldier and
"based upon the truths drawn logical/understandable control
from the Science of Nature" buttons evolved.

1857 WWII

1633-1714 Early 1900’s 1980-Current

Bernardino Ramazinni wrote Scientific Management, a Advances in computer and

about work-related complaints method that improved worker automation technology.
(that he saw in his medical efficiency by improving the job Disasters: critical importance
practice) in the 1713 process, became popular, by of human in the operation of
supplement to his 1700 Frederick W. Taylor. human-machine systems.
publication, "De Morbis
Artificum (Diseases of www.ump.edu.my
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Early Development
What happened years back?

Back then
 Early man used tools like
sharpened stones to make tasks
easier.

 Work related injuries are dated

back to the 16th century.

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Later Development What has improved?

Now and next

 During World War 1, plane
cockpits were so ergonomically
inefficient, it was causing
accidents.

 This had a huge push for

ergonomic advancements into
today.

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Ergonomics in Malaysia Subchapter 1.4

NIOSH NCOSH PERKESO

National Council of Safety and Petubuhan Keselamatan Sosial

National Institute of Occupational
Safety and Health Health

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Ergonomics in
Malaysia
Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994
To promote an occupational environment which is adapted to
the physiological and psychological need of workers.

(Untuk menggalakkan suatu persekitaran pekerjaan yang

sesuai dengan keperluan fisiologikal dan psikologikal
pekerja.)

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Ergonomics in
Malaysia
Factory and Machinery (FMA) Act 1967
No person shall be employed to lift load so heavy so as to
cause bodily injury to him.

(Tiada seorang pun yang diambil kerja untuk mengangkat

beban yang terlalu berat dimana boleh menyebabkan
kecederan tubuh badan kepadanya.)

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Ergonomics Guidelines
What we use here

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Ergonomics Issues in Malaysia A few important issues

CONCLUSION
01 Ergonomics is not considered to be associated
with performance, but rather with occupational
health and safety and legislation.
Ergonomics in Malaysia is developing at
a relatively slow pace. This does little to
Poor local and corporate educational emphasis
02 and training that contribute to the low ergonomics
solve the existing problems in our
industries today. It is important to promote
awareness in Malaysia. appropriate attention and awareness of
the benefits of ergonomics by fitting
the latter into the culture and
There was confusion between the words
strengthening the position of
03 “ergonomics” and “economics”.
ergonomics and ergonomists in the public
and private

Engineers thought that Ergonomics is only sectors.

applicable to product design.

04 (Loo, H.S. and Richarsdson, S.(2012). Ergonomics Issues in
Malaysia. Journal of Social Sciences. 8. 61-65.)

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Ergonomics in the World
Ergonomic boards around the world

Singapore
Workplace Safety and Health
Institute

Indonesia
Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan
Republik Indonesia

Canada
Association Canadienne
d’Ergonomie (ACE)

France
Société d’Ergonomie de
Langue Française (SELF)

United States of America

Human Factors and
Ergonomics Society (HFES)

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TAKE A BREAK!

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Activity 02
Storm your brains!

BRAINSTORMING 01

Debate this:
01 02 BRAINSTORMING 02

Can we work together,

Ergonomics should be between countries to resolve
primarily concerned with ergonomics problems?
making workplaces tolerable
and productive OR facilitating
a better quality of life in
general.

03 BRAINSTORMING 03

Can we integrate our general

guidelines and be utilized
between countries?
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Study system 2
Study system performance by
developing experimental designs,
using data collections instruments
and procedures to analyze workplace
risk assessments.

1 Interpreting
Interpreting the interaction of humans
with the equipment, to analyze the
limitations of human body by careful
observation and evaluation in the
working environment.

Role of Ergonomist
Subchapter 1.5
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Investigation 4
Investigating workplace accidents by
visiting a wide range of working
environments such as offices,
factories, hospitals, etc. and to
assess the health and safety
standards

3 Reporting
Make reports of the findings and
recommendations by writing
proposals and presenting statistical
data.

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Consultation 6
Consulting and liaising with other
professionals such as health
specialists and designers to collect
and integrate data from several

$
scientific and professional points of
view.

5 User manuals
Producing user manuals for the
proper and efficient use of the new
products.

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Teaching 8
Teaching the workers about the
dynamics of human body and proper
work practices.

ERGONOMICS

7 Expert witness
Acting as expert witness to industrial
injury and understand the working
pattern of specific systems and
industries in short space of time.

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Creative methods 10
Employing creative methods to
implement the new systems.

9 Practical solutions
Designing practical solutions to help
the workers and analyze the
suitability of these to meet the needs
of the workers in terms of motor,
cognitive, and sensory capabilities of
workers.

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11 New opportunities
Identifying new opportunities for work.

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How to Become an Ergonomics
Practitioner?
Do you have what it takes?

KNOWLEDGE SKILLS ABILITIES

“They pull on many skills and variety of “I find that students come in with strong “I’ve come to believe that the most
bases of knowledge and experience to quantitative skills, but often lack the important attribute of an ergonomics
refine and facilitate effective sustainable ability to refine solutions so that they practitioner in general and one that
change.” [5] can be implemented.” [5] works in particular is the ability to be
emphatic.” [6]

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Local Boards
Be in the society!

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Domains of Ergonomics Subchapter 1.6

01 Physical Physical ergonomics concerned with human anatomical,

anthropometric, physiological and biomechanical
characteristics as they relate to physical activity.

Cognitive ergonomics is concerned with the mental

Cognitive 02 processes … as they affect interactions among humans and
other elements of a system.

Organizational ergonomics is concerned with the

optimization of sociotechnical systems, including their
Organizational 03 organizational structures, policies and processes.

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Physical Ergonomic Domain of ergonomics

What it deals with?

Physical ergonomics deals with the physical load on the human body.

What does it concern?

Physical ergonomics is concerned with the impact of anatomy,
anthropometry, biomechanics, physiology, and the physical environment
on physical activity.

What are the risk factors?

Areas of focus in physical ergonomics include the consequences of
• Chairless chair exoskeleton is designed for repetitive motion, materials handling, workplace safety, comfort in the
active factory workers/ mechanics, etc. use of portable devices, keyboard design, working postures, and the
• Click here. work environment.

What if we ignored?
Musculoskeletal disorders, physical fatigue and accidents will occurred
if we ignored physical ergonomics.

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Cognitive Ergonomic Domain of ergonomics

What is it about?
A cognitive ergonomist wishes to understand:
• Human behavior / way we think and act to control what we do
• Why cognitive performance breaks Identify / predict the nature of
decrements (where it occurs) down / errors occur
• Predict the effects once this has happened

What it deals with?

CE is oriented to the psychological aspects of work both in how affects
the mind and how the work mind affects work:
• Perception
• BrainSigns is able to measure stress and • Memory
mental workloads in real time and in an • Reasoning
operative environment.
• Decision-making
• Click here.
• Motor responses

What if we ignored?
Cognitive fatigue, stress and decision making errors will occurred if we
ignored cognitive ergonomics.

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Organizational Ergonomic Domain of ergonomics

What is it about?
Also sometimes known as macro-ergonomics, organizational
ergonomics focuses on optimizing socio-technical systems and
organizing structures, policies and processes in order to maximize
efficiency.

What it deals with?

This domain addresses more subjective aspects of the workplace:
• Communication
• Crew resources and management
• Work schedule design
• Disastrous case of BP oil leak on 20th April • Teamwork
2010 in the Gulf of Mexico. • Participatory design
• Click here.
What if we ignored?
The goal of organizational ergonomics is the attainment of a fully
harmonized work system that ensures employee job satisfaction and
commitment.

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Physical and Cognitive Demands Domains combinations

Most work activities require a

Pure physical combination of physical and Pure cognitive
cognitive exertions
S E RV I C E S

Frequently, your initial font choice is taken out of

your awesome hands also we are companies often
Requirements: Requirements:
specify a typeface, or even a set of fonts, part of
• Muscle strength • Intelligence
their brand guides However
and endurance • Concentration
• Physical • Knowledge
MARCO MICHELLI
conditioning

Shoveling Translation

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TAKE A BREAK!

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Activity 03
Let’s play ergonomist!

Analyze!
Analyze each cases below in terms of: [1] what the case is all about?, [2]
what domain(s) of ergonomics that they ignored?, [3] how can the event be
avoided?
CASE 01 CASE 2
Analyze Bhopal Disaster Analyze Pontoon Case
here. here.

CASE 3 CASE 4
Analyze gas poisoning in Analyze Air Canada
a manhole here. Flight 759 here.

CASE 5 CASE 6
Analyze a surgery Analyze pipette work lab
attempt went wrong here. here.

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Human Characteristics, Capabilities and
Limitations
Subchapter 1.7

PHYSICAL SOCIAL COGNITIVE CULTURAL

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References

[1] Definition and domains of ergonomics. (2019, January 18). Retrieved from https://www.iea.cc/whats/index.html
[2] Abdullah, R.A.K. (2016, October 23). Utusan Online. Retrieved from http://www.utusan.com.my
[3] Hussain, N.H.N. (2017, November 12). Utusan Online. Sakit belakang usia muda. (2019, January 18). Retrieved from https://www.utusan.com.my
[4] Work related musculoskeletal, ergonomics cases on the rise in Malaysia. (2017, November 12). The Borneo Post. (2016, July 26). Retrieved from
http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/07/26/work-related-musculoskeletal-ergonomics-cases-on-the-rise-in-malaysia/
[5] Linda Miller, EWI Works, Canada in Human Factors and Ergonomics in Practice (2017). CRC Press, Broken Sound Parkway NW.
[6] Ron Gantt, SCM, USA in Human Factors and Ergonomics in Practice (2017). CRC Press, Broken Sound Parkway NW.

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Thank You! S e e Yo u N e x t Ti m e

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