Lesson 1: Gas (or vapor)

Chemistry is the CENTRAL SCIENCE • no fixed volume or shape

• You can compare things you have heard and read to • conforms to the volume and shape of the container
what you know how molecules behave. If there is a
glaring contradiction, you can easily reject false • gas molecules are far apart and moving at high
information. speeds

• You won’t be taken advantage of somebody else’s Liquid

personal gain. • has distinct volume independent of its container
Chemistry is study of matter, its composition, • has no specific shape and only assumes the shape of
structure, properties and the changes that matter its container
undergoes
• liquid molecules are packed closely together but
Importance of chemistry in engineering they can freely move allowing liquid to pour easily
1. Engineering materials Solid
2. Energy resources • has definite shape and definite volume solid
3. Roles of chemistry in environment molecules are packed tightly together, usually in
definite arrangements, and cannot freely move
Matter around

• is the physical material of the universe • Changes in temperature and/or pressure can lead to
conversion from one state of matter to another,
• has mass and occupies illustrated by such familiar processes as ice melting
• contain a single element or can be the result of the or water vapor condensing.
combination o felements Composition of matter
• there are 118 known elements (American Chemical • most of the matter that we are encountering are not
Society, retrieved 2024) which can be found in the chemically pure.
periodic table of elements
Pure substance
Atom
• is a matter that has distinct properties and a
• the almost infinitesimally small building blocks of composition that does not vary from sample to
matter sample
• each element is composed of unique kind of atom • Example: table salt (sodium chloride), water
Molecule (chemical formula: H2O)

• two or more atoms that are joined together in Pure substance

specific shapes • All pure substances are either an element or a
Classification of matter compound. • Element

• Matter is classified in two ways: according to • substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler
physical state and according to composition substances.

• Physical states: solid, liquid, gas • composed of only one kind of atom

• Composition: element, compound or mixture Compounds

States of matter • substances composed of two or more

elements • matter changes its physical structure, but not its
composition.
• contain two or more kinds of atom
• due to thermodynamic difference, water molecules
• Example: water (contains 2 hydrogen absorb energy from its surroundings and undergo
atoms, 1 oxygen atom) phase change from solid to liquid.

Mixtures Chemical change

• consists of mixtures of different substances, called, • also called chemical reaction

components of the mixture. • substance is transformed into a chemically different
• each substance in a mixture retains its chemical substance
identity and properties. • Example: rock may contain • chemical bonds between atoms must break and form
various metal elements to generate a new substance
Homogeneous mixture Separation of mixtures
• mixtures that are uniform throughout • Chemical and physical properties can be taken
• also called solutions; although this term may advantaged of two separate components of a mixture.
conjure image of a liquid, it can either be solid, liquid Electrolysis of water
or gas.
• Water decomposes into its component elements,
• Food grade alcohol hydrogen and oxygen, when electrical current is
Heterogeneous mixtures passed through it.

• not uniform in composition throughout • Water (a compound) dissociates into hydrogen gas
(an element) and oxygen gas (an element).
• Example: rock sample – may
Units of measurement
contain various metals;
• Many properties of matter are quantitative, that is,
Properties of matter associated with numbers. When a number represents
a measured quantity, the units of that quantity must
• can be categorized as physical or chemical. • every
be specified. • Example:
substance has unique properties. • physical properties
can be observed without changing the identity and • Length of a pencil: 17.5 centimeters (cm)
composition of the substance which include color,
odor, density, melting point, boiling point, and • Time it took a person to review: 5 hours (h)
hardness. chemical properties describe the way a Accuracy and precision
substance may change, or react, to form other
substances; an example of which is flammability • Accuracy: closeness of a value to the true value
which is the ability of a substance to burn in the
presence of oxygen. • Precision: closeness of a given set of values to each
other
Properties are considered to be either intensive or
extensive. • an extensive property is a property that Significant figures
depends on the amount of matter, such as mass, • Zeroes to the left of the first non-zero digit are not
volume, and length. • intensive properties are those significant.
that are independent of amount of matter that a
substance has such as temperature, melting point, and • If a number is greater than 1, then all zeroes to the
density. right of the decimal point are significant.

Physical change
• If a number is less than 1, then only the zeros that base unit of seconds. Multiple units are defined for
are at the end and in the middle of the number are convenience rather than necessity.
significant.
Derived units, are obtained in two ways:
By multiplying or dividing base or multiple units (cm 2,
ft/min, kg m/s2). Derived units of this type are also
Rules of significant figures in calculations called compound units.
• Addition/subtraction: The number of decimal places As defined equivalents of compound units (e.g. 1 lbf
in the result = 32.2 lbm ft/s2)
Scientific notation
should equal the least number of decimal places of
any term in the
• Some of the quantities used in chemistry consist of
sum or difference.
very large or very small numbers and can be tedious
to write.

Units and dimensions • Scientific notation is used as an abbreviation for very

large numbers.
• Dimension is a property that can be measured, e.g.
length (L), time(t), mass (M), or temperature (T). • Example:
• The number of population in the world is
• From these, other dimensions can be calculated by 8,200,000,000. It is more convenient to write it in
multiplying or dividing the basic dimensions, such as scientific notation as: 8.2 x 109 persons.
velocity (L/t), volume (L3), or density (M/L3).
• The diameter of a hair strand is about 0.000020
• Units are specific values that have been defined by meters. It is more convenient to write it in scientific
convention, custom or law, such as grams for mass, notation as: 20 x 10-6 meters.
seconds for time, and centimeters for length. SI or metric prefixes
• Units are important for effective communication
and standardization of measurements.

Systems of units

1. The English System (FPS) - first system to be

developed which is based on biological standards

2. The Metric System (CGS) - units are based on

decimal system, related on powers of 10

3. The Systeme International d’Unites (SI)-

measurement system that covers the entire field of
science and engineering based on physical rather than
biological standards

Systems of units

A system of units has the following

DIMENSION DESCRIPTION UNIT
components:
DEFINITION OF UNIT SYMBOL QUANTITY
Base units: basic units such as mass, length, time,
temperature, electric current and light intensity The meter is the length of m the path traveled by light
in a vacuum during a time interval of (1/299 792 458)
Multiple units, which are defined as multiples or
of a second
fractions of base units such as minutes, hours,
milliseconds, all of which are defined in terms of the Length Measures distance meter
The kilogram is equal to the kg mass of the • Units can either be multiplied together, divided into
international prototype of the kilogram. The primary each other, or “cancelled”.
standard is a cylinder of Platinum-Iridium alloy. This
cylinder is kept in the Bureau of weights and • It ensures that solutions to problems yield the
measures in Paris, France. Measures the amount of proper units.
matter kilogram contained in an object; heaviness or • Moreover, it provide a systematic way of solving
lightness many numerical problems and of checking solutions
Time, is the fraction (1/273.15) of the triple point of for possible errors. • The key to using dimensional
water analysis is the correct use of conversion factors to
change one unit into another.
Temperature Kelvin, the unit of K thermodynamic
temperature • A conversion factor is a fraction whose numerator
and denominator
The mole is the amount of mol substance of a system
which contains as many elementary entities as there are the same quantity expressed in different units. •
are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon-12.Also called For example, 2.54 cm. and 1 in. are the same length
as “material mole quantity”; it is an expression of the since 2.54 cm is equivalent to 1 in. This relationship
number of particles in a sample. allows us to write two conversion factors:

The ampere is the constant A current which if • Say, we need to convert the length of an object to
maintained in a two (2) straight parallel conductors of centimeters which has a length of 8.5 inches.
infinite length, of negligible circular cross section, • We then ask ourselves what conversion factors we
and placed 1 meter apart in a vacuum, would produce have available
between these conductors a force equal to 2 x 10-7
Newton per meter of length Mass

SI or metric prefixes

Conversion of units and conversion factors

Rules in handling units

1. Treat the units as you would with the algebraic

symbols.

2. Add, subtract or equate numerical quantities only if Length

the units of the quantities are the same.

3. In multiplication and division, you can multiply or

divide units but you cannot cancel them out unless
they are the same.

4. When a compound unit is formed by multiplication

of two or more units, its symbol must be consist of
the symbols for the separate units joined by a center
dot ( ). Do NOT use hyphens. Volume
5. Positive and negative exponents may be used with
symbols for units.

6. If a compound unit is formed by division of one

unit by another, its symbol must be consist of the
symbols of the separate units either separated by
solidus (/) or multiplied by using negative powers.

Dimensional analysis
 Earth’s oceans contain approximately 1.36 x 10 9 km3
of water. Calculate the volume in liters.

Pressure

What is the mass in grams of 1.00 gal of water? The

density of water is 1.00 g/mL.

Work or Energy

Temperature

• The temperature scale commonly used in science

are the Celcius and Kelvin scales.

• The Celsius scale was originally based on the

assignment of 0 °C to the freezing point of water and
100 °C to its boiling point at sea level.

• The Kelvin scale is the SI temperature scale, and the

SI unit of temperature is the Kelvin (K). Zero on the
Kelvin scale is the lowest attainable temperature, -
Sample Problems 273 °C, referred to as absolute zero. • Kelvin and
Celsius scales are related according to the equation:
If a woman has a mass of 115 lb, what is her mass in
grams? K= C + 273

• The common temperature scale in the

The average speed of a nitrogen molecule in air United States is the Fahrenheit scale, which
at 25 °C is 515 m/s. Convert this speed to miles is not generally used in science. Water
per hour. freezes at 32 °F and boils at 212 °F. The
Fahrenheit and Celsius scales are related
according to the equations:

• Rankine and Fahrenheit is related by the equation:

• Rankine and Kelvin are absolute temperature scales.
Meaning to say,

both do not have a negative scale. The relationship

between Rankine and Kelvin is described as:

• A change in Celsius is equivalent to a change

in kelvin

Volume
• A change in Fahrenheit is equivalent to a
change in Rankine

Sample Problems

The temperature of flowing lava on average is

about 1000 . Express this temperature in ,
, and .

Density
amount of space occupied by matter
• defined as the amount of mass in a unit
volume of a substance:

• t h e d e n s
A weather forecaster predicts the temperature will
reach 31 °C. What is this temperature (a) in K, (b) in
°F?

Ethylene glycol, the major ingredient in antifreeze, commonly expressed in either grams per
freezes at -11.5 °C. What is the freezing point in (a) cubic centimeter or grams per milliliter.
K, (b) °F? • It is no coincidence that the density of water
is 1.00 g/ml; the gram was originally defined
 as the mass of 1 mL of water at a specific
temperature.

• Because most substances change volume

when they are heated or cooled, densities
are temperature dependent, and so
temperature should be specified when
reporting densities.

• If no temperature is reported, we assume 25 What is the mass in grams of a cube of gold (

°C, close to normal room temperature.
) if the length of
• If we combine two liquids that do not mix,
the cube is 2.00 cm?
the less dense liquid will float on the denser
liquid.

• Density is an intensive property and does not

change according to mass of a substance.

Supplementary problems

A metal bar has dimensions of 2.5 cm by 1.25

cm by 5.30 cm. What is its volume and how
many significant figures should be reported?
Suppose that the bar has a mass of 104.75 g,
what is the bar’s density in g/mL and how many
Sample Problems significant figures should be reported?
Calculate the density of mercury if 1.00 x 10 2 g
occupies a volume of 7.36 cm3.

Calculate the volume of 65.0 g of liquid

methanol (wood alcohol) if its density is 0.791
g/mL. Elixophyllin, a drug used to treat asthma, is
given to a patient at a dosage of 6 mg/kg of
body mass. Calculate the dose in milligrams An engineer, who is studying the behavior
given to a 190-lb person. of a noble material in the arctic regions,
proposes a new temperature scale called
D. The boiling point of water in this new
temperature scale is 500 D and its melting
point is 230 D. Using this data, find the: a.
equation for converting to D

 equivalent of 535 K to D

 equation for converting F to D

 equivalent of 1000 D to R

The water under a bridge is flowing at rate of 5

ft3/s. Convert this volumetric flowrate to
m3/day.

A facility engineer wants to determine the

monthly cost of operating the lights on a
5-storey building. There are a total 20
pieces of LED panel lights within this
building, with each panel requiring 10-W
of power. If the lights are to be operated
for 6 hours a day and 30 days a month,
how much will be the monthly cost to
operate the lights if electricity utility cost
is Php 20.00/kWh?
According to the project design, the proponent The ideal gas law mathematically describes the
engineer calculated that a pump with a rating of relationship between the properties of a perfect
6.35 x 105 ft lbf/min must be installed to
gas:
generate enough water flow. However, the
local market only sells 5-hp pump, 10-hp pump, In SI unit, the value of the constant R is 8.314
20-hp pump, and 50-hp pump. Which pump
must be selected to be installed? . Convert and determine the value of
the gas constant in:

a.)
b.)
c.)

The speed of light measured in vacuum is 2.998

x 108 m/s. What is this speed in:
a. mph to top if they are poured together in a
container?
b. kph

Convert the temperature readings:

In the year 2007, an estimated amount of 31

billion metric tons of carbon dioxide was
emitted worldwide due to fossil fuel
combustion and cement production.
Express this amount in:
a. kilograms
b. pound mass

Convert thermal conductivity of to

Three liquid substances, mercury (

), water, and
cyclohexane ( )
are immiscible or do not form a solution when
mixed with each other. What will be the
arrangement of these substances from bottom