Solution

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Class 10 - Mathematics
1. Given, ∠AEF = ∠ AFE and E is the mid-point of CA.
BD BF
To prove, CD
= CE
Construction Draw a line CG parallel to DF(CG | | DF).

Proof : ∠AEF = ∠ AFE and E is the mid-point of CA

AC
∴ CE = AE = 2
...(i)
In △BDF, CG | | DF
By Basic proportionality theorem,
BD BF
CD
= GF
... (ii)
In ΔAFE,
∠AEF = ∠AFE [ ∵ given]
⇒ AF = AE [ [ ∵ Since, sides opposite to equal angles are equal]
⇒ AF = AE = CE [ [ ∵ From Eq(i)] ....(iii)

In ΔACG, E is the midpoint of AC andEF | | CG,

∴ FG = AF [ ∵ AE = CE]...(iv)

From Eq(ii), Eq(iii) and Eq(iv),

BD BF
CD
= GF
BD BF
CD
= CE
[ ∵ GF = AF = CE]
Hence proved.
2. Given: ABC is a triangle in which DE ∥ BC.
AD AE
To prove: BD
= CE
Construction: Draw DN ⊥ AE and EM ⊥ AD., Join BE and CD.
Proof :

In △ADE,
1
Area of ΔADE = × AE × DN ...(i)
2
In ΔDEC,
1
Area of ΔDCE = × CE × DN ...(ii)
2
Dividing equation (l) by equation (ii),
1
area ( ΔADE ) 2 × AE × DN
⇒
area ( ΔDEC )
= 1
2 × CE × DN
area ( ΔADE ) AE
⇒ = ...(iii)
area ( ΔDEC ) CE
Similarly, In ΔADE,
1
Area of ΔADE = 2
× AD × EM ...(iv)
In ΔDEB,

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 1
Area of ΔDEB = 2
× EM × BD ...(v)
Dividing equation (iv) by equation (v),
1
area ( ΔADE ) 2 × AD × EM
⇒
area ( ΔDEB )
= 1
2 × BD × EM
area ( ΔADE ) AD
⇒
area ( ΔDEB )
= BD
...(vi)
ΔDEB and ΔDEC lie on the same base DE and between two parallel lines DE and BC.
∴ Area (ΔDEB) = Area ( ΔDEC)

From equation (iii),

area ( ΔADE ) AE
⇒
area ( ΔDEB )
= CE
. ......(vii)
From equation (vi) and equation (vii),
AE AD
CE
= BD
∴ If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the other two sides in two points, then the other two sides are divided in
the same ratio.
3. According to question it is given that ABCD is a quadrilateral in which the bisectors of ∠ABC and ∠ADC meet on the diagonal AC at P.
TO PROVE: Bisectors of ∠BAD and ∠BCD meet on the diagonal BD
CONSTRUCTION: Join BP and DP. Let us suppose that the bisector of ∠BAD meet BD at Q. Now, Join AQ and CQ.
PROOF: In order to prove that the bisectors of ∠BAD and ∠BCD meet on the diagonal BD, we have to prove that CQ is a bisector
of∠BCD for which we will prove that Q divides BD in the ratio BC: DC.
In ΔABC, BP is the bisector of ∠ABC.( According to question)

AB AP
∴
BC
= PC
.......................(i)
In ΔACD, DP is the bisector of ∠ADC.(as per fig)
AD AP
∴
DC
= PC
.....................(ii)
Therefore, from (i) and (ii), we get
AB AD
BC
= DC
AB BC
⇒
AD
= DC
.................... ...(iii)
Again, In Δ ABD, AQ is the bisector of ∠BAD. [By construction]
AB BQ
∴
AD
= DQ
.............(iv)
From (iii) and (iv), we get
BC BQ
DC
= DQ
.
Hence, in ΔCBD, Q divides BD in the ratio of CB: CD.
Thus, CQ is the bisector of ∠BCD.
Therefore, the bisectors of ∠BAD and ∠BCD meet on the diagonal BD.
Hence proved.

4.

1. △ACD and △BCD are on same base CD and between parallel line AB and CD
∴ Area △ACD = Area △BCD

⇒ (Area △AXD + Area △XCD) = Area △BXC + Area △XCD)

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 Hence, Area △AXD = Area △BXC

2. In △AXD and △CXY

∠AXD = ∠CXY (vertically opposite angles)
∠DAX = ∠XCY (alternate interior angles)
∴ △AXD ∼ △CXY ..(1) by AA criterion.

3. In △CXD and △AXB

∠CXD = ∠AXB (vertically opposite angles)
∠DCX = ∠XAB (Alternate interior angles)
∴ △CXD ∼ △AXB

XC XD
⇒
XA
= XB
XC ⋅ XB
⇒ XD = ..(2)
XA
Also, △AXD ∼ △ CXY [From (1)]
XA XD
⇒ =
XC XY
XA ⋅ XY
⇒ XD = XC
..(3)
From (2) and (3)
XC ⋅ XB XA ⋅ XY
XA
= XC
XB XA ⋅ XA
⇒
XY
= XC ⋅ XC
XB XA 2
⇒ =
XY XC 2

5.

Given: In △ABC and △PQR, AD is the median of △ABC, PM is the median of △PQR and △ABC ∼ △ PQR.
AB AD
To Prove: =
PQ PM
Proof:
Since AD is the median
1
BD = CD = 2 BC
Similarly, PM is the median
1
QM = RM = 2 QR
Now,
△ABC ∼ △ PQR. ( ∵ given)
AB BC AC
PQ
= QR
= PR
( ∵ Corresponding sides of similar triangle are proportional)
So,
AB BC
PQ
= QR
AB 2BD
PQ
= 2QM
(Since AD & PM are medians)
AB BD
PQ
= QM
................(1)
Also, since △ABC ∼ △ PQR.
∠ B = ∠Q (∵ Corresponding angles of similar triangles are equal).............(2)
Now,
In △ABD & △PQM
∠B = ∠Q [ ∵ from (2)]

AB BD
PQ
= QM
[ ∵ from (1)]
Hence by SAS similarly,

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 △ ABD ∼ △PQM
Since corresponding sides of similar triangles are proportional,
AB AD
PQ
= PM
Hence proved.
6. Given that in fig, if ∠A = ∠C, AB = 6cm, BP = 15 cm, AP = 12cm and CP = 4,
we have to find the lengths of PD and CD.
Now,In ΔABP and ΔCDP, we have,
∠A = ∠C [Given]
∠2 = ∠1 [Vertically opposite angles]
∴ ΔABP ~ ΔCDP [By AA similarity criterion]

AB AP BP
⇒
CD
= CP DP
= (Since corresponding sides of two similar triangles are proportional)
6 12 15
⇒ y
= 4
= x
6 12
⇒ y
= 4
6×4
⇒y= = 2cm
12
15 12
and x
= 4
15
⇒ x
=3
⇒ x = 5 cm
Therefore, PD = 5 cm and CD = 2 cm.
7. Given: ABCD is a quadrilateral in which AD = BC. P, Q, R, S are the midpoints of AB, AC, CD and BD.
To prove: PQRS is a rhombus

Proof: In△ABC,
Since P and Q are mid points of AB and AC
1
Therefore, PQ‖BC ,PQ= 2 BC .......(1) (Mid-point theorem)
Similarly,
In △CDA,
Since R and Q are mid points of CD and AC
1 1
Therefore, RQ‖DA ,RQ= 2 DA= 2 BC .......(2)
In △BDA,
Since S and P mid points of BD and AB
1 1
Therefore, SP‖DA,,SP= DA= BC .......(3)
2 2
In △CDB,
Since S and R are mid points of BD and CD
1
Therefore, SR | | BC ,SR= 2 BC .....(4)
From (1) (2),(3)and (4) PQ || SR and (3) RQ || SP
PQ=RQ=SP=SR

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 So the opposite sided of PQRS are parallel and all sides are equal
Hence, PQRS is a rhombus.

8.

Given: In ​△​ABC if DE ∥ BC intersect AB at D and AC at E.

AD AE
To Prove: BD
= AC
Construction: Draw EF ​⊥​AB and DG ​⊥​AC and join DC and BE.
1
Proof: ar△ADE = 2
AD × EF
1
ar△DBE = 2
DB × EF
1
ar △ ADE 2 AD × EF AD
∴
ar △ DBE
= 1 = DB
....(i)
2 DB × EF
1
ar △ ADE 2 AE × DG AE
Similarly, ∴
ar △ DEC
= 1 = EC
2 EC × DG

Since ​△​DBE and ​△​DEC are on the same base and between the same parallels
∴ ​ar( ​△​DBE) = ar (△DEC)

1 1
⇒ ​ ar ( △ DBE ) = ar ( △ DEC )
ar △ ADE ar △ ADE
∴
ar △ DBF
= ar △ DFC
AD AB
⇒ ​ DB = EC
​ ∵ DE ∥ BC
AD AE
=
DB EC

AD
AD
​ AD + DB =

AE
AE + EC
AE
[ ∵
p
q
=
r
s
⇒
p
p+q
=
r
r+s ]
⇒ ​ AB = AC
9. In △AOF and △BOD
∠O = ∠O (Same angle) and ∠A = ∠B (each 90°)

Therefore, △AOF ∼ △ BOD (AA similarity)

OA FA
So, =
OB DB
Also, in △FAC and △EBC, ∠A = ∠B (Each 90°)
and ∠FCA = ∠ECB (Vertically opposite angles).
Therefore, △FAC ∼ △EBC (AA similarity).
FA AC
So, EB
= BC
But EB = DB (B is mid-point of DE)
FA AC
So, DB
= BC
(2)
Therefore, from (1) and (2), we have:
AC OA
BC
= OB
OC − OA OA
i.e. =
OB − OC OB
or OB . OC – OA . OB = OA . OB – OA . OC
or OB . OC + OA . OC = 2 OA . OB
or (OB + OA). OC = 2 OA . OB
1 1 2
or OA
+ OB
= OC
[Dividing both the sides by OA . OB . OC]

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 Image result for Prove that the ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the ratio of squares of their corresponding sides.
10. Using the above, prove the following : In a ΔABC, XY is parallel to BC and it divides ΔABC into two parts of equal area. Prove that
AB=2√−12√.
Given: In a ΔABC, XY||BC and it divides ΔABC into two parts of equal area. i.e. Area(△BAC) = 2 × Area(△XAY)
BX √2 − 1
To Prove: Prove that AB
= .
√2
Proof: Consider △BAC and △XAY,
∠BAC = ∠XAY [common]

∠ABC = ∠AXY [corresponding angles]

⇒ △BAC ∼ △XAY [By AA similarity rule]

We know that the ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the ratio of squares of their corresponding sides.
areaΔBAC AB
i.e. areaΔXAY
= ( AX ) 2
2 × areaΔXAY AB
=( ) 2[Given]
areaΔXAY AX
AB
2 = ( AX ) 2
AB
⇒
AX
=√2
AX 1
⇒
AB
=
√2
AB − BX 1
⇒
AB
=
√2
BX 1
⇒ 1− AB
=
√2
√2 − 1 BX
⇒ = AB
√2
BX √2 − 1
⇒
AB
=
√2
Hence proved.
11. Given : ΔPMS ∼ ΔQMR and PQ | | SR.

To show PS = QR
∵ △ PMS ∼ △ QMR
PS PM MS
∴ = = ...(i)
QR QM MR
[corresponding sides of similar triangles are proportional]
Now, consider △PMQ and △RMS
In these triangles, we have
∠PMQ = ∠RMS [ vertically opposite angles ]

∠MPQ = ∠MRS [ alternate angles ]

∵ △ PMQ ∼ △ RMS [AA criteria]

PM MQ
∴ =
RM MS
[corresponding sides of similar triangles are proportional]
PM MR
⇒ = ...(ii)
QM MS
From Eq (i) and Eq (ii), we get
MS MR
⇒
MR
= MS
⇒ MS 2 = MR 2
⇒ MS = MR

From Eq(i) , we get

PS MS
∴
QR
= MR

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 PS
QR
=1
⇒ PS = QR Hence proved.

12. Given: △FEC ≅ △GBD and ∠1 = ∠2

To prove: △ADE ∼ △ ABC

Proof: In ΔADE, ∠ 1 = ∠2 (Given)
⇒ AE = AD ............................(i) (sides opposite to equal angles are equal)

Also, ΔFEC ≅ ΔGBD (Given)

⇒ BD = EC (by CPCT) ......................(ii)

∠3 = ∠4 [By CPCT]

Also AE + EC = AD + BD
AC = AB .......................................(iii)
Dividing (i) and (iii), we get
AD AE
= and ∠A = ∠ A (common)
AB AC
∴ ADE ∼ △ABC (SAS similarity)
△

13. Since BD is a line and EC is a ray on it.

∴ ∠ DEC + ∠ BEC = 180°

⇒ ∠ DEC + 115° = 180°

⇒ ∠ DEC = 180° - 115° = 65°

But, ∠ AEB = ∠ DEC [Vertically opposite angles]

∴ ∠ AEB = 65°

In ΔCDE, we have
∠CDE + ∠DEC + ∠DCE = 180°

⇒ 70° + 65° + ∠DCE = 180°

⇒ ∠ DCE = 180° - 135° = 45°

It is given that ΔEDC ~ ΔEBA
∴ ∠EBA = ∠EDC, ∠EAB = ∠ECD

⇒ ∠EBA = 70° and ∠EAB = 45° [ ∵ ∠ECD = ∠DCE = 45°]

Hence, ∠DEC = 65°, ∠DCE = 45°, ∠EAB = 45°, ∠AEB = 65° and ∠EBA = 70°.
14. In Δ's EAD and DCF, we have
∠1 = ∠2 [ ∵ AB‖DC ∴ Corresponding angles are equal]
∠3 = ∠4 [ ∵ AD‖BC ∴ Corresponding angles are equal]
Therefore, by AA-criterion of similarity, we have
ΔEAD ∼ ΔDCF
EA AD DE
⇒
DC
= CF
= FD
[corresponding sides of similar triangles are proportional]
EA AD
⇒
DC
= CF
AD CF
⇒
AE
= CD
.................(i){by rearrangement}
Now, in Δ's EAD and EBF, we have

∠ 1= ∠ 1 [Common angle]
∠ 3= ∠ 4

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 So, by AA-criterion of similarity, we have
ΔEAD ∼ ΔEBF
EA AD ED
⇒
EB
= BF
= EF
{corresponding sides of similar triangles are proportional}
EA AD
⇒
EB
= BF
AD FB
⇒
AE
= BE
................(ii){by rearrangement}
AD FB CF
From (i) and (ii), we obtain: = =
AE BE CD
15. i. In △AEP and △CDP
∠APE = ∠CPD (Vertically opposite angles)

∠ AEP = ∠PDC (90o each)

⇒ AEP ∼ △CDP (By AA similarity criteria)
△

ii. In △ABD and △CBE

∠B = ∠B (Common angle)

∠ADB = ∠CEB ( 90o each)

⇒ △ABD ∼ △CBE (By AA similarity criteria)

iii. In △AEP and △ADB

∠EAP = ∠BAD (Common angle)

∠AEP = ∠ADB ( 90o each)

⇒ △AEP ∼ △ADB (By AA similarity criteria)

16. We have,
Area (ΔADE) = Area (trapezium BCED)
⇒ Area (ΔADE)+ Area (ΔADE) = Area (trapezium BCED) + Area (ΔADE)

⇒ 2 Area (ΔADE)= Area (Δ ABC) ...(i)

In ΔADE and ΔABC, we have

DE‖BC, therefore, ∠ADE = ∠B[Corresponding angles]

and, ∠A = ∠A [Common]
∴ ΔADE~ ΔABC

Since for similar triangles ,the ratio of the areas is the square of the ratio of their corresponding sides.Therefore,
Area ( ΔADE ) AD 2
=
Area ( ΔABC ) AB 2
Area ( ΔADE ) AD 2
⇒ =
2 Area ( ΔADE ) AB 2

⇒
1
2
AD
=
( ) AD 2
AB
1
⇒
AB
=
√2
⇒ AB = √2AD
⇒ AB = √2(AB − BD)
BD √2 − 1 2 − √2
⇒ (√2 − 1)AB = √2BD ⇒
AB
= = 2
√2

17.

∵ △ FEC ≅ △ GBD
or, EC = BD ......(i)

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 It is given that ∠1 = ∠2
or, AE = AD ( ∵ Isosceles triangle property)...(ii)
From ,eqns. (i) and (ii),
AE AD
EC
= DB
or, DE || BC, ( ∵ converse of B.PT)
or, ∠1 = ∠3 and ∠2 = ∠4 ( ∵ Corresponding angles)
Thus in △ADE and △ABC ,
∠A = ∠A

∠1 = ∠3

∠2 = ∠4

△ADE ∼ △ABC ( ∵ AAA criterion of similarity)

△ ADE ∼ △ABC Hence proved

18. Given : A triangle ABC, DE || BC, intersecting AB at D and AC at E.
AD AE
To Prove: DB
= EC
Construction: Join BE, CD and draw EL ⊥ AD and DP ⊥ AE.

Proof: △BDE and △CDE are on the same base DE and between the same parallel lines BC and DE,
Hence ar(△BDE) = ar(△CDE) ............(i)
1
ar ( Δ ADE ) 2 ⋅ AD × EL AD
Now, ar ( Δ BDE )
= 1 = BD
............(ii)
2 ⋅ BD × EL
1
ar ( Δ ADE ) 2 AE × DP AE
Similarly, ar ( Δ CDE )
= 1 = EC
........(iii)
2 EC × DP

From (i), eq (iii) becomes,

ar ( Δ ADE ) AE
ar ( Δ BDE )
= EC
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (iv)
From (ii) and (iv) we get,
AD AE
⇒
BD
= EC
Hence proved

Consider the given trapezium ABCD. Join BD intersecting EF at G.

It is proved above that if a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the other two sides in distinct points, the other two
sides are divided in the same ratio. So,
In △DAB, EG ‖ AB,
AE BG
∴
DE
= GD
..........................(v)
In △BCD, GF ‖ DC
BG BF
∴
GD
= FC
..........................(vi)
From (v) and (vi) we get,
AE BF
DE
= FC
Hence proved

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19. Given: ABC is a triangle in which DE ∥ BC.
AD AE
To prove: BD
= CE
Construction: Draw DN ⊥ AE and EM ⊥ AD., Join BE and CD.
Proof :

In △ADE,
1
Area of ΔADE = 2
× AE × DN ...(i)
In ΔDEC,
1
Area of ΔDCE = 2
× CE × DN ...(ii)
Dividing equation (l) by equation (ii),
1
area ( ΔADE ) 2 × AE × DN
⇒
area ( ΔDEC )
= 1
2 × CE × DN
area ( ΔADE ) AE
⇒
area ( ΔDEC )
= CE
...(iii)
Similarly, In ΔADE,
1
Area of ΔADE = 2
× AD × EM ...(iv)
In ΔDEB,
1
Area of ΔDEB = 2
× EM × BD ...(v)
Dividing equation (iv) by equation (v),
1
area ( ΔADE ) 2 × AD × EM
⇒
area ( ΔDEB )
= 1
2 × BD × EM
area ( ΔADE ) AD
⇒
area ( ΔDEB )
= BD
...(vi)
ΔDEB and ΔDEC lie on the same base DE and between two parallel lines DE and BC.
∴ Area (ΔDEB) = Area ( ΔDEC)

From equation (iii),

area ( ΔADE ) AE
⇒
area ( ΔDEB )
= CE
. ......(vii)
From equation (vi) and equation (vii),
AE AD
CE
= BD
∴ If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the other two sides in two points, then the other two sides are divided in
the same ratio.

20.

In the given figure we have PA ⊥ AC and QB ⊥ AC

⇒ QB‖PA

In △PAC and △QBC, we have

∠QCB = ∠PCA (Common)

∠ QBC = ∠ PAC (both are 90o).

So by AA similarity rule , △QBC ∼ △ PAC
QB BC
∴ =
PA AC

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 z b
⇒
x
= a+b
...(i) [by the property of similar triangles]
In △RAC , QB‖RC.
So, △QBA ∼ △RCA.
QB AB
∴
RC
= AC
z a
⇒
y
= a+b
...(ii) [by the property of similar triangles]
Form (i) and (ii), we obtain
z
x
+
z
y
=
( a+b
b
+
a+b
a
) =1

z z
⇒
x
+ y
=1
1 1 1
⇒
x
+ y
= z
1 1 1
or x
+ y
= z.
Hence proved.
AF BE 4
21. FD
= EC 3
=
AD AF + FD 4+3 7
⇒
FD
= 3
= 3
= 3

In △DFG and △DAB

∠FDG ≅ ∠ADB ( ∵ common angle)

∠ DFG ≅ ∠DAB ( ∵ FG ∥ AB)

So,△DFG ∼ △DAB (AA similarity)

Also, △ BGE ∼ △ BDC
DF FG GE BE
⇒ = and =
DA AB DC BC
3 FG GE 4
⇒
7
= AB
and 2AB
= 7
3 8
Now, EF = FG + GE = 7
AB + 7 AB
3 8
⇒ EF = ( 7 + 7 )AB
3+8
⇒ EF = ( )AB
7
11
⇒ EF = ( 7
)AB
⇒ 7EF = 11AB
22. ΔPAC ∼ ΔQBC
x AC y BC
∴ = or = ...(i)
y BC x AC
ΔRCA ∼ ΔQBA
z AC y AB
∴ = or = ...(ii)
y AB z AC
Adding (i) and (ii)
y y BC + AB
+ =
x z AC
1 1 1
⇒
x
+ z
= y

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23.

Extend AM to A' so that AM = A'M and DN to D' so that DN = D'N.

Join A'C and D'F.
ΔAMB ∼ ΔA'MC
⇒ AB = A'C
Similarly, DE = D'F
AB AC AM
Given DE DF
=
DN
=
AC A ′C AA ′ / 2
⇒ = =
DF D ′F DD ′ / 2
∴ △ AA'C ∼ ΔDD'F
∴ ∠1 = ∠2
Similarly, ∠3 = ∠4
⇒ ∠1 + ∠3 = ∠A = ∠2 + ∠4 = ∠D

Hence △ABC ∼ ΔDEF (SAS)

24.

Given: △ABC ∼ △ FEG

a. In △ ADC and △FHG
∠ ACB = ∠ FGE (As △ABC ∼ △ FEG)
1 1
∠ ACB = ∠ FGE
2 2
or ∠ACD = ∠FGH
and ∠CAC =∠GFH [As △ABC ∼ △ FEG]
So, △ADC ∼ △FHG (By AA criteria) ------(i)

b. In △BCD and ΔEGH , we have

∠DBC = ∠HEG
∠ACB = ∠FGE (As △ABC ∼ △ EFG)
1 1
2
∠ ACB = 2
∠ FGE

or ∠DCB = ∠ HGE
So, △BCD ∼ △ EGH (By AA criteria)

c. From (i), △ADC ∼ △ FHG

AC CD
So, FG
= GH
CD AC
or GH
= FG
Hence proved.

25.

Given: △ABC ∼ △ PQR and BD, QM are medians

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 AB BD
To prove: PQ
= QM
Proof: △ABC ∼ △ PQR (given)
AB AC
∴
PQ
= PR
AB 2AD
⇒ = (BD and QM are medians)
PQ 2PM
AB AD
⇒
PQ
= PM
In △ABD and △PQM
AB AD
PQ
= PM
(proved above)
∠ A= ∠P (△ABC ∼ △PQR)

∴ △ ABD ∼ △PQM (SAS criteria)

AB BD
∴
PQ
= QM
(C.P.S.T)
26. Given: ABCD is a quadrilateral. P, Q, R, and S are the points of trisection of sides AB, BC, CD and DA respectively and are adjacent to
A and C.
To Prove: PQRS is a parallelogram.
i.e. we have to prove that PQ||SR and QR||PS.
Construction: Join AC.
Proof: Since P, Q, R, and S are the points of trisection of AB, BC, CD, and DA respectively.
∴ BP = 2 PA, BQ = 2 QC, DR = 2 RC and, DS = 2 SA

In Δ ADC, we have
DS 2 DR 2
AS
= 1
and, RC
= 1
DS DR
⇒
SA
= RC
⇒ SR‖AC ------- (i) [by the converse of basic proportionality theorem]
Again,
In ΔABC, we have
AP 1 CQ 1
PB
= 2
and QB
= 2
AP CQ
⇒
AB
= QB
⇒ PQ‖AC -------- (ii) [by the converse of basic proportionality theorem]
From (i) and (ii), we obtain,
SR‖AC and PQ‖AC ⇒ SR‖PQ
Similarly, by joining BD, we can prove that QR‖PS.
Thus, PQRS is a parallelogram.
Hence proved.
27. Given: △PQR in which QN ⊥ PR and PN × NR = QN2.

To Prove: ∠PQR = 90°

Proof: In △QNP and △QNR
QN ⊥ PR [Given]

∴ ∠1 = ∠2 = 90
QN 2 = PN × NR (Given)

13 / 33
10 PHOD DO!
 QN 2 = NR × NP
QN NP
⇒
NR
= QN
∴△QNP ∼ △RNQ
∠P = ∠RQN = x ...(1)
∠PQN = ∠R = y ...(2)
In △PQR
∠P + ∠PQR + ∠R = 180 ∘ [Angle sum property of a triangle]
⇒ x + x + y + y =180 [Using (1) and (2)]
∘

⇒ 2x + 2y = 180 ∘
⇒ x + y = 90 ∘
⇒ ∠PQR = 90 ∘
Hence proved
28. i. △DPC ∼ △ LPB
DP PC DC
⇒ = =
PL PB BL
ii. As BC || AD
∴ ΔLPB ∼ △LDA

In △DLA, AD || BP
LP LB
⇒
DP
= AB
LP LB
⇒
DP
+1= AB
+1
DL AL
⇒
DP
= AB
DL AL
⇒
DP
= CD
(AB = CD)
LP PB
iii. LD
= AD
(△LPB ∼ △ LDA)
2 PB
⇒
5
= BC
(AD = BC)
29. In ΔABC, DP | | BC

AD AP
DB
= PC
, (BPT) ...(i)
Similarly, in ΔABC
EQ | | AC
BQ BE
or, = ......(ii)
QC EA
EA = ED + DA = ED + BE = BD
BQ AD
Then eqn. (ii) becomes, QC
= BD
......(iii)
From (i) and (iii)
AP BQ
PC
= QC
Hence by converse of BPT
PQ‖AB Hence proved
30. Let BQ = a units, DQ = b units

∵ PQ ‖ AB ∴ ∠1 = ∠2,
and ∠ADB = ∠PDQ
∴ △ADB ∼ △PDQ

14 / 33
10 PHOD DO!
 Similarly △BCD ∼ △BPQ
∵ △ADB ∼ △PDQ

AB BD
∴
PQ
= DQ
x a+b
z
= b
x a x a
z
= b
+1 ⇒
z
−1= b
..(i)
Also, △BCD ∼ △ BPQ
BD CD a+b y
∴
BQ
= PQ
⇒
a
= z
b y b y
1+ a
= z
⇒
a
= z
−1
b y−z a z
⇒
a
= z
⇒
b
= y−z
..(ii)
From (i) and (ii)
x z x z
z
−1= y−z
⇒
z
= y−z
+1
x z+y−z
z
= y−z
x y z y−z
z
= y−z
⇒
x
= y
z z
=1−
x y

z
() ( )
1
x
=z

1
1
z
1
−
1
y
1
⇒
1
x
=
1
z
−
1
y

⇒
x
+ y
= z
(Hence proved)

31. sec 2θ = x + ( ) 1
4x
2
= x2 +
1
16x 2
+
1
2
1 1
∴ tan 2θ = sec 2θ − 1 = x 2 + −
16x 2 2

⇒ tan 2θ = x −
( ) 1
4x
2

⇒ tanθ = x −
( ) ( ) 1
4x
or

1
1
4x
−x

Hence secθ + tanθ = 2x or 2x

1 + tan 2A 1 − tanA
32. Given = ( 1 − cotA )2 = tan2 A.
1 + cot 2A

LHS =

1
( )
1 + tan 2 A
1 + cot A 2 =
sec 2 A
cosec 2A

cos 2 A sin 2 A
= 1 = = tan2 A
cos 2 A
2
sin A

RHS = ( 1 − cotA )2 =
1 − tanA

( ) 1 − tan A 2

1 − tan A
1

=
( )
LHS = RHS.
1 − tan A 2
tan A − 1
tan A
1 − tanA
= ( tanA − 1 × tan A)2 = (-tan A)2 = tan2 A

33. LHS = (sin A + sec A)2 + (cos A + cosec A)2

(
= sinA +
1
cos A ) ( 2
+ cosA +
1
sin A ) 2

15 / 33
10 PHOD DO!
 1 sin A 1 cosA
= sin 2A + +2 + cos 2A + +2
cos 2 A cos A sin 2A sinA

= sin 2A + cos 2A +
1
sin 2 A
+
1
cos 2 A
+2
( sin A
cos A
+
cos A
sin A )
=1+
sin 2 A + cos 2 A
sin 2 Acos 2 A

1
+2
(2
sin 2 A + cos 2 A
sin Acos A )
=1+ +
sin 2 Acos 2 A sin Acos A

= 1+
( 1
sin Acos A ) 2

= (1 + secAcosecA) 2 = RHS
34. We know that,
Sec 2θ − tan 2θ = 1
(secθ + tanθ)(secθ − tanθ) = 1
(p)(secθ − tanθ) = 1
1
secθ − tanθ = p
Hence proved
1
secθ + tanθ = p ....(i) and secθ − tanθ = p
....(ii)
Add equation i and ii
1
secθ + tanθ + secθ − tanθ = p + p
p2 + 1
2secθ = p
1 p2 + 1
cosθ
= 2p
2p
cosθ =
p2 + 1

Now, sinθ = √1 − cos2θ

2p
sinθ =
√ 1−(
p2 + 1
)2

4p 2
sinθ =
√ 1−
1 + p 4 + 2p 2

1 + p 4 − 2p 2
sinθ =
√ 1 + p 4 + 2p 2

1 − p2
sinθ =
√ (
1 + p2
)2

1 − p2
sinθ =
1 + p2
35. Let us consider a right angled ΔABC right angled at point B.

Let ∠C = θ.
Given,
7 Side adjacent to ∠θ BC
cotθ = 8
= Side opposite to ∠θ
= AB
If BC is 7K, AB will be 8K , where K is a positive integer.

16 / 33
10 PHOD DO!
 Now applying Pythagoras theorem in ΔABC
AC2 = AB2 + BC2​
Or, AC2 = 64K2 + 49K2
Or, AC2 = 113K2
∴ AC =
√113K
Now,
Side opposite to ∠θ AB
sinθ = hypotenuse
= AC
8K 8
= =
√113K √113
And,
Side adjacent to ∠θ BC
cosθ = hypotenuse
= AC
7K 7
= =
√113K √113
( 1 + sin θ ) ( 1 − sin θ ) ( 1 − sin 2θ )
i. =
( 1 + cos θ ) ( 1 − cos θ ) ( 1 − cos 2θ )

=
1−
( ) √113
8 2

=
1 − 113
64

49

1−

49
( ) √113
7 2 1 − 113

113 49
= 64 = 64
113

ii. cot 2θ = (cotθ) 2 = () 7

8
2
=
49
64

36. We have,
[ 1 + sin θ − cos θ
1 + sin θ + cos θ ] 2

=
[ 1 + sin θ − cos θ
1 + sin θ + cos θ
×
1 + sin θ − cos θ
1 + sin θ − cos θ ] 2

=
[ ( 1 + sin θ − cos θ ) 2
( 1 + sin θ ) 2 − cos 2θ ] 2

=
[ ( 1 ) 2 + sin 2θ + ( − cos θ ) 2 + 2 × 1 × sin θ + 2 × sin θ ( − cos θ ) + 2 ( − cos θ ) × 1 2
( 1 ) 2 + sin 2θ + 2sin θ − cos 2θ ]
=
[ 1 + sin 2θ + cos 2θ + 2sin θ − 2sin θcos θ − 2cos θ 2
1 − cos 2θ + sin 2θ + 2sin θ ]
=
[ 1 + 1 + 2sin θ − 2sin θcos θ − 2cos θ 2
sin 2θ + sin 2θ + 2sin θ ][ Since, sin 2θ + cos 2θ = 1 ]
=
[ 2 + 2sin θ − 2sin θcos θ − 2cos θ 2
2sin 2θ + 2sin θ ]
=
[ 2 ( 1 + sin θ ) − 2cos θ ( sin θ + 1 )
2sin θ ( sin θ + 1 ) ] 2

=
[ ( 1 + sin θ ) ( 2 − 2cos θ )
2sin θ ( sin θ + 1 ) ] 2

= [ 2 − 2cos θ 2
2sin θ ]
= [ 2 ( 1 − cos θ )
2sin θ ] 2

17 / 33
10 PHOD DO!
 = [ 1 − cos θ 2
sin θ ]
( 1 − cos θ ) 2
=
sin 2θ
( 1 − cos θ ) 2
=
1 − cos 2θ
( 1 − cos θ ) 2
=
( 1 ) 2 − cos 2θ
( 1 − cos θ ) 2
=
( 1 + cos θ ) ( 1 − cos θ )
( 1 − cos θ ) ( 1 − cos θ )
= ( 1 + cos θ ) ( 1 − cos θ )
1 − cos θ
= 1 + cos θ
= RHS
37. L. H. S = [(sinθ + cosθ) + 1][(sinθ + cosθ) − 1]secθ. cosecθ
1 1 1 1
= [(sinθ + cosθ) 2 − 1] cosθsinθ = [sin 2θ + cos 2θ + 2sinθcosθ − 1] cosθsinθ = [1 + 2sinθcosθ − 1] cosθsinθ = 2sinθcosθ cosθsinθ = 2 = R. H. S
38. Given,
cos A - sin A = m
⇒ (cos A - sin A)2 = m2
⇒ cos2 A + sin2 A - 2 cos A sin A = m2
⇒ 1 -2 cos A sin A = m2 ...(i)

Also given,
cos A + sin A = n
⇒ (cos A + sin A)2 = n2
⇒ cos2 A + sin2 A + 2 cos A sin A= n2
⇒ 1 + 2 cos A sin A = n2 ...(ii)

Adding (i) & (ii), we get :-

(1 - 2cosAsinA) + (1 + 2cosAsinA) = m2 + n2
⇒
m2 + n2 = 2 .....(iii)

Similarly, on subtracting equation (ii) from (i) we get :-

- 4 cos A sin A = m2 - n2 ...(iv)

Now, L.H.S.
m2 − n2
=
m2 + n2
− 4cos Asin A
= [from (iii) & (iv) ]
2
= - 2 sin A cos A
m2 − n2
So, = − 2SinACosA ......(v)
m2 + n2
Now,
-2sinAcosA
− 2sin Acos A
= 1
− 2sin A ⋅ cos A
= ( ∵ sin2 A + cos2 A = 1)
sin 2 A + cos 2 A
− 2sin Acos A
sin Acos A
=
sin 2 A + cos 2 A
sin A ⋅ cos A
−2
=
sin 2 A cos 2 A
sin A ⋅ cos A + sin A ⋅ cos A
−2
= tan A + cot A

18 / 33
10 PHOD DO!
 −2
So, -2sinAcosA = tan A + cot A
......(vi)
Now, from (v) & (vi) ,

m2 − n2 −2
= - 2 sin A . cos A = Hence, Proved.
m2 + n2 tan A + cot A
1 1
39. sin2 30° cos2 45° + 4 tan2 30° + 2 sin2 90° - 2 cos2 90° + 24
1 1 1
put sin30 ∘ = 2
, cos45 ∘ = , tan30 ∘ = , sin90 ∘ = 1, cos90 ∘ = 0
√2 √3

= () ( ) ( )
1
2
2
×
√2
1 2
+4
√3
1 2 1
+ 2 (1) 2 − 2(0) + 24
1

1 1 4 1 1
= 4
× 2
+ 3
+ 2
+ 24
1 4 1 1
= 8
+3 2
+ + 24
3 + 32 + 12 + 1
= 24
48
= 24
=2
40. We have,
3
cot 230 ∘ − 2cos 260 ∘ − 4 sec 245 ∘ − 4sec 230 …(1)
Now,
1 2
cot30 ∘ = √3, cos60 ∘
= 2
, sec45 ∘ = √2, sec30 ∘
=
√3
So by substituting above values in equation (1)
We get,
3
cot 230 ∘ − 2cos 260 ∘ − 4 sec 245 ∘ − 4sec 230 ∘

= (√3) 2 − 2
() 1
2
2 3
− 4 (√2) 2 − 4
()
2

√3
2

12 3 22
=3−2× − ×2−4×
22 4 ( √3 ) 2
1 3 4
=3−2× 4
− 2
−4× 3
1 3 16
=3− − −
2 2 3
3×6 1×3 3×3 16 × 2
= 1×6 2×3
− − 2×3
− 3×2
18 3 9 32
= 6 6
− 6
− − 6
18 − 3 − 9 − 32
= 6
18 − 12 − 32
= 6
18 − 44
=
6
− 26
= 6
Therefore,
3 − 13
cot 230 ∘ − 2cos 260 ∘ − 4 sec 245 − 4sec 230 ∘ = 3
( 1 + cot θ + tan θ ) ( sin θ − cos θ )
41. L.H.S =
sec 3 θ − csc 3 θ

( cos θ
1 + sin θ + cos θ
sin θ
) ( sin θ − cos θ )
cosθ
= 1 1 ....( ∵ cotθ = sin θ
)
−
cos 3 θ sin 3 θ

( cos θsin θ + cos 2

)
θ + sin 2 θ ( sin θ − cos θ )
= cos θsin θ
sin 3 θ − cos 3 θ
cos 3 θsin 3 θ

19 / 33
10 PHOD DO!
 sin 3 θ − cos 3 θ cos 3 θsin 3 θ
= sin θcos θ
×
sin 3 θ − cos 3 θ
...{ ∵
(cosθsinθ + cos θ + sin θ )(sinθ − cosθ) = sin θ − cos θ }
2 2 3 3

= cos 2θsin 2θ = RHS.

42. In right △AMB,
3
tan B = 4
AM 3
⇒
BM
= 4
4
⇒ 4AM = 3BM ⇒ BM = 3 AM ...(i)
In right △AMC,
AM
tan C = MC
5 AM
⇒
12
= MC
12
⇒ MC = AM ...(ii)
5
Now, BM + MC = BC
4 12
AM + AM = 56
3 5

AM
( ) 4
3
+
12
5
= 56

AM ( ) 20 + 36
15
= 56

56 × 15
⇒ AM = 56
= 15 cm
( 1 + sin θ ) 2 − ( 1 − sin θ ) 2
43. LHS = ( 1 + sin θ ) ( 1 − sin θ )
4sin θ
=
1 − sin 2 θ
4sin θ
=
cos 2 θ
= 4 tan θ sec θ = RHS
44. Give that 3cot A = 4
4
Or cot A = 3
Consider a right angle triangle ΔABC right angled at point B.

Side adjacent to ∠A
cotA = Side opposite to ∠A
AB 4
=
BC 3
If AB is 4K, BC will be 3K. where K is a positive integer
Now in ΔABC
(AC)2 = (AB)2 + (BC)2
= (4K)2 + (3K)2
= 16 K2 + 9K2
= 25K2
AC = 5K
Side adjacent to ∠A AB
cosA = =
hypotenuse AC
4K 4
= 5K
= 5
Side opposite to ∠A BC
sinA = hypotenuse
= AC

20 / 33
10 PHOD DO!
 3K 3
= 5K
= 5
Side opposite to ∠A BC
tanA = =
Side adjacent to angle A AB
3K 3
= 4K
= 4

1 − tan 2A
1− () 3
4
2
9
1 − 16
= =
1 + tan 2A 9

7
1+ () 3
4
2 1 + 16

16 7
= 25 = 25
16

cos 2A − sin 2A = () ()
4
5
2
−
3
5
2

16 9 7
= − =
25 25 25
1 − tan 2A
Hence = cos 2A − sin 2A
1 + tan 2A

45.

1 BC
Given cotθ = = AB
√3
Let BC = 1K
and, AB = √3K
In ΔABC, By Pythagoras theorem
AB2 + BC2 = AC2
⇒ (√3K )2 + (1K)2 = AC2
⇒ 3K 2 + K 2 = AC 2
⇒ AC 2 = 4K 2
⇒ AC = √4K2 = 2K
BC 1K 1
∴ cosθ = AC
= 2K
= 2
AB √3K √3
sinθ = AC
=2K
= 2
1 − cos 2θ
LHS =
2 − sin 2θ

1− () 1
2
2

( ) √3 2
2− 2

1
1− 4
= 3
2− 4
4−1
4
= 8−3
4
3
4
= 5
4

21 / 33
10 PHOD DO!
 3 4 3
= 4
× 5
= 5
= RHS.
Hence Proved
46. 4(sin430° + cos460°) - 3(cos2 45°- sin290°)
1 1 1
sin30 ∘ = 2
, cos60 ∘ = 2
, sin90 ∘ = 1, cos45 ∘ =
√2

=4
[ ( ) ( ) ] [( )
1
2
4
+
1
2
4
−3
1

√2
2
− (1) 2
]
=4 [ ] [ ]
16
1
+ 16
1
−3
1
2
−1

2 1
=4× −3× −
16 2
1 3
= 2
+ 2
4
= 2
=2
47. We have, l = cosecθ - sinθ and m = secθ - cosθ
∴ LHS = l2m2 (l2 +m2 + 3)
⇒ LHS = (cosecθ - sinθ)2(secθ -cosθ)2 {(cosecθ -sinθ )2+( secθ - cosθ)2+ 3}

⇒ LHS =
( 1
sin θ
− sinθ
)(2 1
cos θ
− cosθ
) {( 2 1
sin θ
− sinθ
) (
2
+
1
cos θ
− cosθ
) 2
+3
}
⇒ LHS =
( ) ( ) {( ) ( ) }
1 − sin 2 θ 2 1 − cos 2 θ 2
sin θ cos θ
1 − sin 2 θ 2
sin θ
+
1 − cos 2 θ 2
cos θ
+3

⇒ LHS =
( ) ( ) {( ) ( ) }
cos 2 θ 2 sin 2 θ 2
sin θ cos θ
cos 2 θ 2
sin θ
+
sin 2 θ 2
cos θ
+3

⇒ LHS =
{
cos 4 θ
sin 2 θ } ×
sin 4 θ
cos 2 θ
cos 4 θ
sin 2 θ
+
sin 4 θ
cos 2 θ
+3

⇒ LHS = cos 2θ × sin 2θ

{ } cos 6 θ + sin 6 θ + 3cos 2 θsin 2 θ
cos 2 θsin 2 θ

⇒ LHS = cos6θ + sin6θ + 3cos2θ sin2θ

⇒ LHS = { (cos2θ)3 + (sin2θ)3 } + 3 cos2θ sin2θ
⇒ LHS = {(cos2θ + sin2θ)3 - 3 cos2θ sin2θ (cos2θ+ sin2θ)}+ 3 sin2θcos2θ [ ∵ a3 + b3 = (a + b)2 - 3ab (a + b)]
⇒ LHS = { 1 - 3cos2θ sin2θ} + 3cos2θsin2θ = RHS [ ∵ cos2θ + sin2θ = 1]
2cos 2 60 ∘
+ 3sec 2 30 ∘
− 2tan 2 45 ∘

48.
sin 2 30 ∘ + cos 2 45 ∘
1 2 1 1
cos60 ∘ = 2
, sec30 ∘ = , tan45 ∘ = 1, sin30 ∘ = 2
, cos45 ∘ =
√3 √2

2 () ( )
1
2
2
+3
2

√3
2
− 2 ( 1 )2

() ( ) 1 2 1 2
2 +
√2
2
4 +4−2
= 1 1
4 +2

22 / 33
10 PHOD DO!
 2 + 16 − 8
4
= 1+2
4
10
= 3
49. Given, cosec θ + cot θ = p...(i)
We know that, cosec 2θ − cot 2θ = 1
⇒ (cosecθ + cotθ)(cosecθ − cotθ) = 1

⇒ p(cosecθ − cotθ) = 1

1
⇒ cosecθ − cotθ = p
....(ii)
Adding i and ii, we get
1
2cosecθ = p + p
p2 + 1
cosecθ = 2p
1 2p
⇒ sinθ = =
cosecθ p2 + 1
4p 2 p 4 + 1 − 2p 2
We know that,cosθ = √ 1 − sin 2θ =
√ 1−
( p2 + 1 )2
=
√ ( p2 + 1 )2

( p2 − 1 )2 p2 − 1
cosθ =
√ ( p2 + 1 )2
=
p2 + 1

tan 3θ cot 3θ
50. LHS = +
1 + tan 2θ 1 + cot 2θ

=
tan 3θ
sec 2θ
+
cot 3θ
cos ec 2θ [ ∵ 1 + tan 2θ = sec 2θ
1 + cot 2θ = cosec 2θ ]
[ ]
sin 3θ cos 3θ
sinθ 1
∵ tanθ = , secθ =
cos 3θ sin 3θ cosθ cosθ
= +
1 1 cosθ 1
cos 2θ sin 2θ cotθ = , cosecθ =
sinθ sinθ
sin 3θ cos 2θ cos 3θ sin 2θ
= × + ×
cos 3θ 1 sin 3θ 1
sin 3θ cos 2θ cos 3θ sin 2θ
= × + ×
cos 2θcos θ 1 sin 2θ × sin θ 1
sin 3θ cos 3θ
= +
cos θ sin θ
sin 4θ + cos 4θ
= cos θsin θ

( sin θ ) + ( cos θ )
2 2 2 2

= cos θsin θ

( sin 2θ + cos 2θ ) 2
− 2sin 2θcos 2θ
= cos θsin θ [ ∵ a 2 + b 2 = (a + b) 2 − 2ab ]
1 − 2sin 2θcos 2θ
= cos θsin θ [ ∵ sin 2θ + cos 2θ = 1 ]
1 2sin 2θcos 2θ
= cos θsin θ
− cos θsin θ
1 1
= cos θ sin θ
− 2sinθcosθ

= secθcosecθ − 2sinθcosθ
[ ∵
1
cos θ
= secθ,
1
sin θ
= cosecθ
]
= RHS
Hence proved.
51. The volume of the spherical vessel is
calculated by the given formula
4
V = ​​ 3 π × r 3

23 / 33
10 PHOD DO!
 Now,
4 22
V= 3
× 7
×9×9×9

V = 3,054.85 cm3
The volume of the cylinder neck is calculated by the given formula.
V = π × R2 × h
Now,
22
V= 7
×1×1×8

V = 25.14 cm3
The total volume of the vessel is equal to the volume of the spherical shell and the volume of its cylindrical neck.
3054.85 + 25.14 = 3, 080 cm3
The total volume of the vessel is 3,080 cm3.
As we know,
1 L = 1000 cm3
3080
= 3.080 L
1000
Thus, the amount of water (in litres) it can hold is 3.080 L.

52. Cylinder Cone

6
r = = 3 cm r = 3 cm
2

H = 12 cm l = 5 cm
For cone,
∴ l2 = r2 + h2 + or h2 = l2 – r2
h2 = 52 – 32 = 25 – 9 = 16
⇒ h = √16 = 4 cm

Now, volume of rocket = Volume of cylinder + Volume of cone

1
= πr 2H + 3 πr 2h = πr 2 H + 3 h
[ 1
]
[
= 3.14 × 3 × 3 12 +
1
3
×4 ]
= 3.14 × 9 [] 40
3
= 3.14 × 3 × 40 = 376.8 cm3

∴ Volume of Rocket = 376.8 cm3

Total surface area of rocket = Curved surface area of cylinder + Curved surface area of cone + Area of base of cylinder [As it is closed
(Given)]
= 2πrH + πrl + πr2 = πr [2H + l + r]
= 3.14 × 3[2 × 12 + 5 + 3]

24 / 33
10 PHOD DO!
 = 3.14 × 3 × 32
= 301.44 cm2
Hence, the surface area of rocket is 301.44 cm2.
53. Let radius, slant height and height of cone be r, l and h respectively and radius and height of cylinder be r1 and h1 respectively.
r = 2.5 cm, h = 6 cm, r1 = 1.5 cm and h1 = 26 - 6 = 20 cm
∴ l= √r2 + h2 = √(2.5) 2 + 62
= √6.25 + 36 = √42.25
= 6.5cm
Here, the conical portion has its circular base resting on the base of the cylinder, but the base of the cone is larger than the base of the
cylinder. So, a part of the base of the cone (a ring) is to be painted.
So, the area to be painted orange = Curved surface area of the cone + Base area of the cone - Base area of the cylinder
2
= πrl + πr 2 − πr 1

{ }
= π rl + r 2 − r 1
2

= π {2.5 × 6.5 + (2.5) 2 − (1.5) 2 }

= 3.14(16.25 + 6.25 − 2.25) = 3.14 × 20.25 = 63.585cm 2

Now, the area to be painted yellow = Curved surface area of the cylinder + Area of the base of the cylinder
2
= 2πr 1h 1 + πr 1

(
= πr 1 2h 1 + r 1 )
= 3.14 × 1.5(2 × 20 + 1.5)
= 3.14 × 1.5 × 41.5 = 4.71 × 41.5 = 195.465cm 2
54. Height of cylinder = 15 cm
Radius of cylinder = Radius of hemisphere = 4.2 cm
Total surface area = CSA of cylinder + CSA of 2 hemispheres
= 2πrh + 4πr 2
22
=2× 7
× 4.2 × (15 + 2 × 4.2)
22
=2× 7
× 4.2 × 23 ⋅ 4 = 617.76 cm 2
1
55. We have, Diameter of the graphite cylinder = 1 mm = 10
cm
1
∴ Radius of graphite (r) = 20
cm = 0.05 cm
Length of the graphite cylinder =10 cm
22
Volume of the graphite cylinder = 7
× (0.05) 2 × 10

= 0.0785 cm3
Weight of graphite = Volume × Specific gravity
= 0.0785 × 2.1
= 0.164 gm
7
Diameter of pencil = 7mm = 10
cm = 0.7 cm
7
∴ Radius of pencil = cm = 0.35 cm
20
and, Length of pencil = 10 cm
∴ Volume of pencil = {tex}\style{font-size:11px}{\mathrm{πr}^2\mathrm h}{/tex}
22 3
= 7
× (0.35) 2 × 10 cm 3 = 3.85 cm
Volume of wood = volume of the pencil - volume of graphite
= (3 .85 - 0.164) cm​3= 3. 686 gm
∴ Weight of wood = volume density

= 3. 686 × 0.7 = 3.73

Hence, Total weight = (3.73+ 0.164) gm = 3.894gm.
56. We have, VO' = 10.2cm, OA = OO' = 4.2cm
Let r be the radius of the hemisphere and h be the height of the conical part of the toy.

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10 PHOD DO!
 Then, r = OA = 4.2 cm, h = VO = VO' - OO' = (10.2 - 4.2) cm = 6 cm

Also, radius of the base of the cone = OA = r = 4.2 cm

∴ Volume of the wooden toy = Volume of the conical part + Volume of the hemispherical part

=
( 1
3
2
πr 2h +
2π
3 )
r 3 cm3

πr
= 3
(h + 2r) cm3
1 22
= 3
× 7
× 4.2 × 4.2 × (6 + 2 × 4.2) cm3
1 22
= 3
× 7
× 4.2 × 4.2 × 14.4 cm2 = 266.11 cm3

57.

Edge of the cube, a = 7 cm.

7
Radius of the hemisphere, r = 2
cm.
Surface area of remaining solid
= total surface area of the cube - area of the top of hemispherical part + curved surface area of the hemisphere
= 6a 2 − πr 2 + 2πr 2 = 6a 2 + πr 2

(
= 6×7×7+
22
7
×
7
2
×
7
2 ) cm 2

= (294 + 38.5)cm2 = 332.5 cm2.

58. Volume of cuboid = 20 × 14 × 7 = 1960 m3
14
For half cylinder: r = m, h = 20 m
2
1
Volume of half cylinder = 2 πr 2h
1 22
= 2
× 7
× 7 × 7 × 20 = 1540 m 3

∴ Required volume of air = 1960 + 1540 = 3500 m3

Space occupied by machinery = 400 m3
∴ Space left = 3500 - 400

= 3100 m3
59. As the conical cavity is drilled out from the cylinder, so the volume of the remaining solid can be calculated by subtracting the volume of
cylinder and cone

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10 PHOD DO!
 Given height of the cylinder, H = 30 cm
Radius of the cylinder, r = 7 cm
Height of cone, h = 24 cm
Radius of cone, r = 7 cm

Slant height of the cone, l = √ (h2 + r2 )

l= √(242 + 72)
l = √(576 + 49)
l = √(625)
l = 25 cm
Volume of the remaining solid = Volume of the cylinder – Volume of the cone
1
= πr2H - ( 3 )πr2h
h
= πr2(H - )
3
22 24
=( 7
) × 72 × (30 − 3
)
= (22 × 7) × (30 - 8)
= (154) × (22)
= 3388 cm3
Volume of the remaining solid is 3388 cm3.
Total surface area of the remaining solid = Curved surface area of cylinder + surface area of top of the cylinder+ curved surface area of
the cone
Total surface area of the remaining solid
= 2πrH + πr2 + πrl
= πr(2H + r + l)
22
=( 7
) × 7(2 × 30 + 7+ 25)
= 22 × (60+32)
= 22 × 92
= 2024 cm2
Hence the total surface area of the remaining solid is 2024 cm2.

60.

Radius of each hemispherical end = 7 cm.

Height of each hemispherical part = its radius = 7 cm.
Height of the cylindrical part = (104 - 2 × 7) cm = 90 cm.
Area of surface to be polished = 2(curved surface area of the hemisphere) + (curved surface area of the cylinder)
= [2 (2πr 2) + 2πrh] sq units

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10 PHOD DO!
 = [( 4×
22
7
×7×7 + 2× )( 22
7
× 7 × 90 )]
cm 2

= (616 + 3960) cm2 = 4576 cm2

=
( ) 4576
10 × 10
dm 2 = 45.76 dm2 [ ∵ 10 cm = 1 dm].

∴ cost of polishing the surface of the solid

= ₹(45.76 × 10) = ₹ 457.60.
22
61. CSA of cylinder = 2 × 7
× 2.1 × 5.8

= 76.56 cm2
22
CSA of two hemisphere = 4 × 7
× 2.1 × 2.1

= 55.44 cm2
Total Surface Area of article = 76.56 + 55.44 = 132 cm2
62. According to question
Diameterdiameter of the well = 7m
7
Radius of the well (r) = 2
m = 3.5m and, height of the well (h) = 22.5 m
7 7 45
∴ Volume of the earth dugout = π × (3.5)2 × 22.5 m3 = π × 2
× 2
× 2
m3
Let the width of the embankment be r metres. Clearly, embankment forms a cylindrical shell whose inner and outer radii are 3.5 m and (r
+ 3.5) m respectively and height 1.5 m.
∴ Volume of the embankment = Area of ring at top × height of the embankment

3
= π{(r + 3.5)2 - (3.5)2} × 1.5 m3 = π(r + 7) r × 2
m3
But, Volume of the embankment = Volume of the well

3 7 7 45
⇒ πr(r + 7) × 2
=π× 2
× 2
× 2
49
⇒ r (r + 7) = × 15
4

⇒ 4r2 + 28r = 735

⇒ 4r2 + 28r - 735 = 0
4r2 + 70x - 42x - 735 = 0
⇒ 2r(2r + 35) - 21(2r + 35) = 0

⇒ (2r + 35)(2r - 21) = 0

⇒ 2r + 35 = 0 or 2r - 21 = 0
− 35 21
⇒ r= 2
or x = 2
− 35
2 is negative, hence neglect this value
21
⇒ x = 2
= 10.5 m
Hence, the width of the embankment is 10.5 m
63. a. Total surface area of block
= TSA of cube + CSA of hemisphere - Base area of hemisphere
= 6a2 + 2πr2 - πr2
= 6a2 + πr2

(
= 6 × 62 +
22
7
× 2.1 × 2.1 cm 2
)
28 / 33
10 PHOD DO!
 = (216 + 13.86) cm2
= 229.86 cm2
b. Volume of block
2 22
= 63 + 3
× 7
× (2.1) 3

= (216 + 19.40) cm3

= 235.40 cm3

64.

TSA of the article = 2πrh + 2(2πr2)

= 2π (3.5)(10) + 2[2π (3.5)2]
= 70π + 49π
= 119 π
22
= 119 × 7

= 374 cm 2

65.

Diameter of cyliner = 24m

∴ radius of cylinder = radius of cone = 12m

Height of cylinder = 11m

Total height of tent = 16m
∴ Height of cone = 16 - 11 = 5m

Now, l2 = r2 + h2
⇒ l2 = 122 + 52
⇒ l2 = 144 + 25 = 169
⇒ l = √169 = 13m
∴ Canvas required for tent = curved surface area of cone + curved surface area of cylinder

= πrl + 2πrh
22 22
= 7
× 12 × 13 + 2 × 7
× 12 × 11
22
= 7
× 12 [13 + 2 × 11]
22
=​​ 7
× 12 × 35

= 22 × 12 × 5 = 1320m2
66. Let BPC be the hemisphere and ABC be the cone mounted on the base of the hemisphere. Let EFGH be the right circular cylinder
circumscribing the given toy.

We have,
4
Given radius of cone, cylinder and hemisphere (r) = 2
= 2 cm
Height of cone (l) = 2 cm

29 / 33
10 PHOD DO!
 Height of cylinder (h) = 4 cm
Now, Volume of the right circular cylinder = πr2 h = π × 2 2 × 4cm 3 = 16πcm 3

Volume of the solid toy = { 2

3
1
}
π × 2 3 + 3 π × 2 2 × 2 cm 3 = 8πcm 3

∴ Required space = Volume of the right circular cylinder - Volume of the toy
= 16πcm 3 − 8πcm 3 = 8πcm 3.
Hence, the right circular cylinder covers 8πcm3 more space than the solid toy.
So, remaining volume of cylinder when toy is inserted in it = 8π cm 3

67.

Let the radius of the hemispherical dome be r and the total height of the building be h.
2
Since, the base diameter of the dome is equal to 3
of the total height
2
2r = 3
h
h
⇒ r=
3
Let H be the height of the cylindrical position.
h 2h
⇒ H=h−r=h− =
3 3
Volume of air inside the building = Volume of air inside the dome + Volume of air inside the cylinder
1 2
⇒ 67 = πr 3 + πr 2H
21 3

⇒
1408
21
= πr 2
( 2
3) r+H

⇒
1408
21
=
22
7
× ( )( ) h
3
2 2
3
×
h
3
+
2h
3

⇒
1408 × 7
22 × 21
=
h2
9 ( )
×
2h
9
+
2h
3

⇒
64
3
=
h2
9
×
() 8h
9
64 × 9 × 9
⇒ = h3
3×8
⇒ h3 = 8
× 27
⇒h=6
Thus, the height of the building is 6 m.
68. We have;
A Cube,
length
Cube's Edge
, a = 7 cm
A Cylinder:
21
Cylinder's Radius, r = 2.1 cm or r = 10
cm
Cylinder's Height, h = 7 cm
∵ A cylinder is scooped out from a cube,
∴ TSA of the resulting cuboid:

= TSA of whole Cube - 2 × (Area of upper circle or Area of lower circle) + CSA of the scooped out Cylinder
= 6a2 + 2πrh - 2 × (πr2)
= 6 × (7)2 + 2 × (22 ÷ 7 × 2.1 × 7) - 2 × [22 ÷ 7 × (2.1)2]

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10 PHOD DO!
 = 6 × 49 + (44 ÷ 7 × 14.7) - (44 ÷ 7 × 4.41)
= 294 + 92.4 - 27.72
= 294 + 64.68
= 358.68 cm2
Hence, the total surface area of the remaining solid is 358.68 cm2
1 1
69. Clearly r = 2 , h = 2
Volume of solid = Volume of Cone + Volume of Hemisphere
1 2
= 3
πr2h + 3 πr3
1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
= 3
× 3.14 × 2
× 2
× 2
+ 3
× 3.14 × 2
× 2
× 2

=
1
3
× 3.14 ×
1
2
×
1
2
× [ ( )]
1
2
+2
1
2
1 3.14 3
= 3
× 4
× 2
1.57 157
= 4
= 400
cm3 or 0.3925 cm3
70. Given,
Radius of cone = Radius of hemisphere = r = 5 cm
Height of cone (h) = 10 cm
No. of cones = 7
Volume of ice cream in one cone = Volume of cone + Volume of hemisphere
1 2
= πr 2h + πr 3
3 3
π
= 3
r 2(h + 2r)
22 1
= 7
× 3
× 5 × 5(10 + 2 × 7)
22 1
= 7 3
× × 5 × 5(10 + 10)
22 × 25 × 20
= 21

= 523.8 cm3
Volume of ice cream in 7 cones
= 523.8 × 7 cm3
= 3666.63 cm3
= 3.67 litre

71. We have, radius of the hemisphere = 3.5 cm

Height of the cone = 4 cm
Radius of the cylinder = 5 cm
|Height of the cylinder = 10.5 cm
We have to find out the volume of water left in the cylindrical tub

∴ Volume of the solid = Volume of its conical part + Volume of its hemispherical part

=
{ 1
3
×
22
7
× (3.5) 2 × 4 +
2
3
×
22
7 }
× (3.5) 3 cm 3

=
1
3
×
22
7
× (3.5) 2{4 + 2 × 3.5}cm 3 =
{ 1
3
×
22
7
× () 7
2
2

}
× 11 cm 3

Clearly, when the solid is submerged in the cylindrical tub the volume of water that flows out of the cylinder is equal to the volume of the
solid.
Hence,

31 / 33
10 PHOD DO!
 Volume of water left in the cylinder = Volume of cylinder - Volume of the solid

=
{ 22
7
× (5) 2 × 10.5 −
1
3
×
22
7
×
()
7
2
2

}
× 11 cm 3

= { 22
7
× 25 ×
21
2
−
1
3
×
22
7
×
7
2
×
7
2 }
× 11 cm 3

(
= 11 × 25 × 3 −
1
3
× 11 ×
7
2 )
× 11 cm 3

= (825 - 141.16) cm3 = 683.83 cm3

72. We have radius of cylinder = radius of cone = radius of hemisphere = 60 cm
Height of cone = 120 cm
∴ Height of cylindrical vessel = 120 + 60 =180 cm

∴ V = Volume of water that the cylinder contains = πr 2h = {π × (60) 2

}
× 180 cm 3
Let V1 be the volume of the conical part. Then,

1
V1 = 3
πr 2h 1

{π × 60 }
1
⇒ V1 = 3
× π × 60 2 × 120cm 3 = 2 × 40 cm 3
For hemispherical part r = Radius = 60 cm
Let V​2 be the volume of the hemisphere. Then,

V2 =
{ 2
3 }
π × 60 3 cm 3

⇒ V2 = {2π × 20 × 60 }cm = {40π 2 3 ⋅

}
60 2 cm 3
Let V3 the the volume of the water left-out in the cylinder. Then,
V​3= V - V1 - V2

V3 = {π × 60 2 × 180 − π × 60 2 × 40 − 40π × 60 2 cm 3 }
2 3
V 3 = π × 60 × {180 − 40 − 40}cm
22
V3 = 7
× 3600 × 100cm 3
22 × 360000 22 × 360000 22 × 36
⇒ V3 = cm 3 = m3 = m 3 = 1.1314m 3.
7 7 × ( 100 ) 3 700
73. Surface area to colour = surface area of hemisphere + curved surface area of cone
Diameter of hemisphere = 3.5 cm
3.5
So radius of hemispherical portion of the lattu = r = 2
cm = 1.75
3.5
r = Radius of the concial portion = 2
= 1.75
Height of the conical portion = height of top - radius of hemisphere = 5 - 1.75 = 3.25 cm
Let I be the slant height of the conical part. Then,
l2 = h2 + r2

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10 PHOD DO!
 l 2 = (3.25) 2 + (1.75) 2
⇒ l 2 = 10.5625 + 3.0625
⇒ l 2 = 13.625
⇒ l= √13.625
⇒ l = 3.69
Let S be the total surface area of the top. Then,
S = 2πr 2 + πrl
⇒ S = πr(2r + l)
22
⇒ S= × 1.75(2 × 1.75 + 3.7)
7
= 5.5(3.5 + 3.7)
= 5.5(7.2)
= 39.6 cm 2
74. Given, radius of cone = radius of hemisphere
=r
= 7 cm
Height of cone (h) = 2 × radius
=2 × 7
= 14 cm
Volume of solid = Volume of cone + Volume of hemisphere
1 2
Volume of solid (V) = 3 πr 2h + 3 πr 3
1 2
= πr 2(2r) + πr 3 ...( ∵ h = 2r)
3 3
2 2
= 3
πr 3 + 3 πr 3
4
= 3
πr 3
4 22
= 3
×7
× 7 × 7 × 7
4312
= 3

= 1437.33 cm3

75.

l= √62 + 82 = 10 cm
Required Surface Area of the remaining solid = 2πrh + πr2 + πrl
= 2π (6) ⋅ 8 + π (6)2 + π × 6 × 10
= 192 π
= 602.88 m2

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10 PHOD DO!