RURAL DEVELOPMENT

ENGINEERING
Subject Code- 21CVT109
By
Mr. RAGHAVENDRA N
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
 Concepts & Idea of Rural Development
• Generally Speaking, the term development implies a change that is
desirable.

• Since what is desirable at a particular time and place and in a particular

culture may not be desirable at other places or at other times at the same
place and in the same cultural environment.

• it is impossible to think of a universally acceptable definition of

development.

• But, generally speaking, development could be conceptualized as a set

or vector of desirable societal objectives or a development index, which
does not decrease over time.
 Objectives of Rural Development

• Increase in real income per capita (economic growth).

• Improvement in distribution of income (equity).

• Political and economic freedom.

• Equitable access to resources, education, health care, employment
opportunities and justice.

• Security of life and property.

• Hedge against natural calamities and man-made disasters.

 Rural Development
Rural development -as a process, a phenomenon, a strategy, and a discipline

• As a process- it implies the engagement of individuals, communities, and

nations in search of their cherished goals over time.

• As a phenomenon- rural development is the end result of interactions

between various physical, technological, economic, socio-cultural, and
institutional factors and can be measured at any point in time.

• As a strategy- it is designed to improve the economic and social well-being

of a specific group of people, that is, the rural poor.

• As a discipline- it is multidisciplinary in nature, representing an intersection

of agriculturist, social, behavioral, engineering, and management sciences.
 Problems of Rural Development
As we know the 60-70% of rural population in India lives in primitive
conditions.
There are many obstacles in the rural development programmes which are as
under.
• Even in 21st Century, there is no electricity supply in many villages.
• Now also many rural peoples using primitive methods of cooking,
living and farming and they have trust on these methods.

• By using primitive cook stoves, around 300,000 death/year takes place due
to pollution.

• 54% of India’s population is below 25 years and most of them live in rural
areas with very little employment opportunities.

• The poor extension linkages cause slow growth of rural development.

 Cont….
• Cannot provide satisfactory help to rural peoples Untrained,
unskilled, inexperienced staff in extension linkage .

• Every one want to go to the cities, so that rural people’s remains

as ignores part by the policy makers also.
• Privatization concept is useful for rural development but,
government not paying much attention to this aspect.

• Policy makes prepared policies, programmes for betterment of rural

people but, if these programmes are not implemented very well then
have no use.
A plan is a blueprint for action. It points out a precise way to reach a
predetermined goal, or a set of goals, within a predetermined period of time.

Planning is the process of formulating a plan.

Development planning as a process involves the application of a rational

system of choices among the feasible courses of investment and other
development possibilities, based on a consideration of economic and social
costs and benefits.

However we define planning, it implies an organized, conscious, and

continued effort to achieve specific goals in the future.
Problems in planning can be identified and, consequently, planning can be
carried out at the
a) National and state levels (macro level),

b) At the intermediate level (meso level).

c) At the level of the individual unit of production (micro level)

The planning function at the national and state levels consists mainly of

• Defining the goals of development effort; projecting population growth, and

demand and supply of important goods and services.

• Estimating and mobilizing the necessary domestic and foreign resources of

money and skills; and allocating them to those specific uses among
different sectors of the economy that seem likely to make the greatest
contribution to achieving the national goals.
• Flaming at the district and block levels may be considered as meso-level
(intermediate) planning.

• The main function of meso-level planning is to translate the macro-level plan

into concrete and operational programs and projects, taking into consideration
the peculiar characteristics and requirements of the district/block concerned.

• Micro-level planning refers to planning at the level of the basic unit of

production, which may be a farm, a factory, a household enterprise, or any other
production/service unit.

• Micro planning is concerned with the what, how much, how, when, and where
questions relating to production, consumption, credit, and marketing.
In order to achieve goals of rural development planning, micro-level planning has the
following major roles to play:

1. Reveal the prospective needs of farmers (or any other rural producers) for production
inputs and credit, so that a suitable supply scheme could be designed.
2. Determine the best alternatives for reorganization of the rural business units, so as to
utilize the public services and facilities completely.

3. Furnish basic information for the formulation and evaluation of rural development
projects.

4. Aid in projecting the effects of changes in technology, prices, and public programs and
policies on rural production, income, and employment.

5. Serve as an aid to the rural development extension worker in establishing an effective

working relationship with rural producers, and in educating them in scientific methods.
There are two approaches
1) Endogenous Development:
• (NGOs) and other agencies involved in the international development. The
approach aims to incorporate the knowledge and opinions of rural people in the
planning and management of development projects and programmes.

• To adopt a development approach that promotes inter-industrial relationships

through the comprehensive utilization of local resources, techniques, industries,
human resources, cultures, and networks placing value on mixed economic
working situations.

• To facilitate community participation in policy-making. To establish local

autonomy through community participation, decentralization and resident self-
governance.
2) Participatory Development
• The promotion of the development of human and physical resources in rural areas requires
recognizing the fact that local people themselves are the main implementers of development
projects.
• If the people participate passively in projects, they become inactive and will depend on
external inputs.
• In order to avoid this situation, local decision-making in project planning and
implementation is important. In other words, a project that the local people themselves plan
and implement is given priority as local materials and human resources are utilized
effectively by the local people’s initiative and responsibility.
• Local independence and sustainable development of project outcomes are enhanced by the
effective use of local resources.

• Ex: Physical improvements such as roads, housing, irrigation, drainage and better farming
practices.
• It is a way of thinking about technological change, recognizing that tools
and techniques can evolve along different paths toward different ends.

• It includes the belief that human communities can have a hand in

deciding what their future will be like, and that the choice of tools and
techniques is an important part of this.

• It also includes the recognition that technologies can embody cultural

biases and sometimes have political and distributional effects that go far
beyond a strictly economic evaluation.
Appropriate technology was meant to address four problems

1. Extreme poverty 2. Starvation 3. Unemployment 4.Urban

Migration
• Require only small amounts of capital.

• Emphasize the use of locally available materials, in order to lower costs and reduce supply
problems

• Are relatively labor-intensive but more productive than many traditional technologies

• Are small enough in scale to be affordable to individual families or small groups of

families

• Can be understood, controlled and maintained by villagers whenever possible, without a

high level of specific Training

• Can be produced in villages or small workshops

• Offer opportunities for local people to become involved in the modification and innovation
process.

• Are flexible, can be adapted to different places and changing circumstances

• Can be used in productive ways without doing harm to the environment.

1. It permits local needs to be met more effectively because local people are
involved in identifying and working to address these needs; for the same reasons,
it is likely to be in harmony with local traditions and values.
2. It means the development of tools that extend human labour and skills, rather
than machines that replace human labour and eliminate human skills
3. It represents a comprehensible and controllable scale of activities, organization
and mistakes, at which people without management training can work together
and understand what they are doing
4. It allows more economical operation by minimizing the transport of goods in an
era of expensive energy, allowing greater interaction of local industry and
permitting greater use of local resources—both human and material;
5. It makes, unnecessary many expensive or unavailable finance, transportation,
education, advertising, management, and energy services; avoids the loss of local
control that use of such outside services implies.
6. It helps to establish a self-sustaining and expanding reservoir of skills in the
community which begins from already existing skills.
7. It provides a region with a cushion against the effects of outside economic
changes (e.g., the collapse of the world sugar market or the sudden
unavailability of fertilizer)
8. It helps to reduce economic, social, and political dependency between
individuals, between regions, and between nations, by recognizing that
people can and will do things for themselves if they can find a way.

Applications of appropriate Technology in rural area:

1. Rainwater harvesting system with an appropriate method of storage.
2. Wind power ( electricity ).
3. Micro hydro plant.
4. Bio gas.
5. Uses of animal dung as a fuel.
6. Solar energy for light.
Some other type as: Labour intensive technology, Alternate technology, Self
help technology, Village level technology, Community technology
 Rural development programme/ projects.

i)MGNREGA: Programs for self

Programs for self
and wage employment
and wage
ii)SGSY-promoting self
employment employment

i.PRADHAN MANTRI GRAM

SADAK YOJANA
ii)SWAJALDHARA
iii)PURA(Provision of Urban
Rural Amenities to Rural Areas)
infrastructure &
iv.INDIRA AWAAS YOJANA
RURAL basic minimum
DEVELOPM needs vi)PRADAN MANTRI
ENT GRAMODAYA YOJANA
PROGRAMM vii)CREDIT CUM SUBSIDY
ES SCHEME
viii)RAJIV GANDHI GRAMEEN
i)VIDHYUKTHIKARAN YOJANA
INTEGRATED WATERSHED
Natural MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME
resource
ii)LAND REFORMS
managemen
t
i)National family benefit scheme
ii) ANNAPOORNA
Social iii)ANTYODAYA ANNA YOJANA
security iV)INTEGRATED CHILD
DEVELOPMENT
 PROGRAMMES FOR SELF AND WAGE EMPLOYMENT

i) MGNREGA-Guaranteeing wage
employment
• Employment guarantee act designed to provide job
guarantee for at least 100 days in rural parts of the
country through this scheme , all the adult members (at
least 18 years of age) of the any family in rural part of
the country are given non-skilled work.

• August 25,2005

• Program provides a legal guarantee for one hundred

days of occupation in every financial year to mature
associates of any rural family willing to do public work-
related inexperienced guide perform at the legal lowest
salary of INR 192-202/- per day last year prices.
 SGSY-Promoting Self Employment

Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY) is an initiative launched by

the Government of India to provide sustainable income to poor people living
in rural areas of the country
• Launched on April 1, 1999
• The SGSY aims at providing self-employment to villagers through the
establishment of self-help groups.
• Activity clusters are established based on the aptitude and skill of the
people which are nurtured to their maximum potential.
• Funds are provided by NGOs, banks and financial institutions.
• Since its inception, over 2.25 million Self-help groups have been
established with an investment of ₹14403 crore (US$2.2 billion), profiting
over 6.697 million people.
PROGRAMMES FOR RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND
MINIMUM BASIC NEEDS

PRADHAN MANTRI GRAM SADAK YOJANA

• 25 DEC 2000-ATAL BIHARI VAJPAYEE

• To provide good all weather road connectivity to eligible unconnected
habitations in rural areas with population of 500 persons above in
plain areas
• It is under the ministry of rural development
• It is managed by national rural roads development agency
• 4,22,031km-completed length
• Started in the year 2002.
• An Emphasized the need for taking up community based rural water
programmes & to open up the reformative in the drinking water supply sector.
• Program depends on community participation
• Water supply ensured to the rural population by piped water supply scheme
(PWSs) & Spot source water supply scheme(sswss)
• Public Water System Supervision (PWSS)-to cover large population
• SSWSS-to cover small population
• 90% capital cost – govt of India
• 10% -community contribution
• Concept –Dr.A.P.J.Abdulkalam
• MISSION-holistic and accelerated development of compact areas around a potential growth
centre in gram panchayat through PPP framework (Public Private Partenership) for providing
livelihood opportunities & urban amenities to improve the quality of life in rural area.
• Physical connectivity by providing roads
• Electronic- communication network
• Knowledge – By establishing professional & Technological institution 1998
• To improve the quality of life of people and overall habitat in the rural areas
• Aims to provide convergence to activities till now separately undertaken such as
construction of houses, sanitation facilities and drinking water schemes and
ensure their effective implementation by suitable and sustainable induction of
technology
• It is started in the year 1998
• To improve the quality of life of people and overall habitat in the rural
areas.
• Aims to provide convergence to activities till now separately
undertaken such as construction of houses, sanitation
facilities.
• Drinking water schemes and ensure the ir e ffe c tive
implementation by suitable and sustainable induction of
technology.
• It is started in the year 1985
• Housing for rural poor and SC/ST
• Financial assistence-rs.70,000(in plain areas) & -rs.75,000(high land
area)
• Houses are allotted in the name of woman or jointly between husband
and wife.
• It was started in the year 2008-10.
• To restore local ecological balance by harnessing, conserving
and developing degraded natural resources such as soil,
vegetation and water
• Out-come prevention of soil erosion, regeneration of natural
vegetation, rainwater harvesting and recharging of ground
water
 I) land consolidation

• farms in India-small in size &also scattered

• -leads to suboptimal use of resources
• -so land consolidation is essential
• There are two types of land consoildation
1) voluntary 2) compulsory
• (various laws- 1923,1936,197,1984)
• -2004-1500l/h –consolidated
II) National Land Record Modernization
Programme

• It was started in the year 2008.

• strengthening of revenue administration &updating land
records.
• computerization of land records
• Centrally sponsored scheme-financial assistance to elderly
widows and persons with disability in the form of social
pensions.
• Indira Gandhi old pension(60-79=rs.200p/m) (80<=500p/m) .
• Widow pension(40-79=300p/m) ( 80<=500p/m)
• In the event of death of bread winner of a household the family
will receive lump sum assistance of rs.20,000.
• Bread winner should have been between 18- 60.