“Where Topnotchers are Molded”

FORENSIC CHEMISTRY
&
TOXICOLOGY
___________________________________________________
Subject:

SENADO, SANDER RCRIM.

TOP 4 AUGUST 2023 LEC
____________________________
National Lecturer:
 Percentage Number of
C. FORENSIC CHEMISTRY AND TOXICOLOGY Weight and Items and
Distribution Distribution
The registered criminologist can perform the competencies under the
15% 100
following sub-topics:
1.80% 12
1. Explain the principles of forensic chemistry and toxicology in relation to
.45% 3
crime detection and investigation.
2. Demonstrate accepted protocols for handling chemicals and biological
evidence (blood, semen, fiber, explosives, drugs, etc.) from the crime .30% 2
scene to the courtroom.
3. Recognize standardized tests and appropriate laboratory equipment in
.45% 3
processing biological evidence and physical evidence.
4. Apply scientific procedures in the recognition, collection, and
.30% 2
preservation of drugs, poisons, and other toxicological concerns.
5. Generate case reports and present factual reports in support of a court
.30% 2
trial.
 Percentage Number of
C. FORENSIC CHEMISTRY AND TOXICOLOGY Weight and Items and
Distribution Distribution
The registered criminologist can perform the competencies under the
15% 100
following sub-topics:
1.2 8
3.1 Recall the principles and significance of forensic
chemistry & toxicology including the legal aspects of forensic .30% 2
chemistry
3.2 Identify reliable preliminary and confirmatory tests in the
examination of biological, physical and trace evidence. .30% 2

3.3. Apply the procedure in the collection and preservation

of biological evidence (blood, hair, semen), Physical evidence .30% 2
(drugs, fibers, glass, toolmarks)
3.4. Compare biological and chemical poisons and its
.30% 2
types including its antidotes.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
CHEMISTRY  Branch of science that deals with matters,
its properties and the changes it undergoes
FORENSIC CHEMISTRY  branch of chemistry which
deals with the application of chemical principles in the
solution of problems that arise in connection with the
administration of justices.
FORENSIC CHEMIST  A person that practices Forensic
Chemistry to aid in an investigation to solve legal problems.
TOXICOLOGY  Branch of science that defines the nature,
effects and detection of substance that is present to a
specific matter. The study of the adverse effects of
chemical substances (poisons) on living organism.
FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY  The use of Toxicology
principles to aid Medico legal investigations of deaths and
poisoning.
FORENSIC SPECIALIST  a person that practice
forensics such as; DNA Examiner, Ballistician, Forensic
Photographer, and etc.
DR. EDMUND LOCARD  A French criminologist, the
father of forensics and established the world’s first
crime laboratory in Lyon, France (1910).
PROF. MATHIEU ORFILA  Spanish
toxicologist, chemist, medical professor in
France, Father of modern forensic
Toxicology.
He also testify in court as expert
witness against Madam Marie Lafarge,
after poisoning her husband, Charles
Lafarge with Arsenic.
He uses the chemical technique
“Marsh test” to identify arsenic from the
body of Charles LaFarge.
CRIME SCENE  An area or vicinity of occurrence of
physical evidences. (Primary and Secondary)

PHYSICAL EVIDENCE  Are articles and materials which

are found in connection with an investigation and which
aid in establishing the identity of the perpetrator of the
circumstances under which the crime was committed or which
in general assist in the prosecution of the criminal. It
encompasses any and all objects that can establish that
crime has been committed or can provide a link between a
crime and its victims or a crime and its perpetrator.
 CHARACTERISTCS OF A FORENSIC CHEMIST
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 754
THE CHEMISTRY LAW OF 1952
A registered chemist is any person who is engaged in the
professional practice of chemistry, and is duly registered with the Board
of Chemistry and the PRC to undertake the professional practice of
chemistry.
A forensic chemist must:
1. Be able to spend hours rigorously applying analytical
techniques to evidence;
2. Clearly and concisely answers challenges to his findings;
3. Possess moral integrity.
 FUNCTIONS OF FORENSIC CHEMIST
Conduct qualitative and quantitative examination of dangerous drugs
as well as volatile substances (RA 9165 &PD 1619)
Conduct examinations of explosives and/or explosive ingredients (PD
1866).
Conduct examinations of firearms and paraffin casts to detect the
presence of gunpowder nitrates or gunpowder residue (GPR).
Conduct gunpowder examination of clothing to verify possible
gunshot distance.
Conduct chemico-toxicological examination of human internal
organs, gastric contents, blood water, food samples, and other
substances.
Conduct examination of fake products in case of unfair trade competition
(e.g., bleach, cement, cigarette, beer or liquor brand, etc.)
Conduct blood alcohol determination
Examine urine and bodily fluids for the presence of dangerous drugs.
Conduct research and training related to the cases being examined.
Deliver lectures on forensic chemistry and toxicology to police and military
training centers, investigative units schools, and universities.
Testify and provide expert opinion in court as well as after court duty as an
expert witness.
Respond to queries of all investigative units and render expert opinion
regarding matters related to the application of chemical principles, for the
purpose of assisting investigators in developing investigative leads.
Conduct field laboratory work and clandestine laboratory
investigation.
SCOPE OF FORENSIC CHEMISTRY
Forensic chemistry is not limited to purely chemical questions
involved in legal proceedings. It has invaded other branches of forensic
sciences such as but not limited to the following:
Legal Medicine
Ballistics
Questioned Document Examination
Dactyloscopy
Photography
 ROLES OF THE CHEMIST IN SCIENTIFIC CRIME SCENE
INVESTIGATION
1. Called upon to solve problems of extremely varied and unusual
nature
2. May be requested for the purpose of developing investigative leads,
establishing aggravating or mitigating circumstances
3. Determining the degree of physical injuries
4. Distinguishing murder from homicide and suicide.
5. Establishing facts constituting a criminal violation.
 GOLDEN RULES IN THE PRACTICE OF CHEMISTRY
1. GO SLOWLY  Take all time to make the test complete, no matter how urgent
or pressure is given. Others say that work must done slowly but surely.
2. BE THOROUGH  Make careful observation and conduct all sufficient analysis
before releasing a result to prevent mistakes. - In forensic, mistake is inevitable
because the life of other people depend on the result of their examination.
3. TAKE NOTES  Used laboratory notebook, photograph, voice recorder or
other means to record all your observations.
4. CONSULT OTHERS  Consulting others who already handled similar case can
help to speed up investigation at the same improving the performance in dealing
the case compared from the previously one.
5. USE IMAGINATION  Be imaginative and think ahead the outcome of the
analysis done.
6. AVOID COMPLICATED THEORIES  Explain in layman terms to
understand the chemical language for easily understanding by non-
expert.
TAKE NOTE:
Failure to consider the golden rules will contribute
to destruction of evidence/specimen. The other reasons
of forensic disaster are:
• Improper packing of specimen
• Failure of identification of specimen
• Improper precaution use in transmitting the specimen.
 GUIDING PRINCIPLESIN THE COLLECTION OF PHYSICAL
EVIDENCE
There are several guidelines in the collection of physical evidence.
These help ensure that the appropriate protocols are followed, resulting in the
generation of useful evidence.
1.Sufficiency of sample - sufficient weight, volume, or pieces of sample for
analysis should be submitted so that a series of lab tests can be performed
2.Standard for comparison - a standard should be submitted so that
comparative analysis can be performed and facilitate the evaluation of
unfair trade completion
3.Maintenance of individuality - different specimens should be packed
individually prevent to contamination
4.Labeling and sealing individually packed specimens should be
labeled and sealed properly to avoid confusion in the preparation of
requests and documentations.
 FOUR STAGES IN THE PRACTICE
OF FORENSIC CHEMISTRY
1. Collection or reception of specimen to be examined;
Sufficiency of samples
Standard for comparison
Maintenance of individuality
Labeling and sealing
2. Actual examination;
3. Communication of results of examination; and
4. Court appearance
 THE FORENSIC CHEMIST AS AN EXPERT WITNESS IN
COURT
A forensic chemist can be called in as an expert witness in a court
of law by virtue of the following qualifications:
1. EDUCATION - one must be a licensed/registered chemist,
preferably with a Master's or Ph.D. degree
2. TRAINING - one must have undergone trainings and seminars in
the field of forensics, and must be updated in the training of forensic
chemistry procedures in and outside the country
3. EXPERIENCE - one must have hands-on experience involving
laboratory procedures and must know how to answer court
inquiries about chemistry principles during court
presentation
 CHAIN OF CUSTODY
The chain of custody refers to a written record of all the
individuals who maintained unbroken control over certain items of
evidence. collected from a crime scene. This establishes the proof that
the items of evidence collected at the crime scene are the name items
being presented in a court of law, hence validating their origin.
The so-called "chain of custody" aims to establish several things:
The date and time at which the evidence was handled;
Those who had contact with the evidence; and,
What changes, if any, were made in the evidence.
 THE CRIME SCENE

EVIDENCE COLLECTOR
(COLLECTED, LABELED, RECORDED, AND STORED
EVIDENCES)

FORENSIC EXAMINER
(UPON LETTER REQUEST)

EVIDENCE CUSTODIAN
(EVIDENCE ROOM)

COURT PRESENTATION
Who maybe a Witness? (Eye Witness – one who saw the fatal act)

ORDINARY WITNESS  State facts and may not express his

opinions or conclusions. He may testify to impressions of common
experiments such as the speed of a vehicle, whether a voice was that
of a man, woman or child. Beyond this he is closely limited.
EXPERT WITNESS  One who posses a special skill, be it in art,
trade or science or one who has special knowledge not generally
known to men or ordinary education and experiments; one who is
skilled in some art and trade or science to the extent that he
possesses information not within the common knowledge of man.
The following are the four stages of work of a
forensic chemist, except:

a. Collection or reception of the specimen or

evidence to be examined
b. The actual examination of the specimen
c. Communication of the results of the
examination
d. Deciding the outcome of the examinations
Which of the is not included on the golden
rules in the practice of chemistry?

a. Go slowly
b. Be thorough
c. Take notes
d. Use complicated theories
 FORENSIC DRUG ANALYSIS
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF DRUG
SPECIMEN
In analysis of drug specimens, it is important to know the
qualitative and quantitative characteristics of said specimen. The results
of well executed drug analysis can be used as the basis upon which a
prosecutor can file a case against a suspect. In the drug parse
knowing the quantity is knowing the drug purity, while knowing the
quality simply means knowing the existence or the presence of
dangerous drugs on the specimen. Both qualitative and quantitative
analysis use the analytical method of identifying volatile substances and
dangerous drugs.
 STEPS IN CONDUCTING QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
1. PHYSICAL TEST  describing the physical properties of a
specimen by ocular inspection, weighing, or through microscopic
examination.
2. CHEMICAL (COLOR) TEST  specific reagent or series of reagent
is used for a presumptive test. Different reagents are used for
different dangerous drugs and examples include Simons Test,
Marquis Test, etc.
3. CONFIRMATORY TEST  There are three types of confirmatory
test: Tahin Layer Chromatography, Spectrophotometry (UIV and IR),
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometry.
4. REPORTING
 DRUG TEST
It is the determining the presence of drugs and its metabolites
in the human body through the fluids, commonly urine. Other
specimen that can be used in a drug test include the following:
a. Blood
b. Fingernails
c. Hair
d. Saliva
e. Sweat
f. Tissue
 VALIDITY TEST IN URINE SAMPLES
There are two reasons why we conduct validity test on
urine samples:
1. To analyze unobserved urine collection; and
2. To determine whether a urine sample that has been
submitted has been tampered.
 FORMS OF SPECIMEN TAMPERING
DILUTION  This is done by adding water to the urine
sample so that minimum required quantity sample can be
achieved. We have two types of dilution techniques; internal
dilution and external dilution.
SUBSTITUTION  This is done by replacing urine sample
with the urine sample of another person.
ADULTERATION  This is done by adding endogenous
substances at a concentration that is not a normal
physiological concentration.
 EXPLOSIVES
It refers to a substance containing a large amount of stored
energy, which is capable of undergoing a rapid chemical reaction.
Incendiary Explosive Device (IED) is an example of an explosive that
has been commonly used in several bombing incidents because of the
ubiquity of materials for its production and its low cost without
compromising its effectiveness as a bomb.
LOW EXPLOSIVES  consist of combustible substance and oxidant
that burns (deflagrates ) at speed level that range from cm/sec to 400
m/sec. Best examples is the blackpowder or gunpowder.
HIGH EXPLOSIVES  detonate instantaneously, burn more rapidly,
and create more pressure. Best example is a Dynamite.
DYNAMITE CONTENTS
1. Nitroglycerin; or
2. EGDN (Ethlyene Glycol Dinitrate)
SUPPORT COMPUNDS
Ammonia Gelatin
Sawdust wrapped in buff, red, white, or
orange wax paper
NITROGLYCERIN TYPE OF DYNAMITE
STRAIGHT DYNAMITE  Produces toxic
fumes that make them unsuitable for
underground or confined space blasting.
AMMONIA DYNAMITE  Tan to light brown
color, less cost and less sensitive than the
straight dynamite.
GELATIN DYNAMITE  Suitable for wet
blasting on tough rock or ore
AMMONIA-GELATIN DYNAMITE  Similar
characteristics as those of the gelatin
dynamite, but uses less costly ammonium
nitrate as part of the explosive
mixture.
RDX MIXTURE  Royal Demolition
Explosives

MILITARY DYNAMITE

C-4
 BOMBS
A hollow projectile with a generally spherical shape, containing
an explosive material and is made of iron. It is fired by concussion or
by time fuse.
Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) also known as roadside
bombs, are homemade bombs constructed and deployed in ways other
than those in conventional military actions.
Components of IED:
1. Switch
2. Power source
3. Initiator
4. Container
5. Explosives
 GUNPOWDER
GUNPOWDER OR PROPELLANT: The propellant is the
primary propulsive force in a cartridge which when exploded
will cause the bullet to be driven forward towards the gun
muzzle.
 THERE ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF
POWDER PROPELLANT USED
a. Black Powder  A mixture of potassium nitrate (75%), sulfur (10%)
and charcoal (15%).
b. Smokeless Powder  It may be: (1) Single Base — When it
contains either cellulose nitrate or nitroglycerine. (2) Double Base —
When the powder is composed of both cellulose nitrate and
nitroglycerine.
c. Semi-smokeless Powder  This is a mixture of 80% of black
and 20% of the smokeless powder. Smokeless powder causes
development of less flame and less powder residue as compared
with black powder.
 Gunshot Wound (GSW)
It is an open wound produced by the penetration of bullet slug
within the tissues of the body. The bullet which was propelled from
the gun as well as the flame from the heated expanded gases in short
range fire is the one that produces injury.

1.Contact  gun muzzle pressed against, or within an inch or two, of

the body.
2.Close discharge  6 inches to 2 ft.
3.Distance Discharge  over 2 ft. or 3 ft.
 DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN GUNSHOT WOUND OF
ENTRANCE AND WOUND OF EXIT
DIFFERENTIAL WOUND OF
WOUND OF EXIT
POINTS ENTRANCE
smaller than the
Size of the wound bigger than the missile
missile
Edge of the wound Inverted Everted
Shape of the wound Round or oval no definite shape
Contusion collar present in contact absent
Gunpowder tattooing and near contact fire absent
positive in contact and
Paraffin test negative
near fire
 POSSIBLE LOCATIONS OF NITRATES WHEN
BLACK POWDER EXPLODES
Residue of the barrel of the gun.
In or around the wound
On the clothing of the fired upon at close range
On the exposed surface of the hand of the person
firing the gun
 DETERMINING PRESENCE OF GUNPOWDER
Paraffin test - test performed to extract the nitrates
embedded in the skin.
Diphenylamine Test or DPA Test(Dermal nitrate test,
DPA, Lung’s Test, Gonzales Tests) – a test that determines
the presence and location of nitrate, chemical needed is
diphenylamine reagent. Test to determine the presence of
nitrates, a test to determine whether a person fired a gun or
not.
Discovered by: Teodoro Gonzalez of the Mexico City
 POSSIBILITIES THAT A PERSON MAYBE FOUND
NEGATIVE FOR NITRATES EVEN IF HE ACTUALLY FIRED
A GUN
Use if automatic pistol
Direction of wind
Wind velocity
Excessive perspiration
Use of gloves
Knowledge of chemicals that will remove the nitrates
 POSSIBILITIES THAT A PERSON MAYBE FOUND
POSITIVE FOR NITRATES EVEN IF HE DID NOT
ACTUALLY FIRED A GUN
It is possible that the gunpowder particles may have been blown on
the hand directly from the barrel of the gun being fired by another
person.
An attempt to shield the body by arising the hand in some instances
result in the implanting of powder particles on the hands of a person
close to one firing a gun.
 TESTS FOR GUNPOWDER NITRATES
1. GUNSHOT RANGE (GSR) TEST  When a gun is discharged,
gunpowder residue may also be deposited on the clothing of the
victim. The size and density found on the clothing as well as pattern
of gunpowder will determine the appropriate distance of the firer to
the victim. As the distance to the victim increases, the size of the
pattern increases while density decreases.
2. NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS  This refers to the use of
access to the nuclear reactor and facilitates to determine radiation.
3. GUNPOWDER RESIDUE TEST (GPR)  Diphenylamine reagent is
applied to cotton swabbing of the barrel and chamber of the gun to
determine if firearms were fired. A deep blue color results from the
reaction of nitrates with the reagent indicating the presence
of gunpowder residue.
It includes the description of the physical
properties of a specimen by ocular inspection,
weighing, or through microscopic
examination.

a. Physical test
b. Chemical (Color) test
c. Confirmatory test
d. Reporting
This is done by adding water to the urine
sample so that minimum required quantity
sample can be achieved.

a. Dilution
b. Substitution
c. Adulteration
d. Concubination
All, except one, are the components of the
Improvised Explosive Device.

a. Switch
b. Power source
c. Initiator
d. NOTA
 BLOOD AND BLOOSTAINS
Blood has been called the circulating tissue of the body. It is
referred to as a highly complex mixture of cells, enzymes, proteins, and
inorganic substances. It is the red fluid of the blood vessels. Blood is
opaque on the treatment with either, water or other reagents becomes
transparent lake color.
 COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
(40-45%) formed elements or the solid materials consisting chiefly of
cells namely:
Red Blood Cells or RBC (ERYTHROCYTES) around 4 – 5 millions
of red cell per cc. of blood. Red blood cells carry oxygen from our
lungs to the rest of our bodies.
White Blood Cells or WBC (LEUKOCYTES) - attacks and
destroys harmful microorganism and thus serve as one of the
body’s defenses against infections.
Blood Platelets (THROMBOCYTES) Platelets originate in bone
marrow and circulate in our blood. Their primary function is to prevent
and stop bleeding. If a blood vessel is damaged, the body sends
signals to platelets which cause them to travel to the injured area
(55%) PLASMA – The fluid or liquid portion of blood where
the cells are suspended. It is principally composed of:
1. Water ---- 90%
2. Solid ----- 10% ( largely protein in nature and consist of
albumen, several globulin’s and fibrinogen.
ALBUMINS - the most plentiful of the blood proteins.
GLOBULINS - broad category of blood proteins that help
transport fats throughout the body and help fight
infections.
FIBRINOGEN - helps the clotting of the blood.
 In the forensic aspect of blood identification, that is blood
grouping, our discussion will concentrate on the RBC and blood serum.
Serum is pale yellowish liquid just like the plasma.
SERUM is a straw – yellow liquid formed when clotted blood is
allowed to stand for sometime and the clot contracts.
 BLOOD COLLECTION

FLUID BLOOD are usually collected

from victims of crimes of violence, parent
and child in case of disputed parentage.
DRIED BLOOD OR BLOOD STAINS
are collected from smooth surface like
walls, finished floors, table tops, hard
surface like axe, hammer, knives,
stones, crowbars, glazed surface like
glass, tiles, automobiles, bulky objects
like blackboard, linoleum sheets, doors,
window frames, clothing, and
blood absorbed by the soil.
 BLOOD EXAMINATION
PRELIMINARY TEST  determine whether the stain contains
blood or another substance. Determines whether visible stains
do or do not contain blood. It is used to demonstrate the presence
of blood.
CONFIRMATORY TEST  determines whether bloodstain
really contains blood. Test that positively identifies blood.
PRECIPITIN TEST  determines whether blood is a human or
non-human origin, and if non human, the specific animal family
from which it originated.
BLOOD GROUPING TEST  determines the blood
group of human.
 THE PRELIMINARY TEST FOR BLOOD
(COLOR TEST) (CHEMICAL EXAMINATIONS)
 Benzidine Test or Benzidine Color Test (Adlers Test)
 Phenolphthalein Test ( also known as Kastle – Meyer Test)
 Guaiacum Test (Van Deen Test, Day’s or Schonbein’s Test)
 Leucomalachite Green Test
 Luminol Test
 BENZIDINE TEST (ADLER’S TEST)
Developed in 1904 by Oskar and Rudolf Adler.
This is an extremely sensitive test that can be applied to minute stain. For
many years the most commonly used preliminary test for blood. The Benzidine
test never fails to detect blood even when very old, decomposed stain with all
shorts of contamination is examined. The positive result is only indicative that the
blood maybe present.
REAGENT: Benzidine solution ( small amount of powdered benzidine
dissolved in glacial acetic acid) and 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide.
PROCEDURE: Place a small fragment/portion of the stained material on a
filter paper. Add a drop of benzidine solution and then drop of hydrogen peroxide
solution.
POSITIVE RESULTS: Intense blue color produced immediately
LIMITATION: Benzidine test is not a specific test for blood. Positive results
maybe obtained from substances as sputum, pus, nasal secretion, plant juices,
formalin, clay, gun. The reaction is weaker and produces faint coloration.
Benzidine test has the sensitivity up to 1:300,000 dilution.
 PHENOLPHTALEIN TEST
Invented by Joseph Hoeing Kastle modified by Erich Meyer
This is an alternative test to benzidine test. It can detect blood in a
dilution of 1:80,000,000 parts. A positive results with this test is highly
indicative of blood. The negative result is, therefore, valuable and is
conclusive as to the absence of blood.
REAGENTS: Phenolphthalein solution (1 – 2 grams phenolphthalein to 100
ml of a 25% KOH in water added with one gram zinc powder heated until
colorless) and 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide.
PROCEDURE: Place a small fragment/portion of the stained material on a
filter paper. Add a drop of phenolphthalein solution and then a drop of
hydrogen peroxide solution.
POSITIVE RESULT: Rose color develops or deep pink color or
permanganate color.
LIMITATION: Test is also given by copper salts, potatoes and
horseradish.
 GUAIACUM TEST
Discovered by Izaac Van Deen.
A fairly delicate test showing the presence of fresh blood in a
solution of 1:50,000 dilution. It may not react to very old stains.
REAGENTS: Fresh tincture of guaiac resin (Few lumps of this to 95%
alcohol, then filter) and 3% of hydrogen peroxide or few drops of
turpentine.
PROCEDURE: Place a small piece of the stained fabric on porcelain
dish. Soak with fresh tincture of guaiac. Add a few drops of hydrogen
peroxide.
POSITIVE RESULTS: Beautiful blue color that appears immediately.
LIMITATION: The test also reacts with saliva, pus, bile, milk,
rust, iron salts, cheese, gluten, potatoes, perspiration and
other oxidizing substances.
 LEUCOMALACHITE GREEN TEST
This is a test not as sensitive as the benzidine test
REAGENT: Leucomalachite Green solution (1gram leucomalachite
green dissolved in 48 ml. glacial acetic acid and diluted to 250ml. water)
and 3% hydrogen peroxide.
PROCEDURE: A small piece of the stained fabric on a filter paper. Add
a drop of leucomalachite green solution and after a few seconds add
drop of 3% hydrogen peroxide.
POSITIVE RESULTS: Malachite green with bluish green or
peacock-blue color
 LUMINOUS TEST
It is an important presumptive identification test for blood. The
reaction of luminol with blood results in the production of light rather
than color.
By spraying luminol reagent onto a suspect item, large areas can
be quickly screened for the presence of bloodstains. The sprayed object
must be located in a darkened area while being viewed for the
emission of light. (LUMINESCENCE). Luminol test is extremely
sensitive test. It is capable of detecting bloodstains diluted up to
10,000X. Luminol is known to destroy many important blood factors
necessary for the forensic characterization of blood, so its use should
be limited only to seeking out blood invisible to the naked eye.
 THE CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BLOOD
The actual proof that stain is blood consists of
establishing the presence of the characteristic of the red
blood cells of the blood.
Microscopic Test
Microchemical Test
Spectroscope Test
 MICROSCOPIC TEST
Useful for the demonstration of blood corpuscles for
making the distinction between mammalian, avian, piscine, and
reptilian blood and for the investigation of menstrual, lochial
and nasal charges. In short it differentiates mammalian,
avian, piscine and reptilian blood.
Take Note: The Mammalian red blood cells are circular,
biconcave disc without nucleus birds, fish and reptiles red
blood cells larger, oval and nucleated amphibians-animal living
on land breeding in water. Red blood cells are larger than
mammals, oval and nucleated.
 MICROCHEMICAL TEST
(MICROCRYSTALLINE TEST)

HEMOCHROMOGEN CRYSTAL OR TAKAYAMA TEST:

A fragment of the suspected material is placed on a slide glass
and a drop of hemochromogen reagent is added. A cover glass is
placed on top and heated gradually for a time, then examined under the
microscope. Crystals varying from salmon color to dark brown and
pink and which are irregular rhomboids or in clusters, may be seen.
This test is positive to any substance containing hemoglobin.
TEICHMANN’S BLOOD CRYSTALS OR HEMIN
CRYSTALS TEST
On the microscopic slide is placed fragments of the stain
and a drop of water with trace of sodium chloride added. Add
glacial acetic acid and evaporate to dryness under a cover slip.
Dark brown rhombic prisms of chloride of hematin are
formed. This is considered as the best of the micro-chemical
test.
ACETONE-HAEMIN OF WAGENHAAR TEST
A particle of dried stain or a fiber of the stained fabric is
placed on a glass slide and covered with a cover slip with a
needle interposed to prevent direct contact of the cover slip
with the slide. A drop of acetone is run under the cover slip so
that the material is surrounded and a drop of diluted oxalic or
acetic acid is then added. When examined under high power
microscope, small dark, dichroic acicular crystals of
acetone-haemin are seen.
 SPECTROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
This examination depends on the principle that blood pigments
have the power to absorb light of certain wave length and produce
certain characteristic absorption bands on the spectrum
Spectroscope Test – is the almost delicate and reliable test for the
determination of the presence of blood in both old and recent
stains. This is performed by means of an optical instrument known as
SPECTROSCOPE.
 BIOLOGIC EXAMINATIONS OF BLOOD

THE PRECIPITIN TEST

It is the standard test used to determine whether the stain/blood is of human or
animal origin
REAGENT: Precipitin/antiserum
PROCEDURE: Scrape off blood stain if on hard material. Powder the scrapings and exact
with saline solution. If the stain is cloth, paper or similar material, cut a small portion and
then place in a test tube and add extract with saline solution. Allow mixture to stand
overnight. Centrifuge to clean the solution. Dilute with saline solution. Layer an extract of
the bloodstain on top of the human antiserum/precipitin in a capillary tube.
POSITIVE RESULT: A white cloudy line or ring or band at the contact points of the fluid
that appears immediately or within one or two minutes.
LIMITATION: The precipitin reacts not only with blood proteins but also with
other body proteins as those as saliva, semen, mucus and other
body fluids.
AGGLUTINOGEN OR ANTIGEN
These are characteristic chemical structures or “principles” that is
found on the surface of each red blood cells which stimulates the
production of agglutinins or antibodies. There are two different
agglutinogens or antigens classified as AGGLUTINOGEN A OR
ANTIGEN A AND AGGLUTINOGEN B OR ANTIGEN B.
ANTIBODY OR AGGLUTININ
These are properties or “principles” contained in the serum which
cause agglutination or clumping together of the red blood cells. They
are antitoxic substances within the body which reacts when confronted
with a specific antigen to protect the system. There are two different
agglutinins classified as Anti-A and Anti-B. Agglutinins are
demonstrable in about 50% of newly born infants.
SUMMARY OF THE COMMON BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM
BLOOD GROUP AGGLUTINOGEN IN AGGLUTININ IN
RBC SERUM

A A Anti B

B B Anti A

AB A&B None

O O Anti A and Anti B

Attacks and destroys harmful microorganism
and thus serve as one of the body’s defenses
against infections.

a. Red blood cells

b. White blood cells
c. Blood platelets
d. Plasma
A straw – yellow liquid formed when clotted
blood is allowed to stand for sometime and the
clot contracts.

a. Plasma
b. Serum
c. Water
d. Oil
What is the dilution of the phenolphthalein
test?

a. 1:300, 000
b. 1:50, 000
c. 1:80,000,000
d. 1:80,000
All, except one, are the microchemical/
microcrystalline tests.

a. Takayama test
b. Hemin Crystal’s test
c. Acetone-haemin of Wagenhaar test
d. Spectroscopic test
 SEMEN
The semen is the viscid, albuminous fluid with faint
grayish yellow color, having the characteristic fishy odor, and
containing spermatozoa, epithelial cells, lecithin bodies and
other substances.
 Spermatozoon is a living
organism, normally present in the
seminal fluid consisting of a head,
neck and tail. It is from 50 to 55
microns in length.
There are 2.5 to 5.0 cubic
centimeters of semen per
ejaculation. The semen contains
60 million spermatozoa per cubic
centimeter, 80% of which are
motile after 45 minutes. After 3
hours not more than 20% become
abnormal in forms.
 The following specimens may be examined for
seminal fluid and spermatozoa:
1. Wearing apparel of the victim and of the alleged
accused.
2. Vaginal smear from the victim.
3. Stains on the body of the victim and of the accused.
4. Stains found at the site of the commission of the
offense.
 FORENSIC EXAMINATION OF SEMEN AND
SEMINAL STAIN
1. WET SPECIMEN  Here, a drop of fluid is placed on a glass slide
to which a few drops of distilled water are added. This is then
examined under a high-powered microscope to determine the
presence of sperm cells or spermatozoa. A spermatozoon has a
head and thin flagellate tail.
2. DRY SPECIMEN
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION  Dry semen has a stiff starchy
feeling when deposited on a piece of clothing. It may have a slight
deepening of color (grayish white sometimes yellowish) and
disappearance of odor. It also exhibits bright bluish
fluorescence under UV light.
CHEMICAL EXAMINATION
A. FLORENCE TEST: Place a cover slip over the dried stain on the
slide glass. Allow a drop of Florence solution to run under the slip.
Place the preparation under the microscope and if semen is
present, a group of crystals appears similar in color and in
shape as the hemin, but larger in size. The crystals are dark
brown, in clusters, rosettes, crossing over the microscopic field.
Value of the Test:
This test is produced by the action of iodine on choline, a natural
base found in many cells. It is not a specific test for spermatic fluid. The
test is not a proof of seminal fluid but only of the presence of some
vegetable or animal substance. A positive result is merely a
presumptive evidence of seminal fluid; a negative result means, in all
probability, it is not that of the seminal fluid.
B. BARBERIO'S TEST: To the spermatic stain on the slide glass, a
saturated solution (alcoholic or aqueous) of picric acid is added. The
preparation is placed under the microscope and needle shape crystals
with yellow color is produced. Some allege that this test is specific for
spermatic fluid. The reaction probably depends-on the presence of
spermatic secretion.
C. PURAMEN REACTION: This is based on the presence of
spermine in the prostatic fluid. A small part of the stain is
extracted with a few drops of saline and put into a micro tube
and to the extract is added a few drops of Puramen's reagent.
The tube is then placed in a refrigerator for a few hours. In a
positive reaction, a yellow precipitate of spermine flavianate
can be seen at the bottom of the tube. When examined
microscopically, the precipitate is found to consist of small
cross-like crystals of a characteristic shape. Puramen reaction
is found to be very reliable and rather characteristic of seminal
fluid.
ACID PHOSPHATASE TEST: The semen produces a very
high acid phosphatase activity as compared with other
body fluids (saliva, perspiration, urine, etc.) and common
vegetable and fruit juice stains. The method of estimating the
activity of a stain on clothings or other materials is to extract
with distilled water and perform the acid phosphatase
determination on the filtered extract.
Positive result: It become deep purple if semen is present
but will have no change in color if semen is absent. The test is
conclusive of the presence of semen.
 MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATIONS
A dried spermatic fluid stain on the slide is stained with
hematoxylin or methylene blue and counter-stained with eosin.
Examined under the microscope, under high power and under
oil immersion, spermatozoa and bacterial infection can be
seen. The presence of a complete spermatozoon will
undoubtedly infer the presence of seminal fluid, although
semen may be present without spermatozoa, such as in cases
of aspermia (semen without spermatozoa) or oligospermia
(semen with few spermatozoa).
 BIOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS

PRECIPITIN TEST (BIOLOGICAL TEST OF FARNUM):

This is a test to determine whether the semen is of
human origin or not.
This is used for the test of unknown semen in the same
way as blood precipitin is done.
 HAIR AND TEXTILE FIBERS
HAIR  is a specialized epithelial outgrowth of the skin
which occur everywhere on the human body except on the
palm of the hands and the sole of the feet. Hair is not
completely round but maybe oval flattened. Its width is not
always the same along its length. It starts out pointed and
narrow and then strays more or less the same.
 TWO KINDS OF HAIR
(AMONG ANIMALS INCLUDING
HUMAN BEING)
REAL HAIR ( generally along and
stiff)

FUZZ HAIR ( generally short, fine

at times curly and wooly)
 PARTS OF HAIR

ROOTS  portion embedded in the skin

SHAFT  portion above the surface of the skin. The
most DISTINCTIVE part of the hair.
TIP  sometimes termed point. The distal end of an
uncut hair.
 PARTS OF SHAFT
1. CUTICLE ( outermost covering of the hair. It is consist of one layer
of non-nucleated polygonal cells, which overlaps like the scales on a
fish.
2. CORTEX ( the intermediate and the THICKEST layer of the and is
composed of elongated, spindle-shaped fibrils which cohere. They
contain pigment granules in varying proportion depending on the
type of hair.
3. MEDULLA OR CORE ( the most characteristics portion of the hair. It
is the central canal of the hair that maybe empty or may contain
various sots of cells more or less pigmented and begins more and
less near the root.
Take Note: Certain hair has no medulla. Therefore hair can
be classified into two categories namely a) hair without
medulla b) hair with medulla.
 EXAMINATION OF HUMAN HAIR
Color; Melanin (brownish-black pigment in hair, skin, etc. it is the
chemical responsible for the color of the hair. Black and brown hair
differs only to the amount of melanin.
Length by actual measurement
Character of hair whether stiff, wiry or soft; Width (breadth)
Character of hair tip if present; Manner by which hair had been cut
Condition of root or base or bulb of hair
HAIR ROOT
Living Root  often found on hair in full growth
Dry Roots  dead roots
 THE MEDULLA
The diameter of the medulla is very little importance but the
relationship between the diameter of the medulla and the diameter of
the whole hair his of great importance
MEDULLARY INDEX or M.I (is the relationship between the diameter
of the medulla and the diameter of the whole hair. Its determination
is performed under a microscope with micrometer eyepiece.
HAIR WITH NARROW MEDULLA (less than 0.5 or 1/3) ( belongs to
human
HAIR WITH MEDIUM MEDULLA (approximate 0.5) (belongs to hair of
cow, horse, others.
HAIR WITH THICK MEDULLA (greater than 0.5 or 1/3) ( almost all
animals belong to this
 COMPARISON BETWEEN HUMAN AND ANIMAL HAIR
HUMAN ANIMAL
1. Medullary Index is less than 1. Medullary Index is more
0.5 than 0.5
2. Medulla may not be present 2. Medulla always present
3. Pigment granules are fine 3. Pigment granules are
coarse
 CHARACTERICS OF THE
DIFFERENT KINDS OF FIBERS
Cotton Fibers: Flattened, twisted
fibers with thickened edges. Irregularly
granulated cuticle. No transverse
markings. Fibers show spiral twist. Fibers
swell in a solution of copper sulphate and
sodium carbonate dissolved in ammonia.
It is insoluble in strong sodium hydroxide
but soluble in strong sulfuric acid and
partially dissolved in hot strong
hydrochloric acid.
Flax Fibers: Apex tapering to fine
point. Transverse sections are
polygonal and show a small cavity.
Hemp Fibers: Fibers show transverse lines
and consist of cellulose. Large oval cavities
are seen in transverse sections. The end is
usually blunt, and there is often a tuft of hair at
the knots. Stains are bluish-red with
phloroglucin, and yellow with both aniline
sulphate and weak solution of potassium iodide
saturated in iodine with sulfuric acid.
Abaca Fibers: Fibers are smooth without
transverse or longitudinal markings. The
cavities are large and uniform. The walls are
lignified. The tips are fine points.
Jute Fibers: Fibers are quite smooth without
either longitudinal or transverse marking
Wool Fibers: These fibers can easily
be distinguished from vegetable fibers
since the former show an outer layer of
flattened cells and imbricated margins
Silk Fibers: Manufactured silk is
almost structureless, microscopically.
Fibers stain is brown with iodine and
sulfuric acid and yellow with picric
acid.
Linen Fibers: Fibers are straight and
tapering to a point.
 THE VEGETABLE AND ANIMAL FIBERS MAY BE
DIFFERENTIATED AS FOLLOWS:
1. Ignition test:
a. Animal fibers  Burn and fuse; smell of burnt hair, fused and
globular; fume turns red litmus to blue.
b. Vegetable fibers  Rapid combustion, end charred and break
sharply; smell of burning wood; vapor turns blue litmus to red.
2. Chemical tests: Use of concentrated nitric acid:
a. Animal fibers  Turn yellow.
b. Vegetable fibers  No change in color.
3. Picric acid test:
a. Wool and silk  Yellow.
b. Cellulose  No change.

4. Millon's Reagent test:

a. Wool and silk  Turn brown.
b. Cellulose fibers  Turn black.
What will be produced if the result of a
Barbiero’s test is positive?

a. Crystals that are dark brown

b. Needle shape crystals with yellow color
c. Yellow precipitate of spermine flavianate
d. Deep purple color
The structure of the hair can be compared to
that of a pencil with the medulla being the
_____.

a. Paint
b. Lead
c. Wood
d. Cortex
How many pieces of hair is used in the
examination?

a. 6
b. 3
c. 8
d. No definite number
 GLASS AND GLASS FRAGMENTS AND FRACTURES
Glass is a super cooled liquid that possess high viscosity and
rigidity. It is a non-crystalline inorganic substance.
Glass is usually composed of oxides like SiO2 (silica), B2O3
(boric oxide), phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5). For commercial use silica
is the most important oxide. It is the base of commercial glasses. It
is made of silica sand and other metallic oxides. Oxide is for fluxing,
durability and reduction of viscosity.
 ANALYSIS/TEST FOR GLASS
SPECTROGRAPHIC TEST  an instrumental method of analysis
that determines the presence of trace element. Shows the
constituent elements of a glass. It will not give sufficient information to
establish the origin of the samples examined. A rapid examination
and an adequate method for glass analysis since it requires only a
small amount of sample.
X-RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS  not as effective as the
spectrographic analysis. Determines the type of pattern of glass.
The type of pattern depends upon the composition of glass.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES EXAMINATION  the most sensitive
method of determining differences of composition in glass samples
and it depends upon the study of the physical properties of glass.
Properties like specific gravity or density, refractive index.
ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT EXAMINATION 
determines the differences in the appearance of
their fluorescence thus indication of physical and
chemical differences.
POLISH MARKS  optical glass and other fine
glassware are usually polished. In the polishing of
glass fine marks are often left on the surface that can
sometimes serve as a basis of comparison.
 GLASS AS EVIDENCE OF CRIME
In the field of Forensic Chemistry, emphasis is placed
on:
Automobile glass in case of hit and run.
Broken windows caused by pressure, blow or bullet in
case of robbery.
Broken bottles, drinking glass or spectacles found at
the scene of assault or other crimes of violence.
 THE PRINCIPLE OF 3RS RULE FOR RADIAL CRACK
3Rs Rule – “Stress lines on a radial crack will be at right angle to the
rear side of the glass.”
The front side is referred to as the side that was struck.
Radial Fracture – primary fracture resembles the spokes of a wheel
radiating outward from the point of impact.
THE PRINCIPLE OF RFC RULE FOR CONCENTRIC CRACK
RFC Rule – “Stress lines on a concentric crack will be at right angle to
the front side” that is the side from which the blow came, rather than
the rear side.
Concentric Fracture – secondary fracture having the appearance of
circles around the point of impact connecting one radiating crack
to the other, thus forming triangular pieces of glass.
 METALLURGY (AS APPLIED TO CRIME DETECTION)
METALLURGY – is the art of extracting and working on metals by
the application of chemical and physical knowledge. Process of
extraction of metals in their pure form.
METALLOGRAPHY – is a branch of metallurgy that involves the
study of the microstructures of metals and alloys.
Metallurgy is applied to criminal investigation such as in:
Robbery
Theft
Hit and run
Bomb and explosion
Nail Examination
Counterfeit coins
Restoration of tampered serial numbers
TWO KINDS OF COUNTERFEIT COINS
CAST COINS  coins made in molds or
coins made by casting method. An
impression of genuine coin is taken by use of
plaster of Paris, clay, or bronze. The plaster
molds bearing the image of a good coin are
filled within a low temperature alloy made
with lead or tin. Sand molds are used for
high temperature metals such as copper or
silver alloys. Cast coin has poor imitation. It
can be easily detected. The surface is
usually pitted and uneven. The edges of
lettering and designs are rounded
instead of sharp.
STRUCK COINS  made by striking or
stamping method or these are coins made
by means of dies. Consists of making an
impression of a coin on a metal blank by
pressure. Stamping is done by way of steel
dies. Often well executed. Its detection is
not easy since weight, specific gravity,
composition may all be good. Careful
comparison of smaller details of the designs
with those of the genuine should be made.
 RESTORATION OF TAMPERED SERIAL NUMBERS
Tampered serial numbers are restored by the application of
etching fluid.
ETCHING FLUID  fluid used to restore tampered serial numbers.
Choice of etching fluid depends on the structure of the metal bearing
the original number.
 PETROGRAPHY AS APPLIED TO CRIME DETECTION
PETROGRAPHY  branch of geology that deals with the
systematic classification and identification of rocks, rock forming
minerals and soil. Also includes study of dust, dirt, safe insulation,
ceramics and other such materials, both natural and artificial.
 DUST AND DIRT
DUST AND DIRT  has been described
as “matter in the wrong place”. The
study of such piece of evidence may
often provide the investigator with clues
as to the occupation or previous
whereabouts of a person under
investigation.
DUST  matter which is dry and in finely
divided form
MUD  dust mixed with water.
 CLASSIFICATION OF
DUST

1. Dust deposited from the air

2. Road and footpath dusts
3. Industrial Dusts
4. Occupational Dusts
DRUGS (PRELIMINARY TESTS)
DRUGS TEST USED REACTIONS NOTED
Opium and derivatives Marquis Purple or violet color
Heroin Nitric acid Yellow or green color
Morphine Nitric acid Red orange to yellow
color
Cocaine Cobalt Thiocyanate Blue precipitate
Barbiturates Dillie-Koppanyi Violet color
Amphetamines a. Marquis a. Red orange to dark
b. Mandelin brown
b. Green to reddish
brown color
LSD PABA Purple color
Marijuana Duquenois-Levine Violet color
 TOXICOLOGY
Science of poisons: the scientific study of poisons, especially their
effects on the body and their antidotes
A poison is anything other than physical agencies which is
capable of destroying life, either by chemical action on the tissues
of the living body, or by physiological action by absorption into the
living system.
Legally, a poison is a substance which, if applied or administered
internally, has been applied or administered with the intention to kill or
to do harm.
The intent in the administration is the essential element in
law. The quantity does not affect culpability, nor is the law
concerned with the quantity in which the substance acts.
 TYPES OF POISONING
From Medical point of View:
a. Acute poisoning  characterized by a marked disturbance of
function or death within a short time.
b. Sub-acute poisoning  cases of short duration and extreme
violence which may include some symptoms of chronic poisoning.
c. Chronic poisoning  characterized by gradual deterioration of
function of tissues which may or may not result in death.
From the Legal Point of View:

a. Accidental  those in which the poison was taken without

intension to cause death.
b. Suicidal  those in which the poison was taken by the victim
voluntarily for the purpose of taking his own life.
c. Homicidal  those in which the poison was given willfully, wantonly
and with intent to cause death.
d. Undetermined  those in which the history is hazy as to how the
poison was obtained and why it was administered.
 CIRCUMSTANCES AFFECTING ACTION OF POISON
Method of Administration: Poisons may enter the body in the
following ways:
Orally  Except irritants and corrosives, poisons must be digested or
absorbed in the gastric or intestinal mucosa before producing effect.
Endodermically  The poison may be rubbed into and absorbed
through the skin.
By Rectum, Vagina or Bladder  Absorption through the rectum is
about twice as much as absorption through the mouth.
Fatal Dose: This is the smallest dose known to cause death: not the
smallest amount which will certainly cause death.
 TREATMENT OF PATIENT SUFFERING FROM ACUTE
POISONING
Evacuation of the Stomach
A long rubber tube is introduced to the mouth and allowed to
reach the stomach. Fluid must first be introduced into the stomach to
prevent the tube to come in close contact with its wall. Fluid is
withdrawn and introduced until traces of the poison are removed. The
procedure is contra-indicated in poisoning by corrosives on account of
the danger of tear or laceration of the stomach wall.
Administration of Emetics
Causing vomiting: causing a person or animal to vomit
Neutralization of the Poison that Remains in the Stomach.
Application of Physiological Antidotes  substance
that counteracts poison: a substance that counteracts
the effect of a poison or toxin.
ANTIDOTES
 Are agents which neutralize a poison or
otherwise counteracts its effect.
 Eliminating the Poison: The elimination of the poison is
aided by purgatives, sudorifics, and diuretics. Sweating may be
encouraged by hot bath, warm packing, and injection with
apomorphine
SUDORIFICS  causing production of sweat: causing the
production of sweat.
DIURETICS  causing increased urine output: causing
increased flow of urine.
 POSOLOGY
It refers to the branch of science which treats of the form
and quantity of medicine to be administered within a specific
period.
 KINDS OF DOSE
a. Safe dose  one that does not cause a harmful effect.
b. Toxic dose  a poisonous dose which is harmful to both healthy
and sick persons.
c. Lethal dose  a dose that would produce death if not immediately
treated to any one it comes in contact with.
d. Minimum dose  the smallest amount of dose which produces
therapeutic effect without causing any harm.
e. Maximum dose  a highest dose that will cause no harm but at
the same time will be able to produce the desired therapeutic
effect.
PRACTICE QUIZ
It is the fluid or liquid portion of blood where
the cells are suspended. It is principally
composed of water and solid.

a. Plasma
b. Semen
c. Blood
d. Serum
Which of the following is not included in the
proper way collecting and preserving hair as
evidence?
a. Don’t mix it with known sample.
b. Don’t mix hair found in different places
c. Secure hair samples to a piece of paper with
scotch tape
d. It should be placed in a folded paper or in a
white mailing envelop
Below are the roles of the forensic chemist in
the scientific criminal investigation, except;

a. Determining whether or not a place /location is

a clandestine laboratory.
b. Examination of marked bills/suspects during
entrapment (extortion case)
c. Taking paraffin test.
d. Filing the case in court.
PLt. Fukimo Mekuto conducts an examination
or test that will possibly identify blood or
determines whether the stains contain blood.
This test called:

a. Precipitin test
b. Confirmatory
c. Blood grouping
d. Preliminary
The following are the primary reasons which
may contribute to the disaster of evidence.
Which one is not included?

a. Improper packing of specimen.

b. Failure of identification of specimen.
c. Following the sequence in the chain of custody.
d. Improper precaution used in transmitting the
specimen.
What color of crystals is produced if the result
in the Barbiero’s Test is positive?

a. Blue
b. Purple
c. Yellow
d. Red
It is the secondary fracture having the appearance
of circles around the point of impact connecting
one radiating crack to the other, thus forming
triangular pieces of glass.

a. Radial fracture
b. Concentric fracture
c. Radius fracture
d. NOTA
What test produces blue color if the result is
positive?

a. Barberio’s test
b. Florence test
c. Guaiacum test
d. Precipitin test
Body fluid routinely tested because they are
good sources of cells.

a. Saliva and tears

b. Semen and saliva
c. Urine and blood
d. Semen and blood
In what mode of administration can poison be
rapidly absorbed?

a. Oral
b. Anal
c. Inhalation
d. Injection
A person who has fired a gun would be
positively identified when DPA solution is
used and the visible result is:

a. Blue speck with tailing

b. Bluish fluorescence
c. Green speck
d. Orange speck
The test used to determine the presence of
semen particularly in stained clothing.

a. Florence test
b. Barberio’s test
c. Microscopic test
d. UV test
As the bullet’s velocity increases, the central
hole of the glass becomes _____, cracking
patterns become simpler, and the exit hole
becomes wider than the entrance hole.

a. Smaller
b. Bigger
c. Wider
d. Broader
This test produces purple color if positive, and
used for opium and its derivatives.

a. zwikker’s test
b. Marquis test
c. Van urk test
d. Duquenois-Levine test
There is a prompt and marked disturbance of
function or death within a short period of
time. It is due either by taking strong poison
in excessive single dose or several doses at
short interval.
a. sub-acute poisoning
b. Acute poisoning
c. Chronic poisoning
d. Suicidal poisoning
This reagent produces a blue flaky precipitate
in the presence of cocaine. The test is not
reliable as many other drugs and diluents
respond in the same manner.
a. Dillie Koppanyi test
b. Cobalt Thiocynate test
c. Micro-crystalline test
d. Duquenois-Levine test
The structure of the hair can be compared to
that of a pencil with the medulla being the
______.
a. Paint
b. Lead
c. Wood
d. Cortex
The presumption or rule in gunshot wound
determination is that “in greater distance,
________.
a. Powder burns are densely packed
b. Density increases
c. Powder burns are less densely packed
d. The farther the bullet travels
A super cool liquid which possess high
viscosity and rigidity.

a. Lime
b. Soda
c. Glass
d. Gel
A branch of science that treats of the form and
quantity of medicine to be administered
within a certain period.

a. Toxicology
b. Serology
c. Biology
d. Posology
This is a simple test for distinguishing blood
stain from other substances.

a. Diphenylamine
b. Hydrochloric acid
c. Benzidine
d. Florence test
Which evidence is most likely to be analyzed
by a forensic chemist?

a. Paint flakes
b. Carpet fibers
c. Blood
d. Hallucinogens
This is where the techniques and the
principles of both physical and natural
science are applied and practiced to analyze
crime scene evidence.

a. Chemistry Laboratory
b. SOCO Team
c. Forensic Laboratory
d. Crime Laboratory
Mr. Jack Ulero has been found to have a low
sperm count. His condition is known as
_____.

a. Aspermia
b. Oligospermia
c. Impotency
d. All of the above
All, except one, are the confirmatory tests for
blood that determines whether stain is really
blood.

a. Microscopic test
b. Biological test
c. Microchemical test
d. Spectroscopic test
If you have an Antigen A, what would be your
possible blood type?

a. Type A
b. Type B
c. Type AB
d. Type kita
• EE
 “You can’t
change your future,
but you can
change your habits,
and surely your habits will
change Your future.”
- A.P.J ABDUL KALAM
 ARC!!!
A – ko’y magiging
R – egistered
C - riminologist