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ANALOG CIRCUITS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING

Series Editors:
Mohammed Ismail. The Ohio State University
Mohamad Sawan. École Polytechnique de Montréal

For further volumes:

http://www.springer.com/series/7381
Manar El-Chammas • Boris Murmann

Background Calibration
of Time-Interleaved Data
Converters

123
Manar El-Chammas Boris Murmann
Texas Instruments, Inc. Department of Electrical Engineering
12500 TI Blvd. Stanford University
Dallas, TX 75243 420 Via Palou, Allen-208
USA Stanford, CA 94305-4070
manar.chammas@gmail.com USA
murmann@stanford.edu

ISBN 978-1-4614-1510-7 e-ISBN 978-1-4614-1511-4

DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-1511-4
Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2011943338

© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012

All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written
permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York,
NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in
connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software,
or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden.
The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are
not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject
to proprietary rights.

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

To our families
Preface

High-speed analog-to-digital converters have become essential components of all

communication systems. While we typically think of information as sequences of
discrete digital symbols, the behavior of the transmission channels in all modern
systems does not conform to this abstraction. Especially when a data link is
pushed toward its limits, the received signals are a complex mix of wanted and
unwanted analog waveforms that must be disentangled by ever more complex
equalization (and channel selection) schemes. In wireless and long-distance wireline
communications, these receive-side signal processing tasks have long been dealt
with in the digital domain. Only recently, however, digital-domain equalization
has also gained momentum in short-distance wired links providing up to several
tens of gigabit/second connectivity between computer servers and their constituent
components. When going digital, the designer of these links can reap the benefits
of improved programmability and increased filter lengths. On the other hand, the
burden is now placed on the analog-to-digital converter, which must now be inserted
to finely digitize the incoming analog waveforms in order to make them fit for digital
interpretation.
This monograph captures the state-of-the-art knowledge on how such high-
performance converters can be realized in modern CMOS technology. Specifically,
it describes how the core concepts of time-interleaving and mismatch calibra-
tion can be leveraged to achieve energy efficient conversion at sample rates
of 10 GSample/second and beyond. In the discussed implementation of a 5-bit,
12-GSample/second analog-to-digital converter, several modern and innovative
enhancement techniques are employed. The first is a novel statistics-based timing
calibration technique that aligns the sampler timing in the ADC’s input path to
within a fraction of 1 ps (the time it takes for light to travel about 0.3 mm!). The
second is a device-offset calibration scheme that leverages the integration density of
nanometer CMOS by employing about 250 auxiliary D/A converters for component
trimming. In combination, these techniques have yielded one of the most efficient
data converters for high-speed links published to date.

vii
viii Preface

Composed with a well-balanced mix of theoretical analysis and practical design

guidelines, this book will be a valuable resource for any circuit designer active in
the development of high-speed interfaces.

Stanford, CA Boris Murmann

August 2011
Contents

1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Chapter Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 Time-Interleaved ADCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1 Modeling the Time-Interleaved ADC . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.1 Frequency Domain Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 The Effect of Time-Varying Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2.1 Frequency Domain Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3 Quantitative Error Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3.1 Error Analysis Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3.2 Impact of Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3.3 Impact of Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3.4 Impact of Timing Skew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3.5 Simulation Examples .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3 Mitigation of Timing Skew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.1 Bounds on Timing Skew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.2 Sources of Timing Skew .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.2.1 Transistor Variations.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.2.2 Trace and Load Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.2.3 Cumulative Effects of Variations . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.3 Timing Skew Mitigation .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.4 Background Timing Skew Calibration .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.4.1 Calculating the Correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.4.2 Maximizing the Correlation .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.4.3 Simplifying the Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.4.4 Calibrating All the Sub-ADCs . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.5 Algorithmic Behavior.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.5.1 Convergence Speed .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

ix
x Contents

3.5.2 Conditions on Input Signal .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

3.5.3 Effect of Quantization .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4 Architecture Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.1 Power Dissipation.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.1.1 Dynamic Comparator First-Order Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.1.2 Dynamic Comparator Power .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.2 First-Order Optimization Framework .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.2.1 Performance Limits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.2.2 Optimization Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.3 A Circuit-Oriented Optimization Approach . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5 Circuit Design .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
5.1 The Sub-ADC .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
5.1.1 Bootstrapped Track-and-Hold . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
5.1.2 Comparator Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5.1.3 Resistor Ladder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5.1.4 Wallace Encoder .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5.2 The Delay Line.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5.2.1 The Delay Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
5.2.2 Cascaded Delay Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.3 Phase Generator .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5.4 Output Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5.4.1 Level Converter .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
5.4.2 LVDS Driver .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
5.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
6 Measurement Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6.1 Test Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6.1.1 Device Under Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6.1.2 Printed Circuit Board .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6.1.3 Data Capture Cards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
6.1.4 Computer.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
6.2 ADC Measurement Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
6.2.1 Static Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
6.2.2 Timing Skew Calibration .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
6.2.3 Dynamic Performance.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
6.2.4 Performance Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
6.2.5 Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
6.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
7.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
7.2 Future Work .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Contents xi

A Wide-Sense Cyclostationary Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

A.1 WSCS Example .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
B Comparator Power Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
C Optimizing a Transistor-Level Comparator .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
D Comparator Skew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
E Calculating Residual Timing Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
E.1 Residual Timing Skew .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
E.2 Estimated Jitter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
References .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Index . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
List of Figures

Fig. 1.1 (a) Backplane with transceivers and data path.

(b) Communication system model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Fig. 1.2 (a) Single transmitted symbol. (b) Received symbol
with slow data rate. (c) Received symbol with fast data rate.. . . . . . . 2
Fig. 1.3 (a) Series of transmitted symbols. (b) Received
symbols with slow data rate. (c) Received symbols with
fast data rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Fig. 2.1 (a) Time-interleaved ADC. (b) Sampling edges of

sub-ADC clocks .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Fig. 2.2 Input signal DTFT example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Fig. 2.3 Plotted DTFT of (a) a sub-ADC output and
(b) the time-interleaved ADC output.. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Fig. 2.4 Gain, offset, and timing skew in an N -channel
time-interleaved ADC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Fig. 2.5 Effect of mismatch on sampled signal with N D 2.
(a) With no mismatch. (b) With offset mismatch.
(c) With gain mismatch. (d) With timing skew . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Fig. 2.6 Time-interleaved ADC output with offset mismatch .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Fig. 2.7 Time-interleaved ADC output with gain mismatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Fig. 2.8 Time-interleaved ADC output with timing skew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Fig. 2.9 (a) Vector representation for sub-ADC mismatch
assuming N D 4. (b) “Best Fit” vector is the solid
arrow, and is obtained by minimizing the mean-square
error with all the sub-ADC vectors.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Fig. 2.10 (a) Slow signal. (b) Wide autocorrelation for slow
signal. (c) Fast signal. (d) Narrow autocorrelation for
fast signal .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

xiii
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
collection. One large case contains only weapons of warfare; another
is filled with Iowa birds. An unusual collection is the one of shoes
from China, Japan, India, Burma, Siam, and several other foreign
lands. The case of colonial relics is especially interesting to older
visitors. The book lover finds the case devoted to rare and
beautifully bound books the supreme attraction, while the small boy
enjoys the stamp collection, the post card display, the birds, and the
"freaks" of nature exhibited here. Masonic badges, medals, coins,
old diplomas, charters, manuscripts, aprons, and other old lodge
paraphernalia are artistically displayed in the various glass cases.
Scattered throughout both buildings are many pictures, fine art
pieces in bronze, bisque, and marble, antique vases, jars, pitchers,
and various pieces of modern pottery, all donated by friends of the
library.
In the autograph letter department are three large double cases
each having one hundred and forty glass covered drawers devoted
exclusively to this material. Here may be found the signatures of
noted literary men, the presidents of the United States, governors of
Iowa, and others prominently identified with the history of the state
as well as noted men of the fraternity.
In 1901, upon the death of T. S. Parvin, the founder of the
institution, his son, Newton R. Parvin, was elected Grand Secretary
and librarian. He is peculiarly fitted for this responsible position,
having served as deputy to his father for twenty-five years, and, like
his father, is giving to the building up of this splendid library the
"enthusiasm and energy of a single-purposed life."
N. R. Parvin being Grand Secretary as well as librarian, the
headquarters of the Grand Lodge are in the library building, and in
the three splendidly equipped vaults are stored many valuable
papers and records. A card index giving the record of every member
in the state has recently been completed and placed in one of the
vaults.
The entire expense of maintaining the library is met by an annual
tax of ten cents for each member in the state. All expenditures are
under the supervision of a board of three trustees appointed by the
Grand Master for a term of six years. Those composing the present
board are W. S. Gardner of Clinton, W. L. Eaton of Osage, and Crom
Bowen of Des Moines.

FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY OF CEDAR RAPIDS

BY JOANNA HAGEY
The people of Cedar Rapids had felt the need of a public library. In
the seventies a subscription library was founded but it was forced to
discontinue from lack of funds and the books were given to the Y. M.
C. A. The City Federation of Ladies' Literary Clubs, and especially the
president, Mrs. C. D. Van Vechten, should be given the credit for
creating a sentiment that resulted in a vote of the people on March
2, 1896, to establish a library.
The council appointed a library board in June. In October the first
tax levy was made, and they began the formation and organization
of the new library which was opened to the public January 15, 1897,
in rooms in the Granby block.
The work prospered and the patronage increased so that additional
space was needed, and in 1900 the library was moved to the Dows
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Again larger quarters were demanded and it was deemed best for
the city to own the library building. Mr. Andrew Carnegie generously
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The new building was dedicated June 23, 1905.
Some idea of the growth of the library can be gained from the
following comparisons: When the library was opened there were
1,325 volumes on the shelves. December 31, 1909, there were
19,505 volumes; 29,730 books were circulated the first year, and
94,078 books last year; the receipts the first year were $4,471.52;
last year they amounted to $11,049.14.
Mrs. C D. Van Vechten, Mrs. Charles A. Clark, Mrs. N. M. Hubbard,
Sr., Miss Emma J. Fordyce, F. F. Dawley, A. T. Cooper, V. A. Jung, L.
W. Anderson, and Luther A. Brewer constituted the first board of
trustees. The following are the present board: Mrs. Mary Ziek Andre,
Mrs. Kate Terry Loomis, Miss Emma J. Fordyce, Miss Elizabeth Cock,
B. L. Wick, L. W. Anderson, Frank Filip, C. M. Doan, and Sandford
Kerr. Others who have served as trustees are: Miss Meta Aussieker,
Mrs. Ida M. Ballheim, Mrs. Channie J. Redmond, H. H. Troy, Joseph
Mekota, John Vosmek, J. M. Terry, J. T. Hamilton, W. I. Endicott,
Jomes A. Molony, Robert Palmer, John W. Barry, and Theodore
Schauwecker.
Miss Virginia Dodge was librarian from 1896-1899, Miss Harriet L.
McCrory from 1899-1903, and Miss Harriet A. Wood from 1903-1910.
The present librarian is Miss E. Joanna Hagey.

COE COLLEGE LIBRARY

Coe College at an early date owned a well selected text-book library.
It was generally conducted by one of the students. Many donations
have been made, mostly by men connected with the Presbyterian
ministry. The large library of Rev. James Knox was one of the early
additions made. Later the Rev. George R. Carroll presented his
valuable collection of books to the college. Many valuable books
have been donated from time to time by members of the faculty, by
students, and persons interested in the growth of the college.
Miss Ida Dodd and Miss Cornelia Shelley served as librarians for
some years. Miss Mary Irene Amidon, by the assistance of several
helpers, has placed the library on a sound basis by a system of
cataloguing which before had been neglected.
 COLLEGE AND PUBLIC LIBRARY, MOUNT
VERNON
No definite data can be given for the beginning of the library at
Mount Vernon, though in the catalogue of the Iowa Conference
Seminary for 1855 the statement is made that "a small but good
selection of books has been procured to which students will have
access." There seems to have been a hesitancy about giving any
number of volumes, till in the catalogue of 1864-5 we read that "the
college library has about 600 volumes."
From this early beginning the library very gradually grew in strength
and helpfulness under the direction of various members of the
college faculty. The professors who served as librarians were: S. N.
Fellows, 1857-60, A. Collin, 1860-70, H. H. Freer, 1870-73, S. N.
Williams, 1873-91, W. C. Webster, 1891-93.
In 1891 Miss May L. Fairbanks was appointed assistant librarian, and
in 1893 she was elected librarian, which position she still holds.
A gift of $50,000 was obtained from Andrew Carnegie for a library
building for the town and college. In June, 1904, the corner stone of
the new building was laid, and in August, 1905, the college library,
consisting of 25,548 volumes, was moved into the new building.
December 1, 1905, the library board of trustees was formally
organized with Dr. James E. Harlan as president. Prof. W. H. Norton,
Col. H. H. Rood, E. B. Willix, W. E. Platner, Prof. H. M. Kelly, Dr. A.
Crawford, A. A. Bauman, J. B. Leigh.
There has been no change in the library board. The annual income is
$5,000.
The library now consists of 33,900 volumes and many hundred
pamphlets that have not been numbered. The administration of the
library resembles that of a college more than a public library, and no
list of borrowers is kept.
 MARION FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY
Marion free public library dates from 1903. Miss Adaliza Daniels first
began her work as early as 1902, to agitate for a Carnegie library.
She and Mrs. C. N. Owen then began to solicit funds for a building
site and collected $3,775 for that purpose. The first board consisted
of the following: Messrs. Alderman, Alexander, Bowman, Treat, Mrs.
Dobson, Mrs. Busby, Mrs. Owen, Miss Tyler, and Miss Daniels. The
present board consists of J. W. Bowman, president, Dr. J. Morehead,
vice-president, Mrs. C. N. Owen, secretary, Mr. Wood, Miss Marshall,
Mrs. B. C. Busby, Mrs. Millen, and Mrs. Parkhurst.
The income of the library has varied from $1,100 to $1,350. There
are 800 card holders and more than 3,550 volumes in the library.
The librarians have been Miss Mary Parkhurst and Miss Mabel
Alexander.

THE BOHEMIAN READING SOCIETY

The Bohemian Reading Society was organized November 22, 1868,
at Cedar Rapids, and some of the charter members who are still
living are: Anthony Soukup, Frank Soukup, John Pichner, and John
Safranek.
Many of the pioneer settlers contributed from time to time largely of
their means for the purchase of Bohemian books and tried to
inculcate in their children a desire for the reading of books printed in
their own tongue. Many foreign newspapers and magazines were
also taken in order to keep up with the times and to create in the
minds of the young a love of the land of their fathers.
The average number of books loaned has been about 3,000 volumes
a year. The library being open to the members at stated times, much
reading is done in the library building, where a librarian is in charge.
The number of bound books for circulation has been from 2,000 to
2,500 volumes. The expense of running the library outside of room
rent, heat, etc., has been from $200 to $300. Many donations of
books and magazines are constantly being made.
A few of the librarians have been the following named persons: Mrs.
Kabasa, Neibert and Stolba, Frank Kurka. The present librarian has
served continuously for the past sixteen years.

WEST ROWLEY STREET, WALKER

MAIN STREET, PRAIRIEBURG
 CHAPTER XXIX

Wages and Prices in the County

from 1846 to 1856
During the decade from 1846 to 1856 land was very cheap in Linn
county, and everything else was in proportion. Wages were low, and
what the farmer raised on his premises he could find no market for,
and, consequently, outside of wheat it was pretty much worthless.
The panic of 1857 was a severe one in the county, and many of the
bankers and business people met with severe reverses from which
some never recovered. No one had any foreboding of the financial
storm and all were caught short to such an extent that they lost
nearly everything, even their homes which had been mortgaged.
Many a business man with good credit, possessed of considerable
means, became swamped in the crash. It mattered not what a man
had in property, if it was not in gold it had no price, and there was
no market for anything except on a cash basis.
From N. B. Brown's account book we glean the following as to prices
for eatables in Cedar Rapids in 1846: Beef, 2-1/2c per pound, flour,
2c per pound (1-1/2c in 1847), beans, 75c per bushel, veal, 3c per
pound, coffee, 14c per pound, sugar, 16-1/2c per pound, tea, $1.25
per pound, wheat 37-1/2c per bushel, corn meal, 25c per bushel,
buckwheat flour, 1-1/4c per pound. This interesting book is in the
possession of Emery Brown, one of the sons.
During the decade mentioned a horse sold at from fifty to sixty
dollars, and a yoke of oxen could be had for the price of one good
horse. As many of the pioneer farmers had not the means to
purchase a team of horses, they did the next best thing and invested
in a yoke of oxen and thus managed to get along and weather the
storm. A good wagon with spring seat cost from one hundred to one
hundred and twenty-five dollars, and a log chain from two dollars
and a half to five dollars. Ordinary stirring plows sold at from ten to
fifteen dollars. Mowers and reapers were not common in those days,
the scythe and the cradle being the tools with which the young boy
earned some of his first spending money. It was surprising how
much hay and grain a good farm hand could cut in a season in this
way.
The people dealt in log houses in those days like we do in second
hand furniture today. These houses were bought and sold at from
fifty to seventy-five dollars each and moved at leisure in the winter
time from one part of the township to another; at times a log house
was moved from ten to fifteen miles and everyone chipped in and
helped to move. A jug of whiskey, some hot coffee, and a good
dinner were all they expected in the way of remuneration for their
labor. The young folks at times insisted on a free for all dance and a
free fiddler for the assistance they had rendered in moving and
fixing up the house. If the young married couple who were to
occupy the house did not dance or believe in dancing, a party or two
were given, ending up with a midnight supper.
While the prices of government land was one dollar and twenty-five
cents an acre, the speculator land generally sold at from five to ten
dollars and as high as twelve dollars and fifty cents an acre. Wages
were very low, from fifty to seventy-five cents a day being the
average price paid a good farm hand. In town a person generally
received from seventy-five cents to a dollar a day and then boarded
himself.
Oats sold at fifteen cents a bushel, corn at ten cents, wheat at from
forty-five to sixty cents. Hogs sold at one dollar and fifty cents a
hundred. Potatoes were considered high at ten cents a bushel, while
quail sold at thirty cents a dozen. Butter brought from five to six
cents a pound, and eggs six to eight cents a dozen.
While prices for farm products were quite low the prices paid for the
necessaries of life were high on account of lack of transportation
facilities. Coffee sold at ten cents a pound, sugar at from eleven to
twelve cents, tea retailed at eighty-five cents. Calico sold at forty
cents a yard—and a poor quality at that. Salt in the early days sold
at ten dollars a barrel, the price coming down in Cedar Rapids to five
dollars when W. B. Mack brought his first cargo of salt by steamer
from Ohio to Cedar Rapids.
Nearly all worked on shares, land was rented on shares, grist mills
operated on shares, as well as saw mills. Masons and carpenters had
to take their wages out frequently in form of property, and, while
they were hard up and needed the money, this property in time
made many of them wealthy men by their retaining what had been
turned over to them in the form of wages. Old Thomas McGregor
relates how he worked for a contractor by the name of Robinson and
was offered lots where the mills of the Quaker Oats Company now
stand at ten dollars a lot to apply on his wages, and when the writer
inquired why he did not take these lots he replied: "My wages were
seventy-five cents a day, on which I had to keep a wife and children,
and they were more to me than corner lots." Old James Cleghorn
worked for the Greene Bros. in the saw mill and was offered corner
lots, and finally obtained in trade a forty acre tract of land in Scotch
Grove for his summer's work. Old Elias Skinner, the well known
Methodist preacher, in the early fifties traded a team, harness and
wagon for a forty acre tract on what is now the location of the town
of Norway, and at the time thought that the man who got the team
had the best of the bargain, as there was no market for land and no
income from it, while with a team of horses a man could make
something and always could trade it for something else if he wanted
to. Money was a scarce article in those days, while labor was cheap
and the days were long. It was generally work from sun up to sun
down and sometimes until way after dark, and no one was heard to
complain, because if a person did complain there were always plenty
of others willing to take the place of the man who wanted to quit.
There were not many varieties of food in the good old days, but the
people were healthy, they worked hard and everything tasted good.
The ordinary dishes were Indian corn, corn bread, hominy, corn
dodgers, bacon, venison, and prairie chickens. The cooking was
done by an open fireplace, stoves in those days being few. Rye
coffee was used frequently instead of the ordinary coffee and tasted
good after a long day's hard labor in the timber. Many a thrifty
housewife worked for weeks to dry corn in the fall of the year, as
well as to dry apples; hominy was also made at home. All these
delicacies—so-called—tasted good during the winter months and no
one was known to be afflicted with ptomaine poisoning.
Before the days of grist mills coffee mills were used for the grinding
of corn and wheat. In some instances a few of the early settlers
used the Indian stones, turned by hand; later horse mills were
erected, which the early settlers thought were great inventions.
These mills consisted merely of an enclosure of logs with a large
wheel in the middle around which a leather belt was placed, which
was also attached to a smaller wheel which turned the mill stones
and ground the corn. The pioneers would come several miles to such
a mill and sometimes had to wait a day or more in order to get their
grist ground. They would help run the mill, would sleep in the wagon
at night and live on parched corn on the trip; if a cup of coffee could
be obtained at the stopping place the settler would be more than
gratified.
While the settlers raised almost all their provisions, they also made
most of what they had to wear. In a very cheap sort of a way they
tanned their own leather and made their own shoes; in short, relied
on their own ingenuity for nearly all the comforts of life.
The women folks were as handy as the men, if not more so, for they
were all spinsters, dressmakers and tailors; they made the blue
hunting shirts with fringes, adorned the buckskin belt which was
worn around the waist, and also cut out the tight fitting cotton
blouses worn by the boys, and even made moccasins and a coarse
kind of brogan shoes. They were furriers as well, for they made
some excellent fitting wolf skin caps for the men and some neat
looking gingham bonnets, well starched, for themselves. While the
shoes were at times heavy and ill fitting, they were only worn on
Sundays and during the winter, for as soon as spring came nearly
everyone went barefoot, about the house at least, for the sake of
economy as well as for comfort.
During these pioneer years in the forties and fifties our ancestors did
not have an easy time of it by any means. They endured the
hardships of pioneer life and were subject to fevers, as well as
homesickness, and frequently during the winter months they were
exposed to the severity of the early Iowa winters when the log
houses were both small and uncomfortable, but they were men and
women of iron nerve, full of push and energy and perseverance.
They had taken up a tedious battle for existence out on the barren
prairies of Iowa, far away from home and kindred, and, at times,
surrounded by wild frontiersmen, freebooters and ruffians who were
making a last stand in these parts of Iowa until the opening up of
the vast barren tracts west of the Missouri river. It was not until after
the Civil war that the people of Linn county became, so to speak,
comfortably well fixed and had some of the comforts which they had
so long looked for during the early years.
 CHAPTER XXX

Some of the First Things in Cedar

Rapids and Linn County
The first log cabin was erected on the site of what became Cedar
Rapids, by Osgood Shepherd or Wilbert Stone in 1838. The first
frame house was erected by John Vardy in 1842, and the first brick
building was erected by Porter W. Earle at the corner of First avenue
and Second street in 1844.
P. J. Upton, of the Star Wagon Company, received a carload of
freight on the first freight train that ever came to Cedar Rapids; this
was in 1859. W. B. Mack received the first cargo of salt on the
steamboat "Cedar Rapids" in 1855, bringing down the price of salt
from $10.00 to $5.00 a barrel.
The first steamboat company, incorporated for $20,000.00, was
organized in 1855, some of the incorporators being Alex. Ely, Dr. S.
D. Carpenter, the Greenes, and other business men of Cedar Rapids.
The first grist mill was built by N. B. Brown in 1843. Isaac Cook was
the first lawyer locating in Cedar Rapids; John Shearer was the first
justice of the peace, and James Lewis was the first constable. The
first general store was opened by George and Joseph Greene in
1842. Judge George Greene taught one of the first schools near
Ivanhoe in 1839 and 1840. Alexander Ely, George Greene, and N. B.
Brown, with others, erected the first school house in 1847 in Cedar
Rapids, later selling it to the school district.
Joseph Greene was the first postmaster in Cedar Rapids and carried
the mail in his plug hat and distributed the same as he happened to
meet the people to whom the letters were addressed.
Dr. S. H. Tryon was the first physician in Linn county. Dr. E. L.
Mansfield was one of the first physicians locating in Cedar Rapids, in
1847. H. W. Gray was the first sheriff of Linn county, being appointed
by Governor Lucas in 1838. The first county fair was held in October,
1855. The first hotel was built in 1847, called the Union House,
James Dyer being landlord; this building was destroyed by fire in
1865.
In 1855 W. D. Watrous, W. W. Smith, and J. J. Snouffer built the
steamer "Blackhawk" for the purpose of navigating the Cedar river. It
ran between Cedar Rapids and Waterloo for two years. It was later
purchased by the government and used for a supply boat on the
lower Mississippi. In the '40s and '50s Mississippi steamboats made
regular trips to Cedar Rapids. The first railroad reached Cedar Rapids
in 1859; it is now known as the Chicago & Northwestern.
The first fire company was organized in Cedar Rapids in 1869. In
1871 the Cedar Rapids Gas Light Company was organized. The first
mayor of Cedar Rapids was Martin L. Barber.
The first steam mill in the county was built by J. P. Glass in 1845.
The first hand-raking reaper brought into Linn county was by William
Ure, of Fairfax township, who hauled it from Chicago by oxen in the
summer of 1847.
The first newspaper in Cedar Rapids was the Progressive Era,
published in 1851 by D. O. Finch; the first newspaper in Marion was
the Prairie Star, published by A. Hoyt in 1852; the first daily
newspaper published in Linn county was called the Morning
Observer, the first number being issued on September 1, 1870, and
edited by Thomas G. Newman and Z. Enos.
 MAIN STREET, SPRINGVILLE

QUAKER MEETING HOUSE, WHITTIER

 WHITTIER
N. B. Brown erected the first flour mill in 1844; the first woolen mill
was erected in 1848. The first judge of probate in the county was
Israel Mitchell, appointed in 1838. He was also one of the justices.
The first bridge erected across the Cedar river in Cedar Rapids was
in 1856 at what is now Seventh avenue. The oldest settler now living
in the county is Robert Ellis, who arrived in 1838.
The first marriage in Linn county was that of Preston Scott and Miss
Betsey Martin, which occurred in July, 1839.
The first white male born in Linn county was George Cone, who first
saw light at Marion, April 12, 1839.
The first death in the county was that of Mr. Williams, who died
January 15, 1839. He was buried in the Campbell cemetery near
Bertram. The inscription on his tombstone is yet visible.
The first mill was erected by John S. Oxley in 1842-43 on Big creek.
It was later purchased by Jacob Mann.
The first citizen to become naturalized was Peter Garren who, during
the October term of court, 1840, as a native of Scotland, renounced
all allegiance to the queen of Great Britain.
James E. Bromwell, who came to Linn county in 1839, will always be
remembered by the residents of Marion. He helped lay out the
county seat. He made the first coffin for the first interment in its
cemetery, assisted in the erection of the first residence in the town,
as well as in the erection of the first store buildings, besides taking
time enough to procure the second marriage license issued in the
county for his marriage to Catherine Gray, on August 26, 1841.
Elizabeth Bennett, a native of Syracuse, New York, who had been
reared in Canada and married to Edward Crow, November 14, 1839,
is supposed to have been the first school teacher in the county. She
died in Buffalo township February 5, 1844.
The first white child born within the confines of Linn county was
Maria Osborn, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Robert Osborn, and was
born in September, 1838. This statement has often been disputed
and cannot be proved with certainty.

THE FIRST GRIST MILL

There has been more or less controversy as to the name of the man
who erected the first grist mill in Linn county. Marshall Oxley insists
that the first mill of this kind was built by John S. Oxley in 1842-43.
It was located in the northwest corner of Linn township on Big
creek. The material used was grown in the immediate vicinity. The
dimension lumber was hewn out of the forest and the roofing was
made of clapboard, then the primitive material used by the pioneers
in covering their buildings. The machinery was purchased in
Davenport and transported by wagon across the prairies. Before the
erection of this mill the early settlers were compelled to take their
grists to what was known as the Catfish mill near Dubuque.
Frequently it required several days to go to the mill and to return
home with the flour. Sometimes the good housewives ran short of
flour while the meal was being ground. In such cases they would
grind a little corn in the coffee mills, mix it with salt and water, cook
it, and thank Providence that they lived in a land flowing with hoe
cake, milk and honey.
After the mill had been in successful operation some time two well
dressed gentlemen called at the home of the owner and asked to be
given entertainment for the night. Their request was cheerfully
complied with. Next morning they strolled down to the mill and
looked it over. After they had been hospitably entertained and were
about to depart they represented that one was a patentee and the
other a lawyer and that the owner was using an infringement on
their patent. They told him that if he did not pay them forty dollars
they would prosecute him to the full extent of the law. He paid them
the sum asked but remarked afterwards that he guessed he should
have given them a charge of shot.
The mill was operated in successful manner by the miller, Jacob
Mann, until August 15, 1848, when he purchased the property for
$500. He continued to operate it until it was swept away by the
flood of 1851, Mann at this time losing his life in the flood.

A FEW OF THE EARLY ENTRIES TO LAND

A number of people resided in the county and were, so to speak,
"squatters" before the land was opened for settlement and entry
could be made. A few of the following names and locations will give
the reader an idea of some of the old settlers who came here, some
of whom resided on their respective claims before entry could be
made.
Peter Kepler entered land in section 1-82-5 June 15, 1842; A. M.
McCoy, James Huntington, Edward Isham, Horatio Sanford entered
land in section 2-82-5 from May 17, 1844, to November 3, 1845.
Mary Ann Doty entered part of section 4-82-5 November 29, 1844;
Abner Doty entered land March 11, 1845, in section 3-82-5; William
Abbe entered land in section 5-82-5 in 1844; Henry Kepler entered
land in the same section two years previously. Jesse H. Holman
entered a forty acre tract in section 6 in the same township and
range October 12, 1842. During the year 1845 Horatio Sanford,
William Abbe and William Johnson entered considerable land in the
same locality; also Allison I. Willits and Fred Kinley as early as 1842.
James, Joe and Robert Boyd entered considerable land from
February, 1843 to 1844 in section 8, while entries were made in
section 10 from 1842 to 1844 by John I. Gibson, Oliver Day, Oakley
Parker, and Robert Stinson.
During the same period the following entries were made in section
11, to-wit: by Simeon Archer, Oliver Day, John I. Gibson, Nathan
Peddycord, and James Kelsey.
In section 13 the following entries were made from February, 1843,
to 1845, viz: by Saul Elliott, Gabe Archer, James Bartley, and G. B.
Bowman.
In section 14 entries were made from 1843 to 1844 as follows: by
James Kelsey, Leonard Platner, John Donahoo, Joe Smith, Ackley
Parker, and Reuben Ash.
In section 15 entries were made from February 22, 1843, to
September 18, 1844, by Dan Hahn and James Muckalls; and in
section 17 by John Stewart and John McLaughlin.
In section 18 during the same period entries were made by Nate P.
Wilcox, Meron C. Barnes, and A. J. McKean; George Greene entered
a tract in section 29 February 21, 1843. Nearly all of the above
described sections seem to have been picked up between the years
1842 and 1844.
A few names appear in various localities as having entered lands in
smaller or larger tracts, viz: Hugh Downey, J. G. Berryhill, John J.
Gibson, H. W. Sanford, William Abbe, A. J. Willits, and Morgan Reno;
a number of those men were not residents of the county at any time
as far as is known, with the exception of William Abbe.
In Linn Grove township 83, range 5, the following entries were
made:
In sections 1 and 2 by Cyrell M. Webster, Morgan Reno, and William
Smythe during the years 1852 and 1853.
In sections 4 and 5 Benjamin Simons, David E. Fussel, Joe S. Butler,
and John S. Oxley made entries from 1843 to 1844. In sections 6, 7
and 8 the following entries were made during the years 1842 and
1843: John Milner, Le Grand Byington, Socrates H. Tryon, Jesse
Tryon, Dennis Tryon, Alexander Paul, Jacob Mann, John Safely, Jane
Safely, Jacob Safely, and Adam Safely.
In section 9 and 11 entries were made during 1844 and 1845 by Ann
Whitlatch, Alonzo B. Clark, Morgan Reno, Matt Lynch, Dan I. Finch,
and Seward Kyles.
In sections 15, 17, 21 and 22 the following entries were made during
the years 1842 and 1844: James S. Varner, Levi Lewis, S. A. Yeisley,
John, Thomas and Will Goudy.
In sections 25 to 29 the following entries were made: by John and
Andrew Safely, Sam Ellison, John Goudy, George Krow, and Lewis
Fink during the years 1843 to 1844. Dan Peet made entry to certain
tract of land in section 14 at the same time.
In section 1-85-5 and 6 the following entries were made from 1852
to 1856: by Stephen Conover, Barnett Cole, Nancy H. Hunt, and
others. Richard Barber made the first entry in section 4 in 1848,
while in section 6 Philip Coffits made entry in June, 1847, and John
Smith in November, 1849.
In section 7 Chandler, Ebenezer and Moses C. Jordan entered land
from 1846 to 1848. Richard Barber makes an entry in section 9 in
1848. In section 14 Edward Crew, or Crow, enters land in November,
1840 to January, 1845. In section 15 Jacob Mann enters land in May,
1845, followed by another entry made by George Paddington in
February, 1846.
In section 23 Absalom Cain makes an entry February, 1846, and in
section 25 George C. Perkins and Morton Claypool enters land in
1845. John Peet enters land in section 36 in 1844, and Joseph and
Ormus Clark enters land in section 3 in 1844 and 1845.
In section 44, range 5, some of the early entries are by John Peet,
Harvey Stone, and Nelson Crow from 1842 to 1845. Sam Kelly enters
eighty acres in section 11 in 1840, and about the same time John
Gillilan enters land in section 12. John Crow enters one hundred and
sixty acres in 1840 in section 13.
Charles Pinkney makes an entry in section 28 in 1840; also another
entry in section 29 the same date. In section 32 on August 5, 1840,
Nathan Brown, G. H. Robinson, Thomas Sammis, and William Styles
make entries. The first entry made in section 33 was made by
Benjamin Simons and Abel M. Butler. Charles E. Haskins makes
several entries from 1843 to 1848 in section 12-82-5, as well as in
sections 1 and 2, Peter Kepler also making entries in January, 1842.
William Abbe made several entries of land in sections 5 and 6 from
1842 to 1843, while Thomas Craig made entries in sections 6 and 7
from 1843 to 1846, as well as Daniel Hahn in section 15.
Israel Mitchell and James Hunter enter land in sections 4 and 5 in
1844, and Herman, or Harman, Boye made several entries in 1854 in
sections 24 and 28. In sections 1 and 2-82-2 entries are found as of
1843 and 1844 made by Thomas Craig, Elizabeth D. Waln, Robert
Smythe, and Samuel Littrell. In sections 7, 8 and 9 Thomas Crabtree,
Abe Stotts, and James Hunter make entries from 1844 to 1846.
Daniel, William, Henry and Elias Rogers make numerous entries in
section 14 in 1849; William Davey, Mary S. Legare, Edgar G. Stoney,
J. G. Berryhill, and Thomas J. Cox entered this land from 1849 to
1850 in sections 2 and 5-82-7. In section 12-83-7 entries were made
in 1843 by S. H. Tryon, J. H. Blackman, M. Mitchell, and E. T. Lewis.
In sections 14 and 15 J. Stambaugh, N. and D. Chapman, Ambrose
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