$ 5 ' + , 8 1 , 9 ( 5 6, 7 <

6&+ 2 2 / 2 ) ( 1 * , 1 ( ( 5 , 1 * $ 1 ' ( 1 9 , 5 2 0 ( 1 7$ / 67 8 ' , ( 66( ( 6

' ( 3$ 5 7 0 ( 1 7 2 ) &, 9 , / $ 1 ' ( 1 9 , 5 2 1 0 ( 1 7$ / ( 1 * , 1 ( ( 5 , 1 * &( (

0 2' 8/ ( ((

$ 66, * 1 0 ( 1 7

$ &$ ' ( 0 , &< ( $ 5

a|Page
* URXS
S/N: FULL NAME REGISTRATION NO: SIGNATURE

1 HAIZULU STAM MISTON 28984/T.2022

2 MOBILI ABIGAILI BOAZ 29907/T.2022

3 MAKOBA RODGERS 28445/T.2022

CLEMENT
4 DANIEL VAILETH ISHAEL 28799/T.2022

5 EMANOELI KAVISHE 29353/T.2022

6 MLELE HENRIC JEROME 28668/T 2022

7 MSAKI NELSON BRYSON 29208/T.2022

8 LEONIDAS DOMINIC 29225/T.2022

b|Page
 ACKNOWLEGDEMENT

First and foremost, praises and thanks to the God, the Almighty, for His showers of blessings,
love and enabling us to accomplish this individual project on designing a water supply system
for a Tegeta. We would like to express our deepest and sincere gratitude to our supervisors Mr.
Zuberi Lwimbo, Mr. G Kasole, and Dr. C Mushi, for their useful ideas and contribution of great
knowledge during this whole time towards its completion. Their dynamism, vision, sincerity, and
motivation have deeply inspired us.
We are thankful also for the ARDHI UNIVERSITY, School of Engineering and Environmental
Studies under the Head of civil Engineering Dr. Mkumbo for providing us this great opportunity
on learning and conduct a theoretic and practically oriented designing project mainly for
knowledge increase, gaining experience and earning competence for the nearby future to come in
the work field. Also, we are fully grateful and embraced by the love of our colleagues and their
outstanding help towards the completion of this work, a friend in need is a friend indeed. We are
extremely grateful to our parents for their love, prayers, caring for all these weeks that we had
conducted our project and for their sacrifices for educating and preparing us for our future.
Finally, our thanks go to all the people who have supported us to complete the research work
directly or in directly.

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 ABSTRACT
A Bagamoyo Irrigation Scheme Company Ltd, operating for over a decade in the Pwani region
near the Wami River, utilizes its proximity to extract water for crop irrigation. However, the
increasing population of Bagamoyo has led to heightened demand for food crops, prompting
intensive use of agrochemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides. Consequently, these chemicals
enter the soil and ultimately discharge into the river, which serves as a vital water source for the
Pwani region. Concerns over water pollution from agricultural activities have prompted the
community to petition authorities for an alternative water source. In response, CHAWASA
enlisted the services of MAL Engineering Consultancy Company (T) Ltd, supported by the
African Development Bank (AfDB)

We are required to propose a new water source and redesign the water supply system to ensure a
sustainable and adequate water supply for the affected community for Bagamoyo ward by:

• Population forecasting
• Water demand estimation
• To propose a new water source
• Propose pumping stations
• Design a water transmission pipe
• Propose water treatment plant
• Location of storage facility
• Provision of size of storage tanks
• Provide zone demands to the respective site
• Distribution system design
• To draw hydraulic profile of the water nertwork
• Generate working drawing report including topographical map, site plan and detailed
drawings
• To perform project estimates

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 DECLARATION
We, Group 07, declare that this report, titled " Propose a new water source and redesign the water
supply system to ensure a sustainable and adequate water supply for the affected community for
Bagamoyo ward” is our own work and that all sources of information and data used in this
report have been properly cited and referenced. Any assistance received in the preparation of
this report has been acknowledged.

Furthermore, we declare that this report has not been submitted, either in part or in full, for any
other academic purpose or assessment. All images, figures, and data presented in this report are
original or appropriately credited to the source.

Date: 9th February 2024.

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Contents
ACKNOWLEGDEMENT...............................................................................................................d
ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................e
LIST OF PLATES............................................................................................................................ii
LIST OF TABLES..........................................................................................................................iii
CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................1
PROPOSED NEW WATER SOURCE....................................................................................6
CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................7
LITERATURE REVIEW.............................................................................................................7
CHAPTER THREE.......................................................................................................................14
WATER DEMAND ESTIMATION...........................................................................................14
POPULATION PROJECTION..................................................................................................14
ESTIMATION OF WATER DEMAND FOR BAGAMOYO DISTRICT.................................15
NON-REVENUE WATER (NRW)............................................................................................21
CHAPTER FOUR..........................................................................................................................23
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.....................................................................................................23
LAYOUTS OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM...........................................................................26
DISTRIBUTION MAIN...........................................................................................................26
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS OF PIPELINES.......................................................................29
PIPELINE DESIGN CRITERIA..............................................................................................30
PIPELINE MATERIALS SELECTION...................................................................................31
PIPELINE SYSTEM.................................................................................................................34
CHAPTER FIVE...........................................................................................................................48
Recommendations......................................................................................................................48
Conclusions................................................................................................................................48
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................49

i|Page
 LIST OF PLATES.

plate 1...............................................................................................................................................3
plate 2...............................................................................................................................................4
plate 3...............................................................................................................................................5
plate 4...............................................................................................................................................8
plate 5..........................................................................................................................................32
plate 6..........................................................................................................................................33

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 LIST OF TABLES.
Table 1............................................................................................................................................16
Table 2............................................................................................................................................17
Table 3............................................................................................................................................18
Table 4............................................................................................................................................19
Table 5............................................................................................................................................20
Table 7............................................................................................................................................21

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 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Introduction
The provision of water to the community is important for domestic purposes and other daily
activities such as economic and social grounds. In economic point of view, water is extremely
an important input for agriculture and livestock development also is the raw material for soft
drink industry. In Tanzania many areas there is scarcity of safe water.

In this project is focused on different water supply system and all treatment systems of water that
can enable to solve the existed problem in our nation specific at Bagamoyo district.

Water supply is the distribution of water to the public utilities, commercial organizations,
community endeavors or by individual usually via system of pumps and gravity flow. Water
supply system is a system of engineered hydrologic and hydraulic components which provides
water supply (Chandler R, et al 1994).

Clean (fresh, safe) and reliable water supplies are vital for industry, agriculture and energy
production. Every community and ecosystem on earth depends on water for sanitation, hygiene
and daily survival. Yet the world’s water systems face formidable threats. Increasing pollution
degrades freshwater and coastal aquatic ecosystems.

Although, clean water is a global challenge there are Progress in technology and policy has
helped some, but not enough in provision of clean and safe water also in improvement of waste
water collection system. The population growth, climate condition, urbanization,
industrialization will all results to the inadequate of clean water hence remain a global health
challenge for many years (Reid ,1982)

According to the survey done by WHO and Global Workshop on Appropriate Water and
Wastewater Treatment Technology for Developing Countries in 1975, some of the factors
which severely handicap programs to provide safe drinking water are:

i. Shortage of trained personnel and finance.

ii. Lack of governmental support within the developing countries

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 iii. Inadequate institutional structures (insufficient organization and administration)

iv. Lack of local interest and acceptance of water supply projects

In Tanzania, clean water is becoming scarcer day after the day, the situation is especially worse
in rural areas where women still walk long distance in search of water. Most of the water used
in such areas come from shallow wells and is usually nothing more than muddy mixture whose
safety cannot be guaranteed. There is also an acute shortage of clean water in urban areas due
to rapid population increase.
-Hydrological cycle
The water (hydrologic) cycle states that, water is always on the move from one form to another.
It can change from liquid to gas (vapour) or from liquid to solid (ice) and vice versa. Thus, this
cycle describes the cyclic motion (movement) of water. There are two types of hydrologic
cycle: Natural hydrologic cycle and artificial hydrologic cycle. (Raghunath et al 2006).
-Natural hydrologic cycle

This describes the constant cyclic motion on, under and above the earth’s surface through the
environment in nature.

The sun rays heat the layer of air over the earth’s land more quickly than that over large masses
of water. As the land air becomes warm, and therefore lighter, it rises causing the moist air
over nearby water to fill the gap horizontally, thus causing the effect of sea breezes. This is
known as convection. (Raghunath et al 2006)

Large masses of water such as the oceans and lakes as well as that portion of rainwater has
been intercepted by vegetation and small ground surface depressions give up invisible gaseous
moisture (water vapor) to the atmosphere after being heated by the direct sun rays. Such
process is known as evaporation.

Plants also loose water they absorb from the soil through transpiration process returning it to
the atmosphere as vapor. The combined process of evaporation and transpiration is called
evapotranspiration. Clouds are formed by warm air containing water vapor raising up,
becoming cooled and condensed into visible moisture and hence precipitation in the form of
rain, snow or hail is experienced. Part of the precipitation penetrates through the ground

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surface, a process known as infiltration and percolates into saturated soil and porous rock
layers, forming ground water reservoirs called the aquifers. The ground water may later seep
out onto the ground surface in springs or into streams, lakes or oceans/seas, such flow is
known as base flow.

Also, part of this precipitation occurs as surface runoff (also known as Overland flow) when
the rate of precipitation exceeds the combined rate of infiltration and evapotranspiration.
Eventually this flow finds its way into stream channels, rivers and lakes and finally the
oceans/seas. Evaporation from the ocean/seas surfaces substantially replenishes the water
vapor in the atmosphere, wind carry out moist air overland and the hydrologic cycle continues.
(Raghunath et al 2006).

plate 1: Natural hydrological cycle (Source: Raghunath et al 2006)

Reason for choosing Bagamoyo district

 As it is currently known the source of water for the Bagamoyo District is Lower Ruvu
basin which at large supplies water for most coastal region parts hence tends to incur
shortage failing to mee the demands for water supply to all residents of Bagamoyo
District.
 Inefficiency in the water supply systems.

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Description of an area .
Bagamoyo is found in the eastern part of Tanzania in pwani region. It is second populated
district in Tanzania. It has a total of eleven wards such as
mapinga,kerege,zinga,magomeni,kisutu and many others, resulting to a total of 205,478 people
in the district. It covers an area of 945km2. and the existing source of water is Lower Ruvu

plate 2

Bagamoyo ward has 58360 households, 110 primary schools,74 secondary schools, 38 health
service station. The number of industries in bagamoyo based on category 190 industries, 71
medium industries and l large industry.

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 plate 3

Objectives
Main objective
Proposing a new water source and re-design a water supply system for the the at community
bagamoyo district, in pwani which will be as alternative to the previous source

Specific objectives
i.To analyze water demand and available water supply condition of Bagamoyo district.
ii.To analyze the project estimates.
iii.To design water transmission pipes.
iv. To propose a new water source.
v. To establish storage facility locations (Tank sizing and Base demand)
vi. To design water supply system for community of Bagamoyo district.

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vii. To design water treatment plant.

PROPOSED NEW WATER SOURCE.

The new re designed source of water is introduction of a dam along the Wami River. The Wami
River is one of Tanzania’s most significant waterways, playing a crucial role in the country’s
ecological, economic, and social landscape. Flowing from the Nguru Mountains in eastern
Tanzania to the Indian Ocean near Saadani National Park, the river stretches approximately 300
kilometers. Its waters sustain diverse ecosystems, support agricultural activities, and serve as a
vital resource for both human and animal populations.

Factors that led to choose of water source

1. Fresh water from wami.
Wami river is quite significant for its fresh water distribution since its sources are from
eastern mountain arc in Morogoro and distribute or take its water to the Indian ocean.
2. Topography.
The topographical nature of wami river is a wide u-shaped valley which makes it a
suitable for dam construction.
3. Riverflow.
Wami river has a variable discharge depending on the seasonal rainfall patterns. On
average, its discharge ranges from 40 to 150 cubic meters, with higher flows during rainy
season and lower in dry season.
4. Accessibility and cost.
The river is highly accessible since it is near infrastructures such as msata bridge
connecting the tanga and bagamoyo district.

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 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction
In this chapter was focus on the literature review since there are many of researchers, authors and
publishers whose discus on the water supply system, designs and waste water collection system
hence it provides more details on designing the systems of water supply and waste water
collections that could give exposure toward solving water scarcity at bagamoyo district.
Water supply
Water supply involves providing convenient and sufficient access to safe and potable /palatable
water in a specific design area and period of time which is actually the design life span of the
project. Also have to fulfil these requirements at minimum cost of construction, operation and
maintenance of the project. Water can be supplied to the consumers through different system by
considering the topography of the area. (Hickey, 2008).
Water is a daily necessity and the key factor in human health and wellbeing. In most cultures and
system and social organization, the way water is distributed serves to band people together and
to underwrite their differences. Water is commonly a driving force to keep the community going
as an identifiable group. It provides energy for maintaining social relationship as well as
economic production (Feachem, et al 1980).
In water supply; the main concern is to provide portable water (i.e. clean and safe to drink)
which should be available in adequate quantities to meet the anticipated demand.
2.3 Water resources
These are sources of water that are useful or potentially useful to humans.
The uses of water are for satisfying demand for agricultural, industrial, household, recreational
and environmental activities. Virtually all of these human uses require fresh water. 97% of water
on the Earth is salt water, leaving only 3% as fresh water
of which slightly over two thirds is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps which are also useful.
The remaining unfrozen fresh water is mainly found as groundwater, with only a small fraction
present above ground or in the air (Frazini B, 1991)

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 plate 4

Figure 3: Distribution of earth water, Source: (www.iwmi.cgiar.org) All kinds of sources of

water on earth can be grouped into two classes which are; a) Surface sources
Surface sources is the source where water that travels or is stored on top of the ground. This
would be the water that is in rivers, lakes, streams, reservoirs, even the oceans although we can't
drink salt water. Sometimes surface water sinks into the ground and becomes ground water.
Runoff is the water that runs in gutters, off roofs, and out of mall parking lots when it rains as
surface water too. Surface water is treated before it becomes drinking water. This is done
because things like leaves, fish, animal droppings, and boat fuel can easily get into lakes,
streams, and rivers. Some companies try to use groundwater more than surface water because it
is cleaner.(www.iwmi.cgiar.org)
b) Ground or sub surface sources
Subsurface sources is a little harder to understand than surface water because you can't actually
see this water. Any water that is underground is considered from subsurface sources.
Ground water is usually quite pure because it is filtered as it flows through the ground. But it
may contain dissolved minerals from the ground e.g. Fe, Mn and CaCO 3.May contain dissolved
elements that may affect users, e.g. fluoride and arsenic. May be polluted by fertilizers and
pesticides. May have objectionable smell due to dissolved gases such N2 and S.
The source of ground water (well & spring) should therefore be as pure as possible. Examples of
ground sources of water are such as;(IWMI, 2012)
i) Springs
Sometimes ground water reappears at the ground surface in the form of springs. Springs
generally supply small quantity of water and hence suitable for the hill towns. Some springs

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discharge hot water due to presence of Sulphur and useful only for the curve of certain skin
disease patients. There are different kinds of springs namely; Artesian, Gravity and Surface
spring. (IWMI, 2012) ii) Shallow wells
Are those developed in the surface deposits of materials overlaying and impervious stratum.
Shallow wells are constructed in the uppermost layer of the earth’s surface. The diameter of well
varies from 2 to 6 m and a maximum depth of 7m. Shallow wells may be lined or unlined from
inside. These wells are also called draw wells or gravity wells or open wells or drag wells or
percolation wells. Quantity of water available from shallow wells is limited as their source of
supply is uppermost layer of earth only and sometimes may even dry up in summer, hence they
are not suitable for public water supply schemes. (IWMI, 2012)
iii) Infiltration Galleries
Infiltration galleries like shallow wells are developed in shallow water bearing strata adjacent to
springs or ponds. A horizontal nearly horizontal tunnel which is constructed through water
bearing strata for tapping underground water near rivers, lakes or streams are called “Infiltration
galleries”. The yield from the galleries may be as much as 1.5 x 10 4 lit/day/meter length of
infiltration gallery. For maximum yield the galleries may be placed at full depth of the aquifer.
Infiltration galleries may be constructed with masonry or concrete with weep holes of 5cm x
10cm.
(IWMI,2012)
iv) Deep Wells
The Deep wells obtain their quota of water from an aquifer below the impervious layer. The
theory of deep well is based on the travel of water from the outcrop to the site of deep well. The
outcrop is the place where aquifer is exposed to the atmosphere. The rain water entered at
outcrop and gets thoroughly purified when it reaches to the site of deep well (Salvato,1994)
v) Infiltration Wells
In order to obtain large quantity of water, the infiltration wells are sunk in series in the blanks of
river. The wells are closed at top and open at bottom. They are constructed by brick masonry
with open joints.
The water filtrates through the bottom of such wells and as it has to pass through sand bed, it gets
purified to some extent. The infiltration well in turn are connected by porous pipes to collecting
sump called jack well and their water is pumped to purification plant for treatment.
Rain water
It is soft and bacteriological unsafe. May contain dissolved gases like CO2, S and N2.
Quality is normally degraded by the system need for rain water harvest. Air pollution can affect
the quality of rain water.

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Mainly rain water is collected from roofs, stored in cisterns, for small individual’s supplies but
also from large prepared watershed or catches, stored in reservoirs for large communal supplies

10 | P a g e
v) Sea water

Sea water is very saline and can be bacteriologic ally unsafe.Desalinization techniques are
needed to transform sea water to usable form. (IWMI, 2012).

ADVANTAGES OF GROUND WATER OVER SURFACE WATER

(i) It is made available within a few hundred meters of place where it is required, and
on the same property; whereas surface water requires long conveying channel
system or water conducting pipeline.
(ii) Yield from wells generally exhibit less fluctuations than surface stream flow in
alternating wet and dry periods.
(iii)It is relatively free from the effect of surface pollutants because it results from
deep percolation of water infiltrated into the soil.

(iv) It is more uniform in quality, temperature, chemical composition and soluble

mineral content than surface water.

v) It is free from weed/plant organisms, turbidity and bacterial pollution. (Salvato, 1972)

Water quantity
Water quantity is the amount of water supplied to a given community. While designing the water
supply scheme for a town or city, it is necessary to determine the total quantity of a water
required for various purposes by the city. (MoW,2009)
As a matter of fact, the first duty of the engineer is to determine the water demand of the town
and then to find suitable water sources from where the demand can be met. Water Demand is the
amount of water that a water user actually applies to a beneficial use, within the terms of his or
her water right and applicable law.

Types of water demand of a town or city are:-

i.Domestic water demand
ii.Industrial demand
iii.Institution and commercial demand
iv. Demand for public use
v. Fire demand vi. Loses and wastes

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Also, there are factors which affect water demand of any given community, those factors are;
Size of the community to be served , Climatic condition ,Living standard of the people as well
as
Industrial and commercial activities

Water quality
Pure water is never found in nature and contains number of impurities in varying amounts. The
rainwater which is originally pure, also absorbs various gases, dust and other impurities while
falling.
This water when moves on the ground further carries salt, organic and inorganic impurities. So,
this water before supplying to the public should be treated and purified for the safety of public
health, economy and protection of various industrial process.
Water quality is referred to characteristic of water with no impurities and any kind of
contaminant. For the aim of classification, the impurities present in water may be divided into
the following categories
i.Physical Characteristics
ii.ChemicalCharacterist
The above impurities occur in three progressive finer states, suspended impurities, colloidal and
dissolved substances.
Below are the characteristics of water quality based on number of impurities:
Suspended Impurities
Solid suspended in water may consist of organic such as plant fibers and biological solids (algal
cells, and bacteria) or inorganic such as clay, silt or of immiscible liquids are common in surface
water. ( Hofkes et al, 1986).

Total dissolved solids (TDS)

The material remains in water after filtration for the suspended solid analysis is considered to be
dissolved. The materials are left as a solid residue upon evaporation of water constituents.
Temperature is one of the most important parameters in natural surface water systems. The
temperature of surface waters governs largely the biological species present and their rates of
activity. Temperature also has pronounced solubility of gases in water (Chatterjee, 1998)
iv. Turbidity

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Turbidity is a measure of the extent to which light is either absorbed or scattered by the
suspended material. Turbid water is aesthetically displeasing. The total colloidal associated with
turbidity provides adsorption sites for chemicals that may be harmful.

v. Salinity
Drinking water is ought to be tasteless and odorless, the consumer associates’ tastes and odor
with contamination and may prefer to use tasteless, odorless water that might actually pose more
of a health threat. The salt content of given water may be measured indirectly by the electrical
conductivity method. (Hofkes et al, 1986).

Water treatment
Water treatment describes those processes used to make water more acceptable for a desired end
use. These can include use as drinking water industrial processes, medical and many other uses.
The goal of all water treatment process is to remove existing contaminants in the water, of reduce
the concentration of such contaminants so it becomes fit for its desired end-use.
Water available in various sources contains various types of impurities and cannot be directly
used by the public for various purposes, before removing those impurities. For portability water
should be free from unpleasant tastes, odors and must have sparkling appearance and must be
free from disease-spreading germs. In order for the water to be clean, fit and safe for drinking,
the treatment methods should be adopted. The amount and type of treatment procedures that
should be adopted will depend on
1. The quality of raw water
2. The standards of quality of raw water.
3. The standards of quality to be required after treatment. (McGhee, 1990).
-Treatment of water consists of many methods that may either be chemically, biologically or
physically.
-These methods can further be categorized into two main groups of units, Unit operation that
include all physical methods of treatment of water such as screening, sedimentation, filtration
and boiling. Other unit is Unit processes that include all chemically and biologically methods of
water treatments such as disinfection.
The general treatment methods are such as discussed below;
Sedimentation
This is the unit operation that involves the removal of suspended solids from raw water.
Sedimentation is necessary for permitting settle able solids to be deposited and thus reduce the
concentration of suspended solids that must be removed by filters.

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Factors that influence sedimentation are particle size, shape and weight of the floc, viscosity and
temperature of water, effective average period available for sedimentation, effective depth of the
basins, surface overflow rate, velocity of flow and inlet and outlet designs of basins. (McGhee,
1990).
Filtration
This is the removal of suspended solids and bacteria from water. The degree of removal of
bacteria by filtration should at least be 90%-98% (McGhee, 1990). Types of filters widely used
within a large-scale treatment plant are slow sand filters, rapid sand filters, pressure filters and
diatomaceous-earth filters.
Boiling
This method is mostly used within household levels where by water is boiled up to 100°C in
order to kill pathogens then it filtered to remove suspended particles remained. (McGhee,1990)
Disinfection
This is the process of killing the organisms (Pathogens) causes from the water and making it safe
to the user. The water which comes out from the filter may contain some disease – causing
bacteria in addition to the useful bacteria.
Before the water is supplied to the public it is outmost necessary to kill all the disease-causing
bacteria. The chemicals or substances which are used for killing the bacteria are known as
disinfectants. The popular disinfectant used is chlorine. It is
the most choice because its dosage can control precisely. (McGhee,1990)

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 CHAPTER THREE
WATER DEMAND ESTIMATION
3.1 Introduction
Total water demand is obtained from the number of population available including the
percentage loss of water which occurs due to leakages while water production is the amount of
water produced by water sources e.g. dams, river bore holes etc. These are initial data for a
design of water project. Water quantity is the basic criteria for the design of water project, which
enables in determining the size of all components (Punmia, 2005).
Water demands are influenced by the following factors;
i.Service levels to be implemented.
ii.Size of the community.
iii. Standard of living of the people.
iv. Quantity and quality of water available in the area.
v.Water tariffs that need to be shouldered by the consumers.
vi. Climatologically conditions.
vii. Habits and manners of water usage by the people.

POPULATION PROJECTION
Using the Geometric projection to find the population for the year 2054 which means the design
period of 30 years. The population data was obtained from the national bureau of standards.

Formula: Pn = Po(1+ 𝑟 )n

100

Where:

Pn is the estimated population

Po is the current population
r is the growth rate factor
n is the number of years

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Using the 2022 census to calculate the growth rate for the year 2022
Pn was 205,478
Po is 121,440
r is the growth rate factor not known n is from 2012 to 2022 (10 years)
Hence;
205,478 = 121,440 (1+r)10
r = 6%

Now for the project in 2054

(
Pn = 205,478 1+(6/100) ) 32

Pn = 1,105,771 people
Hence the projected population for the year 2054 will be 1,105,771 people.

ESTIMATION OF WATER DEMAND FOR BAGAMOYO DISTRICT.

Aim: To estimate water demand (volume of water) per day for Bagamoyo district.
CATEGORIES OF WATER DEMAND
 Domestic use
 Non domestic use
 Industrial requirement
 Institutional use
 Commercial use
 Agricultural use
 Public use (Health center, schools and colleges, officers)
 Fire fighting
 Operation requirement and losses

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Estimating water requirement for domestic use.
From the Water design manual (table 4.1), selected per capita water demand is of medium
income household with sewer or septic tank (130 l/c/d).

Table 1

Therefore, taking population from Geometric increase, the quantity of water is obtained as
follows;

Quantity of water = per capita demand x design population

= 130l/c/d x 1,105,771 persons

= 143,750,230 litres/ day equivalent to 143,750.230 m3/day

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Estimating Institutional demand
This is done following assessment of all institutions available in the intended project area. These
includes schools, colleges/universities, religion centers, government institutions such as
water/electrical utilities, offices/ministries and NGOs.

Below is a demand of different institutions from table 4.2 of water design manual used to
estimate water requirements

CONSUMER UNIT Consumption REMARK

litre/person/Day
Schools 10 With pit latrine
− Day Schools 1/std/d 25 With WC

− Boarding Schools l/std/d 70 With WC

Universities/colleges l/std/d 60-80 With WC

Health centers 1/visitor/d 10 Out patients only

Health 1/bed/d 50 No modern facilities

Health l/bed/d 100 With WC and sewer
Hospitals, District l/bed/d 200 With WC and sewer
Hospitals, Regional 1/bed/d 400 With surgery unit

Administrative Offices 1/worker 70 With pit latrines

With WC
Prison 1/Prisoner/day 10-15 Depending on
climate and
activities in prison
Table 2. Demand of different institutions from table 4.2 of water design manual used to estimate water requirements

Institutions No. of institution Average number of Water demand

people per institution (litres/day)

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 Churches and 45 200 73,200
mosques

Schools 81 1500 8,575,000

Health centers 44 250 2,200,000

Offices 58 50 670,000
Table 3 Water demand of bagamoyo institutions

Computation of water demand

= No. of institution x Average number of people per institution x Consumption(litre/person/day)

Total institutional water demand = 11,148,200 litres/day or 11,148.2m3/day

Estimating Commercial demand

This is obtained after a detailed assessment in a similar way as in institutions. Then demand is
estimated using table 4.7 of water design manual below.

Consumer Unit Consumption (L/pd) Remarks

Hotels L/bed/d 70 Low class

200 Medium class

400 High class

Bars 70 Low class

100 Medium class

300 High class

Shopping 70 -130

Malls
Table 1.4. Estimation of commercial demand
Commercial building Average No. of Average number of Water demand
buildings people per building
(litres/day)

19 | P a g e
 Hotels (Medium class) 57 100 1,140,000

Bars (Medium class) 89 60 534,000

Market centers 12 300 270,000

Malls 7 150 78,750

Table 4. Water demand of bagamoyo commercial centers

Computation of water demand = Average No. of buildings x Average number of people per
building x Consumption(litre/person/day)

Total commercial water demand = 2,022,750 litres/day or 2,022.75m3/day

Estimating livestock water demand

The water demand for livestock can be calculated using 25 L/stock unit per day. Water
requirement for livestock should be included in water supply designs where feasible.
1stock-unit= 1head of cattle= 2donkey= 5goat= 5sheep= 30poultry
S/N ANIMAL POPULATION STOCK-UNIT
1 Cattle 44415 44415
2 Goats 10518 2104
3 Sheeps 17430 3486
4 chickens 609039 20301
TOTAL =70306
Table 5

Future populations of livestock may be taken at 25% growth in 10 years and 50% growth in 20
years, 75% for 30 years respectively provided the carrying capacity of the land allows it.
So,
Projected livestock= total stock unit × growth factor
= 70306×1.75=123,035 SU

20 | P a g e
Then, the water required for livestock per day is ;
=25 L/stock unit per day × 123,035 stock unit
=3,075,888L/day.= 3,075.888m3/day

Gross water demand

water demand = Domestic consumption+ Institutional consumption +Industrial consumption+
Commercial consumption + Livestock consumption
Total Gross water demand = (2,022.75+11,148.2 +143,750.23+3,075.888)

=160,627.068 m3/day

Estimating Firefighting water demand

The guideline on suitable firefighting demand is given by design manual as 2% of the total water
demand.

Thus, firefighting water demand = 0.02 x 160,627.068 m3/day

=3,212.5 m3/day.

Estimating Operational water consumption

The recommended operational & losses water demand is at least 7% of total water demand
(suggested for water treatment) as given by water design manual.

Thus, Operational and losses water demand = 0.07 x 160,627.068 m3/day

Net water demand of bagamoyo district

= Gross demand + firefighting + operational water consuption

= 40,156.8 m3/day + 3,212.5 m3/day + 160,627.068 m3/day

= 203996.368 m3/day.

21 | P a g e
NON-REVENUE WATER (NRW)
in the supply system can originate from different causes including expected and un-expected
causes. The designer for a water supply project has the responsibility to determine the possible
amount of unaccounted for water likely to be experienced in the system to be constructed. More
often, during planning and designing stages

maximum non-revenue water is taken 30%

Water Demand = Net Water Demand x (1 – NRW)

=142797.458 m3/day

Peak hour and day factors

Table 6

PDF =1.3
PHF =1.55

Designed water demand = total water demand * PDF * PHF

=142797.4576 *1.3*1.55
=287736.877 m3/day

22 | P a g e
 CHAPTER FOUR.

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.
The distribution system is the network of pipes, valves, and other components that
deliver treated water from the source (treatment plant, reservoir, etc.) to the end-users (homes,
businesses).

The distribution system also includes pumps, reservoirs, pipe fittings, instruments for
measurement of pressures, flow leak detectors etc. The cost of distribution is about 40 to 70%
of the total cost of the entire scheme. The efficiency of the system depends upon proper
planning, execution and maintenance. Ultimate aim is to supply potable water to all the
consumers whenever required in sufficient quantity with required pressure with least lost and
without leakages.

Requirements of a good Distribution System.

A good water supply system must meet several critical requirements to ensure the provision of
safe, reliable, and adequate water to the community.
1. Adequate Water Supply:
 Sufficient Quantity: The system must be able to supply enough water to meet
the demands of all consumers, including domestic, commercial, and industrial
needs. This includes accounting for peak demands and future growth.
 Consistent Pressure: Adequate water pressure is essential for various uses, such
as flushing toilets, showering, and firefighting.
2. Water Quality:
 Potability: The water supplied must be safe for human consumption, free from
harmful bacteria, viruses, parasites, and chemical contaminants.
 Maintain Quality: The distribution system itself should not compromise the
quality of the water. This includes preventing contamination from external
sources and minimizing the growth of microorganisms within the pipes.

3. Reliability and Continuity:

23 | P a g e
  Minimal Outages: The system should be designed and maintained to minimize
disruptions in water service.
 Emergency Preparedness: Adequate provisions should be in place to handle
emergencies such as pipe breaks, natural disasters, or unexpected demand
surges.
4. Efficiency and Sustainability:
 Minimizing Water Loss: The system should be designed to minimize water loss
due to leaks, theft, and other inefficiencies.
 Resource Conservation: Promoting water conservation measures among
consumers.
 Environmental Sustainability: Considering the environmental impact of the
system, such as energy consumption and the use of environmentally friendly
materials.
5. Economic Viability:
 Cost-Effectiveness: The system should be designed and operated in a cost-
effective manner, considering both capital and operational costs.
 Affordability: Water service should be affordable for all consumers.
6. Equity and Accessibility:
 Universal Access: Ensuring equitable access to safe and affordable water for all
members of the community, regardless of socioeconomic status or location.
7. System Maintenance and Management:
 Regular Maintenance: A well-maintained system is crucial for its long-term
performance and reliability. This includes regular inspections, repairs, and
upgrades.
 Effective Management: Competent management and operation of the system are
essential for its successful functioning.

PIPES, FITTINGS AND VALVES

The following are functional requirements for pipeline:

• It must convey the quantity of water required

• It must resist all external and internal forces it must be durable.

24 | P a g e
The pipes are designed to withstand the following:

• Internal pressure of water

• External pressure when buried underground
• Temperature stresses when laid over supports, constructed at intervals on or
under bridges
• Longitudinal stresses due to flow around bends
• Foundation reaction depends upon the nature supports
• Handling stresses.

Air valves
Air valves should be fitted at all high points and at significant changes in downward
slope and washouts should be fitted at low points. Even in flat areas an air valve at every 600
m to 1000m is necessary as air bubbles form as water pressures fall. To help prevent the
formation of air pockets, minimum slopes should be 0.3% for DN ≤ 200 mm and 0.2% for DN
> 200 mm. Air valves are required to vent any air bubbles that are conveyed or formed in the
water as the development of air pockets at high points can greatly reduce or even stop the flow
of water.

Washouts
Washouts are required at low points so as to be able to periodically flush out the
pipeline to help remove any matter that tends to accumulate at such points. Periodic flushing is
essential because the matter that accumulates will include organic matter and over time this
will turn the accumulation septic. If then disturbed this causes a ‘plug’ of foul water to be
conveyed onwards that may be beyond the ability of the residual chlorine to disinfect before
reaching the next consumer draw-off point.

Like air valves, washouts are not the same diameter as the main, and for washout tees
the empirical formula used is ½ diameter of main + 25mm. For large diameter mains the
washout tee should be an invert tee so as to be able to help evacuate the water and any settled
deposits.

Other pipes accessories

25 | P a g e
 Non-return valves: Are valves which fitted either at suction pipe line to prevent water from
going back into the source of water after been sucked or can be located at distance of 3km to
facilitates maintenance and repair and plays a big role in reducing water hammer.

Gate valves: This is used to reduce water hammer and provided at an interval of 2-3km to the
pipe section to be drained off during maintenance and repair.

Union and flanges: These are pipe fittings used to connect to pipelines and used as checks
during maintenance.

LAYOUTS OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.

i. Gravitational system
ii. Pumping system
iii. Combined gravity and Pumping system
i. Gravitational system
This is the ideal set-up when the location of the water source is at a considerably higher
elevation than the area to be served. The operation cost of a gravity system is very low, as it
does not require energy cost.

ii. Pumping system

Water is either (a) pumped to a distribution pipe network, then to consumers, with
excess water going to a storage tank, or (b) pumped to a storage tank first, then water is
distributed by gravity from the tank to the consumers. The maintenance and operation cost of
this system is higher than a gravity system.

iii. Combined Gravity and Pumping System

In this system, water is pumped directly from the source to the distribution system to the
consumers. Where capital cost for a reservoir is not affordable at the initial stage of the water
system, direct pumping to the distribution is usually resorted to. Variable speed or variable
frequency drive pumps are most ideal for direct pumping operations, but the capital costs for
such equipment are higher than for conventional water pumps.

26 | P a g e
DISTRIBUTION MAIN.
The distribution or trunk is defined as the pipeline which feeds the distribution network to the
consumers and itself is supplied from the storage tank.

All points raised under gravity mains are equally valid for the distribution main. In distribution
it is a good practice to install gate valves (instead of reflux valves as in the in the rising main)
every three km to facilitate easy maintenance and repairs. It would be preferably to incorporate
these with the washout arrangements.

Water distribution types

The following are basic patterns of distribution that adopted for layout of the pipelines to
distribute water through main:

• Dead end system (tree system).

• Grid iron system.
These are, in general three different types of pipes net-works; any one of which either single or
in combinations, can be used for particular place, depending upon the local conditions.

i. Dead end system

In the dead-end system, which is sometimes called Tree system, there is one main supply pipe,
from which originates a number of sub-main pipes. Each sub main, then divides into several
branches’ pipes, called laterals. From the laterals, service connections are given to consumers.

27 | P a g e
Advantages of dead-end system:

• The discharge and pressure at any point can be easily calculated

• Fewer valves are required for operating the system
• The diameter of the pipes is smaller as they serve only a limited population
• Shorter pipes lengths are needed, and the laying of pipes is easier
• It is cheap and simple, and can be extended or expanded easily.

Disadvantages of dead-end system

• Lack of alternative supply routes in case of bursts or repairs
• Due to dead ends, the stagnant water supports organisms (pathogens)
• The head losses are relatively high.

ii. Grid Iron System (loop network)

28 | P a g e
 In this system, which is also known as interlaced system or Reticulation system, the mains,
submains and branches are all inter-connected with each other. In grid iron system water flows
and reaches a different point via more than one route and hence, the quantities of flow going
via each route will have to be found out.

The flow taking place via different routes depends upon the sizes of the pipes used and hence
they will have to be first assumed to be taking place via different routes. The loss of head
taking towards a point of the other end of the circuit is the estimated via each route.

Advantages of grid iron system:

a) There are no zones of stagnant water

b) There are smaller head losses implying higher residual pressures than in tree
system.
c) It is a relatively safe against bursts and interruptions due repairs, as supply can be
routed through alternative lines.

Disadvantages of grid iron system

a) This system requires more length of pipe lines and the large number of sluice valves
b) It is costlier to construct
c) The design is difficult and costlier, the calculations for determining accurately the
sizes of the pipes and the pressures at the various key points, is real tedious job.
29 | P a g e
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS OF PIPELINES.
There are five principle operational requirements for a pipeline. The requirements

are:

i. It must convey the quantity of water required at the design pressure,

ii. It must be capable of resisting all external and internal forces,
iii. It must be durable and meet the design working life,
iv. It must be properly laid and embedded,
v. The material from which it is made should not adversely affect the quality of
the water being conveyed.
TYPES OF PIPELINES

Broadly, there are two types of pipelines which should be considered for design. They are
transmission and distribution systems. Transmission and distribution systems vary in size and
complexity but they all have the same basic purpose, which is to convey water from the
source(s) to the consumer.

RIGHT OF WAY FOR WATER PIPELINES

When designing a water supply project, the pipeline route should be carefully located. It should
be accomplished by ensuring pipeline way-leaves. For security reasons marker posts should be
provided for the boundaries of the way-leave. For all pipelines it is important to obtain and
secure a way-leave so as to avoid problems later on. Even in road reserves the alignment
should be agreed with the road authority in advance and officially recorded so that even many
years later there can be no argument when it comes to any dispute or compensation claim.

PIPELINE DESIGN CRITERIA

The pipeline should be designed to withstand the following:

I. Internal test pressure of water,

II. Water hammer (positive surge),
III. Vacuum and negative surge,
IV. External pressures when laid below ground (overburden and surcharge), V.
Conveyance water temperature (thermoplastic pipes),

30 | P a g e
 VI. Maximum working temperature (ferrous pipe coatings),
VII. Temperature stresses when laid above ground,
VIII. Flexural stresses when laid over supports, constructed at intervals or on bridges,
IX. Longitudinal stresses due to flow at tees, tapers and bends,
X. Foundation reaction depending upon the nature of support, XI. Handling stresses.

For flexible pipes (thermoplastic and steel) the following criteria should be met;

I. The pipe deflection (out-or-roundness) must not exceed the allowable

limit;
II. The combined stress or stain in the pipe wall must not exceed the
allowable limit, and
The factor of safety against buckling must be adequate;

For semi-rigid pipes (ductile iron) the following criteria should be met:

I. The pipe deflection (out-or-roundness) should not exceed the allowable limit;
II. The pipe wall bending stress should not exceed the allowable limit.

PIPELINE MATERIALS SELECTION

Considerations in Selecting Pipeline Materials

a) Flow Characteristics

The friction head loss is dependent on the flow characteristics of pipes. Friction loss is a power
loss and thus may affect the operating costs of the system if a pump is used.

b) Pipe Strength

Select the pipe with a working pressure and bursting pressure rating adequate to meet the
operating conditions of the system. Standard water pipes are satisfactory usually only in low
pressure water supply systems.

c) Durability

Select the type of pipe with good life expectancy given the operating conditions and the soil
conditions of the system. It should have an expected life of 30 years or more.

31 | P a g e
 d) Type of Soil

Select the type of pipe that is suited to the type of soil in the area under consideration. For
instance, acidic soil can easily corrode G.I. pipes and very rocky soil can damage plastic pipes
unless they are properly bedded in sand or other type of material.

e) Availability

Select locally manufactured and/or fabricated pipes whenever available.

f) Cost of Pipes

Aside from the initial cost of pipes, the cost of installation should be considered. This is
affected by the type of joint (such as screwed, solvent weld, slip joint, fusion welding, etc.),
weight of pipe (for ease of handling), depth of bury required, and width of trench and depth of
cover required.

TYPES OF PIPE MATERIALS AVAILABLE

a. Galvanized Iron (GI) Pipes

GI pipes are available in sizes of 13, 19, 25, 31, 38, 50, 63 and 75 mm and in lengths of 6 m
They are joined by means of threaded couplings.

Advantages
➢ Strong against internal and external pressure.
➢ Can be laid below or above ground.
➢ People in rural areas know how to install these kinds of pipes.

32 | P a g e
 plate 5

Disadvantages
➢ GI Pipes can easily be corroded; thus, the service life is short.
➢ These have rougher internal surface compared to plastic pipes, hence, have
higher friction head losses.

b. Plastic Pipes
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) and Polyethylene (PE) are commercial plastic pipes. They are
available in different pressure ratings and sizes of 13, 19, 25, 31, 38, 50, 63, 75, 100 up to 200
mm. PVC is supplied in lengths of 3 m and 6 m while PE is available in rolls and, for diameters
greater than 100 mm, in straight lengths. Suppliers have to be consulted with respect to the
pressure ratings to be used. PE pipes are joined by butt-welding. PVC pipes can be joined
either through solvent cement welding or through the use of special sockets with rubber rings.

33 | P a g e
 plate 6

Advantages
➢ Smooth internal surface
➢ Resistant to corrosion
➢ Extremely light and easy to handle
➢ Do not form encrustation

Disadvantages
➢ Lose strength at high temperatures (500° C+)
➢ Not suitable for laying above the ground
➢ Can deform during storage
➢ Require good and carefully prepared bedding materials
➢ Rubber rings can be eaten by some termites if appropriate pipes lubricant
is not used in jointing. Thus, the use of edible oil should be avoided
➢ When joints of fusion welding are opted for, local expertise is scarce

PIPELINE SYSTEM.
The transmission pipe is designed to transmit or channel water from one location to another.

34 | P a g e
For this project the transmission pipe used to transmit water from the source to the water
treatment plant and the other transmit water to storage tank and community supply lines

Pipe material selected;

The material pipe selected is PVC pipes since;

 They are strong against internal and external pressure

 Can be laid below or above the ground

Design of water transmission pipe

Q=volume /time

Time =1day=24 x60x 60

Q=3.33m3 /s

V=Q.t

V= 3.33m3/s X (24X 60 X60)s

Volume=287736.8771 m3

Volume of pipe = (ℼd2/4).L

d= [(4x volume)/ℼ.L)]^0.5

d= [(4x287736.8771)/ℼ.13.34x 1000)] ^0.5

=0.524m

Diameter of water transmission pipe =0.524m

PUMPING STATIONS.

• These are control houses that have a pump that pumps water through out from the
intake to the distribution areas.

• Number of pump stations provided is three having a total of six pumps where
three are active pumps the other three are standby pumps;

• Location of pump stations;

35 | P a g e
The site of the pumping station primarily depends on the location of water source and the place
it has to be supplied.

The first pump station is located from the intake to the treatment, the second is located from the
treatment plant to the distribution tank and the last pump is from the distribution tank to zone
areas.

Type of pump used:

• Centrifugal pump. This is a mechanical pump designed to move fluid by means

of the transfer of rotational energy within impellers.

Advantage of centrifugal pump.

• It is capable of pumping both hazardous fluids.

• It is remarkably simple to design and operation

• It is often more cost effective than other pump types.

• It can handle a wide range of flow rates

PUMP POWER.

 PUMP STATION; FROM INTAKE TO TREATMENT

Consider total head losses.

HT = hv + hf + hs

Whereby;

hv =velocity head hf=friction head hs=static head

hs = elevation from treatment – elevation of intake

hs = 15m – 11m

=4m

36 | P a g e
hf= 10.7 L Q1.852

C1.852 x d4.87 ,

Hazen Williams equation

Length of the pipe (L) = 3.47km C = 150

hf = 10.7 x 3470 x (3.33)1.852

1501.852 X 0.5244.87

=7.5 m

But v=Q/A

= 3.33/ℼd2/4=(ℼ x 0.52x 0.52)

=10.6 m/s

hv = v2/ 2g

= (10.6m/s)2

2 x 9.81 =5.9m

HT = hv + hf + hs

=7.5m + 4m + 5.9m

= 17.4m

Power pump = ῤw g h Q/Efficiency

Where efficiency=mortar efficiency x pump efficiency

Where pump efficiency=85%

Motor efficiency=80%-85%

Whereby; ῤw = density of water

37 | P a g e
 = [1000kg/m3 x 9.81m/s2 x 113.437m x 3.33]/0.85 x0.825

=1000000watts

The power of the first power station is 1X’00 KW

 FROM TRETAMENT TO THE DISTRIBUTION TANK.

Consider total head losses.

HT = hv + hf + hs

Whereby; hv=velocity head hf=friction head hs=static head

hs = elevation from distribution tank – elevation of treatment

hs = 41m-15m

=26m

hf= 10.7 L Q1.852

1.852
C 1.852 x D4.87

Length of the pipe (L) = 9.87km

C = 150,

hf = 10.7 x 9870 x (3.33)1.852

1501.852 X 0.5244.87

=2.1 m

But v=Q/A

= 3.33/ℼd2/4=(ℼ x 0.526 x 0.56)

=3.8 m/s

38 | P a g e
hv = v2/ 2g

= (10.6m/s)2

2 x 9.81 =0.8m

HT = hv + hf + hs

=26m + 2.1m + 0.8 m

= 28.9 m

Power pump = ῤw g h Q/efficiency

Whereby; ῤw = density of water

=[1000kg/m3 x 9.81m/s2 x 28.9m x3.33]/0.85x0.825

=134629.88W ≈ 135KW

The pump power for second pump station is 135KW

TREATMENT PLANT.

This plant system is designed to receive and treat influent water through physical, chemical or
biological means.

The water treatment ensures access to clean water and avoiding contaminations or nondesirable
characteristics of water. The location of treatment plant from the source is about 3.7 km away
from the source.

The type of water treatment plant used is conventional treatment and advanced treatment
facilities to improve high water quality standards.

Treatment process.

Chemical coagulation.

 Flocculation.  Sedimentation  Disinfection.

Filtration.

39 | P a g e
SIZING OF STORAGE TANK.

The design aspect of a storage tank is that the capacity of the tank normally lies 30% to 50% of
the peak daily demand for water supply. The recommended tank depth should be between 3m to
6m.

Maximum daily demand=peak factor x total water demand

Where peak factor from the design construction supervision operation and maintenance manual
(DCOM)=1.6 for population greater than 100,000

daily demand=142797.4576 m3/day x 1.55 X 1.3

Maximum daily demand = 287736.875m3/day

Volume of the tank=40% of maximum daily demand

=40% of 287736.875cubic meters per day

Volume of the storage tank=115094.75 cubic meters per day

From V= (ℼ D2/4) H

Then D=[(Vx4)/ (ℼ xH)]0.5

D= [(115094.75 x4)/ (ℼ x6)]0.5

Storage tank diameter=145m

Since the tank diameter is large in such a way it will be difficult to be constructed then
eight tanks will be provided.

CALCULATIONS OF EACH TANK DIAMETER.

Estimate the minimum storage tank capacity for a daily water demand of 287736.877 m3/day
and the, morning evening peak pattern from shown on table below:
Table C.1: Common Daily Percentage Consumption Patterns
Time Period Morning /Evening Peak* Mid-day Peak* Water Mission

5.00 0% 5% 5%
6.00 15% 5% 5%
7.00 15% 10% 10%
8.00 5% 5% 10%
9.00 5% 5% 5%
10.00 5% 5% 10%

40 | P a g e
 11.00 5% 20% 5%
12.00 5% 15% 5%
13.00 5% 5% 5%
14.00 5% 5% 5%
15.00 5% 5% 10%
16.00 15% 5% 10%
17.00 15% 5% 5%
18.00 0% 5% 5%
* Data from A /Hand book of Gravity Flow Water systems (Jordan)

Step 1: Determine the daily water demand pattern

The first step is to determine how much water will be used at different times during the day in a
specific community. This can be accomplished by observing the community water collection
habits. Water Demand for each time period can be calculated based on percentages obtained
in the community water collecting habits. The balance is determined by subtracting the
demand from the supply and adding it to the current surplus/deficiency balance.
Table C.2: Determining Supply Deficiencies
Time period Percentage of Supply Demand Surplus/ Balance
Daily Use (litres) (Litres) Deficiency (Litres)
(Litres)
5.00 0% 0 0 0 0
6.00 15% 0 43161 -43161 -43161
7.00 15% 0 43161 -43161 -86322
8.00 5% 0 14387 -14387 -102709
9.00 5% 11510 14387 -2877 -103586
10.00 5% 44120 14387 29733 -73853
11.00 5% 44120 14387 29733 -44120
12.00 5% 44120 14387 29733 -14387
13.00 5% 44120 14387 29733 15346
14.00 5% 44120 14387 29733 45079
15.00 5% 44120 14387 29733 74812
16.00 15% 11510 43161 -2877 71935
17.00 15% 0 43161 -43161 28774
18.00 0% 0 0 0 28774
Step 2: Determine the minimum tank capacity
To ensure sufficient water to a community, there must be enough water to last until the trough
of the next day. This calculation is represented as;

Vtank = Vmax – Vmin – Vfinal

Vtank = 74812 – (–103586) – 28774 = 149624L or 149.96 m 3.

41 | P a g e
The water storage tanks should be able to hold at least 149624 L to suffice the need of the
community. edwere
V = 3.14R2(H+Fb)
149.96= 3.14R2 (5.5)
R= 4.567meters.
Therefore, the diameter of the tank will be approximately 9m.

WATER TREATMENT

Water treatment refers to any process that improves the quality of water to make it more
acceptable

for human consumption. The production of drinking water involves the removal of contaminants

from raw water to produce water that is pure enough for human consumption without any short-

term or long-term risk of any adverse health effects.

WAMI WATER CHARACTERISTICS

• Wami water is the surface water with low pH

• It contains high concentration of phosphorus and nitrates

As recommended from DCOM 2020 the surface water with low pH can be treated using the

following treatment process

➢ Screening

➢ Grit chamber

➢ Sedimentation

➢ Disinfection

➢ PH regulator

SIZING OF TREATMENT COMPONENTS

A. SCREENING

This is a physical pre-treatment process used to remove weeds, grass, twigs, bilharzial snails and

other freshwater crustaceans as well as coarser particles including plastics, tins and other hard

42 | P a g e
matter so that they do not enter the pumping, treatment, or supply system. Screens are placed at

the entrance to the intake of a water supply project.

The design considerations for surface water screens are;

1. They should be easily accessible, at least during medium and low flows and inclined
downstream of the river or stream as well as during cleaning (if manually done).

2. Distance between bars should be between 10 and 30 cm. for coarse screens and between 0.5
and 5 cm. for fine screens. The shape of the screen bars is either round or rectangular.

3. Approach velocity entering the screen (Va) from upstream should not exceed 0.3 to 0.5 m/sec.
to limit sedimentation.

4. Velocity through the screens (Vs) should not exceed 0.7 to 1.0 m/sec. to prevent soft
deformable materials from being forced through the screens

5. The ratio of the width of the screens (Ø) and the space between the bars (b) determines the
ratio between the two velocities (Va) and (Vs).

Design of our screen

Water supply project at Bagamoyo District.

Discharge=3.33m3/sec

Assuming the design approach velocity as 1m/s

Q=AV

A= Net area

Net area= Q/V

A=(3.33m3/s)/1m/s

Net area of the screen, A=3.33m2

For course screen the clear openings ranges (6-150mm)

Assume: 100mm clear opening and depth of 1mm

Net width=Net area/Depth

=3.33/1

=3.33m
43 | P a g e
Number of openings =Net width/clear opening

=3.33/0.1

=33openings

Number of bars= 33+1

=34bars

Headless in the screen;

Hl=(1/c) x [(v2-u2)/2g]

Where;

C= 0.7 for clean

V=1m/s approach velocity

U=0.6 through velocity (ranges 0.3-0.6m/s)

Hl= (1/7) x [(12-0.62)/ (2 x 9.81)]

H= 0.0466m

B. GRIT CHAMBER

Grit consists of the heavy inorganic fraction of solids that include road grit, sand, eggshells,
broken

glass, coconut shells and metal pieces.

The purposes of including grit channels in the design are as follows:

➢ To protect pumps and other mechanical parts from excessive wear and tear

➢ To avoid undue clogging/filling up of subsequent unit operations

➢ To differentially remove grit but not the organic particulates in water.

The design consideration of grit chamber includes,

• The average specific gravity of grit is 2.5 with an average settling velocity S = 30 mm/sec.

Water supply project at Bagamoyo district.

• The horizontal flow velocity Vh has to be maintained at about 0.3m/sec.

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• Length of the channel L = 20 (maximum depth of flow).

Design of our grit chamber

Discharge = 287736.877m3/day

Population = 1105771people

Calculation;

Considering the sewage generation as 80% of water supply; average quantity of sewage is:

=287736.877 x 1105771 x 0.8

=5.8421m3/sec

Maximum flow=2.5 x 5.8421

=14.60525m3/sec

Keeping the horizontal velocity as 0.3m/s as recommended by DCOM and detention time of 60
sec

(since it ranges from 45-90 sec)

Length of the grit chamber =velocity x detention time

=0.3 x 60

=18m

Volume of the grit chamber=Discharge x detention time

=14.6052 x 60

=876.312m3

Cross-section area of the flow, A= Volume/length

=876.312/18

=48.684m2

Considering the width of the grit chamber as 1m; the depth will be 36.375m

Providing the freeboard of 0.3m and 0.25 grit chamber accumulation zone depth, hence the total

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depth will be;

Depth=36.375 + 0.3 + 0.25

Depth =36.925m

C. SEDIMENTATION

In designing the sedimentation tanks, the required detention time determines the dimensions of

the tank. A rectangular tank is the simplest design to use.

Detention time is calculated as; Volume/Flow rate (Q).

Water supply project at Morogoro Municipal

The detention time based on the average daily flows usually ranges from about 45 minutes to 3

hours depending on water turbidity. Outlets are usually weirs which are sufficiently long to
reduce

the flow velocity, and so avoid the re-suspension of the solids in the water.

Plain sedimentation tanks should be designed for a surface loading in the range of 0.1 - 0.5

m3/m2/h.

Design of sedimentation tank

Discharge=5.8421m3/sec

Taking the detention time of 3hours and the velocity of flow as 0.3m/min

From; detention time=Volume/Q

Volume= Td x Q

Volume= (3 x3600) x 5.8421

Volume= 1848.65m3

From velocity= length/detention time

Length= Vh x Td

Length= 0.3m/min x (3 x 60)

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Length= 54m

Length of the sedimentation tank=54m

Again; Volume= area x length

Area= volume/length

Area= 715.44m2

Assume the depth of 5m

Width= area/depth

Width=715.44/5

Width=143m

Assume the free board and sludge depth as 0.5 each

Water supply project at Bagamoyo district

Total depth= 5m + 0.5m +0.5m

Total depth =6m

D. DISINFECTION.

A good chemical disinfectant should possess a number of important characteristics, including:

❖ Quick and effective in killing pathogenic micro-organisms present in water

❖ Readily soluble in water and in concentrations required for the disinfection, and capable of
providing

a residual,

❖ Does not impart taste, odor or color to water at the concentrations used

❖ Be easy to detect and measure in water, and be readily available at moderate cost.

Since we are treating water of the large scheme Gaseous chlorine may be used

Chlorine is the most widely used water supply disinfectant, either in the form of a gas or one of

its several compounds such as chlorine of lime or sodium hypochlorite. In all cases, the active

disinfectant is chlorine. Because of cost, dependability efficiency and relative ease of handling

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provided this is done with care, chlorine or chlorine compounds are almost always used.

CHAPTER FIVE.
Recommendations.

i. The resident of bagamoyo should explore and develop alternative water sources like
rainwater harvesting, desalination, and wastewater treatment to reduce reliance on a
single source.

ii. They should protect existing water sources through implementation measures to
protect water sources from pollution, such as establishing buffer zones and regulating
agricultural practices.

iii. They should promote water-efficient technologies to encourage the use of water-
saving appliances, such as low-flow showerheads and dual-flush toilets. Also to
Implement water-efficient irrigation practices such as to promote drip irrigation and
other efficient irrigation methods for agriculture

iv. Public awareness campaigns to Educate the public on the importance of water
conservation and responsible water use.

v. The government should expand and rehabilitate water infrastructure and conduct
investment in the expansion and rehabilitation of water supply infrastructure,
including pipelines, treatment plants, and storage facilities.

vi. Improvement of leak detection and repair to implement efficient leak detection and
repair systems to minimize water losses. Initiate capacity building to Strengthen the
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 capacity of water utilities and other relevant institutions in planning, operation, and
maintenance of water supply systems.

vii. Implement cost-reflective tariffs to ensure the financial sustainability of water supply
systems and explore innovative financing mechanisms, such as public-private
partnerships, to attract investment in water infrastructure.

Conclusions
The water supply system at Bagamoyo District faces challenges due to increasing water demand
due to increase in population since there are a lot of pull factors such as tourism, fishing and
trade which led to population increase, limited water resources, and aging infrastructure.
Through Implementing these recommendations can help to ensure the provision of safe, reliable,
and affordable water services to the growing population of Bagamoyo District.

REFERENCES

Brikkè, F. (2000). Operation and Maintenance of rural water supply and sanitation systems. A
training package for managers and planners. Malta: IRC International Water and Sanitation
Centre and World Health Organisation.
Brikke, F. and Bredero, M. (2003): Linking Technology Choice with Operation and Maintenance
in the context of community water supply and sanitation. A reference Document for Planners and
Project Staff. Geneva: World Health Organization and IRC Water and Sanitation Centre.
Carter, R. C. (2009). Operation and Maintenance of Rural Water Supplies. In: Perspectives N° 2.
St. Gallen: Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN).
Castro, V. Msuya, N. and Makoye, C. (2009). Sustainable Community Management of Urban

Water and Sanitation Schemes (A Training Manual). Nairobi: Water and Sanitation Program-
Africa, World Ban.
Crites, R. and Tchobanoglous, G. (1998). Small and Decentralized Wastewater Management
Systems. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2004. Cancer survivorship—United States, 1971–
2001. MMWR 53(24):526-529.

Characklis, W. G. 1988. Bacterial regrowth in distribution systems. Denver, CO: AWWARF.

Choi, J., M. Fadel, L. Gammie, J. Rahman, and J. Paran. 1994. Sniff new mains…before
customers complain. Opflow 20:10:3.

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Clark, R. M., W. M. Grayman, J. A. Good rich, R. A. Deininger, and A. F. Hess. 1991. Field
testing distribution water quality models. J. Amer. Water Works Assoc. 83(7):67–75.

Clark, R. M., E. E. Geldreich, K. R. Fox, E. W. Rice, C. H.Johnson, J. A. Goodrich, J. A.

Barnick, and F. Abdesaken. 1996. Tracking a Salmonella serovar typhimurium outbreak in
Gideon, Missouri: role of contaminant propagation modelling. Journal of Water Supply Research
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Distribution Systems: Assessing and Reducing Risks: First Report. Washington, DC: The
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