CHEMISTRY AND MATTER  Examples: hydrogen (H), carbon (C),

nitrogen (N), iron (Fe)

 CHEMISTRY is the study of matter
and the changes it undergoes.
 MATTER is defined as anything that Compound
has mass, occupies space and is made  Consists of two or more different
up of particles. elements that are chemically
STATES OF MATTER combined in definite ratios
Solids  The properties of the compounds are
 Has a fixed volume and shape different from the properties of their
 Changes very little as temperature elements
and pressure change slightly.  Examples: NaCL, H2O, CO2
 Particles are close together
 Exhibit high attractive forces and very MIXTURE
short distances between particles  A physical combination of two or more
Liquids substances (elements or compounds)
 Has a fixed volume but assumes the  Can either be homogenous or
shape of the container it fills heterogenous
 Particles are close together but not Homogenous Mixture
held rigidly in position  One in which the components are
 Attractive forces are greater than uniformly distributed
those in gases but lower than those in  Composition is uniform throughout
solids  Solution – a homogenous mixture of
Gases two or more substances which are
 The volume of a gas varies chemically unreactive. All solutions are
considerably in response to either homogenous mixtures. Composed of
temperature or pressure the solute and solvent.
 Conforms to both the shape and  Solute – the substance present in the
volume of the container it fills smaller amount
 Particles are randomly spread apart  Solvent – the substance present in
and have complete freedom of the larger amount. Water is the
movement universal solvent.
 Attractive forces are significantly lower  Solubility – the property of a solute
in solids and the distance between the (solid, liquid, or gaseous chemical
particles is markedly greater substance) to dissolve in a solid,
liquid, or gaseous solvent.
TYPES OF MATTER (Substance or
Mixture) Heterogenous Mixture
SUBSTANCES  Made up of two or more different
 Can either be an element or a substances that remain physically
compound separate
 Has a definite composition and distinct  No chemical bonds are formed
properties between the mixed substances
Element  Have more than one phase and the
 Cannot be separated into simpler composition of the mixture is not
substances by chemical means uniform throughout
 Cited in the periodic table of elements
 The chemical symbol of an element is PROPERTIES OF MATTER
represented by uppercase letter, or an
uppercase letter followed by a Physical Properties
lowercase one.
  Characteristics that can be observed
or measured without changing the
composition of the substance
 Intensive properties – properties
which do not depend on the amount of
matter (temperature, density, boiling
point, concentration, solubility)
 Extensive properties – properties
which depend on the amount of
matter (mass, energy, momentum,
volume, number of moles)

Chemical Properties
 The ability of a substance to combine
with or change into one or more other
substances
 Heat of combustion, enthalpy of
formation, toxicity, electronegativity,
oxidation

PHYSICAL CHANGE
 Alters a substance without changing
its chemical identity.
 No new substance is created and no
formation of new chemical bonds
occurs during a physical change.
 Occur when substances are mixed but
do not chemically react.
 Phase changes – vaporization,
condensation, freezing, sublimation,
melting and boiling

CHEMICAL CHANGE
 Involves making or breaking chemical
bonds to create new substances
 Oxidation-reduction (Redox)
reactions – loss or gain of electrons
 Iron rusting, metabolism of food,
burning of wood and all chemical
reactions
  The equation for temperature
conversion from °F to °C is: T(°F) =
[1.8 × T(°C)] + 32.
 To convert temperature from °F to K,
firstly convert temperature from °F to
MEASUREMENT °C, then con-vert from °C to K.
 Measurement is the process of  Accuracy is how close a
comparing an unknown quantity with measurement is to the accepted value
another known quantity of its kind. (or true value).
 Fundamental physical quantities  Precision is how close measurements
cannot be defined in terms of other of the same thing are to one another.
physical quantities. Examples: Rules for determining the significant
length, time, mass, temperature and figures:
amount of a substance.  Any non-zero digit is significant:
 Derived physical quantities can be 342156798 contains 9 SF.
defined in terms of the fundamental  Zeros between non-zero digits are
physical quantities. Examples: significant: 2008.0305 contains 8 SF.
volume, area (surface), density,  Zeros to the left of the first non-zero
energy and concentration. digit are not significant: 0.000211
 Scalar quantities can be fully contains 3 SF.
defined by only their magnitude  Zeros to the right of the last non-zero
(without direction). Examples: digit are significant if a decimal point
temperature, mass, density, distance, is present: 20.0 contains 3 SF.
time and energy.  Zeros to the right of the last non-zero
 Vector quantities are fully defined in digit are not significant if a decimal
terms of magnitude and direction. point is not present: 45000 contains 2
Examples: displacement, velocity, SF.
acceleration and force.
 The SI basic unit of mass is kg, the Rules for rounding off numbers:
SI basic unit of the amount of  If the number is less than 5, round
substance is mol and the SI basic unit down (example: 3.162 is rounded
of temperature is denoted by K. down to 3.16 when rounded off to 3
 The SI derived unit of volume is m3. SF).
The unit liter (L) is more commonly  If the number is greater than 5, round
used. One liter equals one decimeter up (example: 2.2326 is rounded off to
cubed (dm3) and 1 m3 equals 1000 L. 2.233 when rounded off to 4 SF).
The SI derived unit of density is kg  When the first digit deleted is 5, and 5
m−3 since density equals m/V. is the last digit or followed by zeros,
 The prefixes used with the SI unit make the preceding digit even:
related to multiplication are denoted 3.295 is rounded up to 3.30 when rounded to
by a capital letter, except for kilo- 3 significant figures.
which is denoted by a lowercase “k”: 1 3.125 is rounded down to 3.12 when rounded
Mg (megagram) equals 1,000,000 g. to 3 significant figures.
 The prefixes used with the SI unit 3.05 is rounded down to 3.0 when rounded to
related to division are denoted by 2 significant figures (0 is an even digit).
small letters: 1 mg (milligram) equals 3.125000 is rounded down to 3.12 when
0.001 g. rounded to 3 significant figures (5 is followed
by zeros).
Temperature conversion: 3.285687 is rounded up to 3.29 when
 The equation for temperature rounded to 3 SF (5 is not the last digit).
conversion from °C to K is: T(K) =
T(°C) + 273.
 Scientific notation is very useful for amount of a substance are fundamental
writing results of calculations with respect to quantities.
the rules of significant figures. In scientific 14. Temperature, mass, length and amount
notation, numbers are written in the form (n of a substance are fundamental quantities.
× 10m) where n is a number written with 15. Density, volume and pressure are derived
only one digit before the decimal point. quantities.
16. Force is a vector quantity. It needs to be
Example: 8.9 × 56 = 5.0 × 102 (2 SF) fully defined by magnitude and direction.

1. Temperature cannot be defined in terms of

other fundamental physical quantities.
Temperature is a fundamental quantity and
its SI unit is K.
2. Density (ρ) is the ratio of mass (m) and
volume (V) of a substance (ρ = m/V), so it
can be defined in terms of the fundamental
physical quantities mass and length (volume
= length × length × length).
3. Volume (V) is a derived quantity (volume
= length × length × length). It can be fully
defined by magnitude only (without
direction), so volume is a scalar quantity. The
SI unit of volume is m3.
4. Mass is a fundamental quantity, and its SI
basic unit is kg. 5. Amount of substance is
fundamental quantity, and its SI basic unit is
mol. 6. Pressure is a derived quantity, and its
SI unit is Pa.
7. Energy is a derived quantity, and its SI
unit is J.
8. Length is a fundamental quantity, and its
SI unit is m.
9. Time is a fundamental quantity, and its SI
unit is s.
10. Concentration (C = n/V, where n is the
number of moles of the substance and V is
the volume) is a derived scalar quantity. Its
SI unit is mol m−3.
11. Temperature, mass and length are
fundamental quantities. Pressure is a derived
quantity.
12. Volume, concentration and density are
derived quantities. Temperature is a
fundamental quantity.
13. Force is a derived quantity and its SI unit
is N (= kg m s–2). Temperature, time and