STRUCTURAL FRAME by:

Associate Professor Ts. Dr. Narimah Kasim

Dr. Hilyati Sabtu @ Othman
CONTENTS
• Definition
• Frame Structure Elements
• Forces in Frame Element
• Stability and 2 Dimension Indeterminate Frame
• Internal and External Forces
DEFINITION
FRAME STRUCTURE
• They are structures that have a skeleton associated with
them.
• Example- Leaves with frame structures and skin on
them. If they have no “skin” on them, they are
called “open frame”.
• An example of a natural open frame structure is
the spider's web.
FRAME STRUCTURE
• Frame is a structure which consists of one or more structure members with
fixed connection.
• Trusses is one of the frame in two or three dimensions.

Two Dimension Frame Three Dimension Frame Portal frame

FRAME STRUCTURE
• Complex of columns, and beams, girders, spandrels, and trusses
connected to one another.
• The columns anchored in a foundation, as well as other components
or members necessary for the stability of a structure.
• Floors and roof panels, not connected to the columns (and called
secondary members) are not considered part of the structural frame.
 Spandrel

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Roof truss
FRAME STRUCTURE
• Frames are structures that always contain at least one member acted on
by forces at three or more points.
• Frames are constructed and supported so as to prevent any motion.
• Frame like structures that are not fully constrained are called machines or
mechanisms.
FRAME STRUCTURE
FRAME STRUCTURE
FRAME STRUCTURE
MASS STRUCTURE
• Mass structure can be made by piling up or forming similar materials into
a particular shape or design such as a dam.

• There are two types of mass structures: the natural mass structure and
manufactured mass structure.

• Mass structures are structures made by humans but with the materials
from nature such as pyramids, dams, a brick, rock.
MASS STRUCTURE
FRAME STRUCTURE
ELEMENTS
Frame Structure Element
• Frame Structure Elements:
• Complex of columns
• Beams,
• Girders,
• Spandrels, and
• Trusses

• A frame is a system composed of beam elements.

FORCES IN FRAME ELEMENTS
Forces in Frame Element
• Firstly you need to distinguish between applied forces (loads) and resisting forces.
Remember that support reactions are considered as applied forces.

• Secondly you need to distinguish between the structure as a whole and the individual
members.

• The same loads can be applied to a truss, a frame or a beam considered as a whole
structure. The difference lies in the response of the members (the resisting forces).
Forces in Frame Element
• Frames contain members that are linked by joints that can transmit a moment
from one member to the next. These members offer resisting moments and
are thus like beams.

• Not all the joints need to be able to transmit moment and not all the
moment may be transmitted.

• Consequently frames may have reactions that are simple forces, moments
or both.
STABILITY AND 2 DIMENSION
INDETERMINATE FRAME
STABILITY AND 2 DIMENSION
INDETERMINATE FRAME
• Frame consist of connected truss and column. Example:
STABILITY
• Structure is in stability when structure has been imposed by the force is in equilibrium. The
reaction forces equivalent to three.

• The stability of the structure is defend to the supports and the position of the
supports.

• Structure is unstable due to less of supports - statically unstable.

• Structure is unstable due to the position of the supports – geometrically unstable.

INDETERMINATE STRUCTURE
• Indeterminate – structure must be stable.
• Indeterminate can be divided into 2:
(1) Indeterminate toward support (statically determinate or statically
indeterminate)
(2) Indeterminate toward number of members (statically determinate
(internal) or statically indeterminate (internal))
(1) Indeterminate Toward Support
• (a), (b) , (c) structures in in stable. (reaction forces =3)

(a) (b)

(c)
(2) Indeterminate toward number of members

• For frames and trusses, the number of members will take into account
whether the structures is stable or unstable.

• There is also to identify whether the structures can be solved by

equilibrium equation or not.
(2) Indeterminate toward number of members

Statically Determinate Statically indeterminate (internal)

Unstable Truss
(internal) Truss Truss
• For every section, there is three parameter which not identified; axial force,
shear force and bending moment.

• Symbol:
• m = number of members
• r = number of reactions (r=1 roller support, r=2 pined support, r=3
fixed support)
• j = number of joint
• c = number of situation equation, c is number of member which meet into
pinned joint (not included pinned support) and minus with one.
• Stability and indeterminate of rigid frame:
• (a) 3m+r<3j+c, frame is unstable

• (b) 3m+r=3j+c, frame is stable and statically

determinate

• (c) 3m+r>3j+c, frame is stable and statically

indeterminate

• (b) and (c) will not guarantee frame stability

• Degree of indeterminate = (3m+r)-(3j+c)

Exercise
• Determine whether this frame is stable and can be determined statically
or not. Find the degree of indeterminate.
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL
FORCES
INTERNAL & EXTERNAL FORCES
• Forces can be categorized as internal forces or external forces.

• External forces on structures are stresses that act on a structure from

outside the structure.

• These forces produce internal forces, or stresses, within the materials

from which the structure is made.

• These internal stresses can change the shape or size of a structure

and is called deformation.

• This deformation can lead to repair of the damage to the structure, or

failure of the structure.
External Forces
• A dead load is a permanent force, acting on a structure.
• This includes the weight of the structure itself.
• A live load is a changing, or non-permanent force acting on a structure.
• This includes the force of the wind and the weight of things that are in
or on a structure.
• Impact forces (things that collide with the structure) are another type of
live load.
Internal Forces
• Forces which hold an object together when external forces or other loads
are applied.

• Internal forces are sometimes called resisting forces since they resist the
effects of external forces.
Internal Forces
• Before a structural member can be proportioned, it is necessary
to determine the force and moment that act within it.

Internal Forces Position

• The internal load at a specified point in a member can be determined by using the
methods of section. This requires that a ‘cut’ or section be made perpendicular to
the axis of the member at the point where the internal loading is to be determined.

• A free body diagram of either segment of the ‘cut’ member is isolated and the
internal loads are then determined from the equations of equilibrium (∑Fx=0,
∑Fy=0, ∑M0=0) applied to the segment
• It should be realized, however, that these loadings actually represent the
resultants of the stress distribution, acting over the member’s cross-
sectional area at the cut section.

• Once the resultant internal loadings are known, the magnitude of the
stress can be determined provided an assumed distribution of stress over
the cross-sectional area is specified.
SIGN CONVENTION
• Before presenting a method for finding the internal normal force, shear force, and
bending moment - establish a sign convention to define their ‘positive’ and ‘negative’
values.
• On the left-hand face of the cut member the normal force N acts to the right, the
internal shear force V acts downward, and the moment M acts clockwise.
• In accordance with Newton’s third law, an equal but opposite normal force, shear force,
and bending moment must act on the right-hand face of the member at the section.
• Perhaps an easy way to remember this sign convention is to isolate a small segment of the
member and note that positive normal force tends to elongate the segment (b), positive shear tends to
rotate the segment clockwise (c), and positive bending moment tends to bend the segment concave upward
(d)(refer to picture below)
PROCEDURE TO ANALYSIS
• Below procedure provide a means for applying the method of
sections to determine the internal normal force, shear force, and
bending moment at a specific location in a structural member
• (1) Support reactions
• Before the member is cut or sectioned, it may be necessary to determine the
member’s support reactions so that the equilibrium equations are used only
to solve for the internal loadings when the member is sectioned
• (2) Free-body diagram
• Keep all distributed loadings, couple moments, and forces acting on the
member in their exact locations, then pass an imaginary section through the
member, perpendicular to its axis at the point where the internal loading is to
be determined.

• After the section is made, draw a free-body diagram of the segment that
has the least numbers of loads on it. At the section indicate the unknown
resultants N, V and M acting in their positive directions
• (3) Equations of equilibrium
• Moments should be summed at the section about axes that pass through the
centroid of the member’s cross-sectional area, in order to eliminate the
unknowns N and V and thereby obtain a direct solution for M

• If the solution of the equilibrium equations yields a quantity having a negative

magnitude, the assumed directional sense of the quantity is opposite to that
shown on the free-body diagram.
REVISION CLASS
Activity : 1 hour
1. Types of structural frame in building construction :
a. Moment resisting frame
b. Braced frame
c. Rigid frame
Moment resisting frame
Braced frame and Moment resisting frame

braced frame and moment

This is particularly obvious for
resisting frame are used in the
very tall structures where the
construction of structures
lateral forces are the most
which are subjected to lateral
important design
loads such as wind and seismic
consideration.
forces.
1. Moment frame
• Moment frames have several applications in single-story and multi-story
commercial buildings, but they’re used primarily in low-rise buildings.
Moment frames allow for larger openings and small wall sections while
still supporting required loads and resisting various forces.
• Some of the typical applications include:
• structural steel buildings
• large building entryways
• walls with large openings and
• tuck-under parking.
2. Braced frame
• Braced frames are common in steel construction.
• They use diagonal and/or triangulated steel beams or cables to resist
lateral forces. Resistance is provided by vertical bracing or horizontal
bracing.
• Vertical bracing between structural columns transfers lateral forces to
ground level. Horizontal bracing at each floor or the roof transfers
lateral forces to the vertical bracing, and then it’s transferred to ground
level.
• However, the floor system is usually a sufficient diaphragm without the
need for additional steel bracing. Braced frames are suitable for multi-
story buildings in the low- to mid-rise range.
3. Rigid Frame
Definition:
• A frame where members are rigidly connected, meaning joints are
designed to transfer bending moments.
• Mechanism:
The connections between beams and columns are designed to resist both
vertical and horizontal loads through bending of the members.
• Usage:
Rigid frames are also known as moment-resisting frames and can be used
in various applications, including buildings, bridges, and other structures.
Rigid frame systems are often combined with tensile fabric technology to create buildings that
are not only functional but also sustainable and visually striking.
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