Chemistry

is a branch of science that deals with the structure,

composition and properties of substances and the changes they
undergo

Topic Page
MATTER 2
METHODS of SEPARATING MIXTURES 3
FUNDAMENTAL CHEMICAL LAWS 4
THE SUBATOMIC PARTICLE 4
PERIODIC TABLE TRENDS 5
ATOMIC NUMBER, MASS 6
NUCLEAR FAMILIES 6
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION 7
QUANTUM NUMBERS 8
MOLECULES AND ION 9
KINDS OF FORMULAS 10
TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDS 10
MOLE CONCEPT 10
CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION 11
ACID AND BASES 11
PH AND POH 11
ACID-BASE THEORIES 12
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure 12
GRAHAM'S LAW OF DIFFUSION 12
RADIOACTIVITY 13
NUCLEAR REACTION 13
Review Problem 14

1
MATTER
substance that forms physical objects, has mass and occupies space.

• John Dalton modern atomic theory: "matter is composed of

atoms of differing weights"
• Democritus father of modern science: "the - universe is made up
of tiny 'atoms"
• Dmitri Mendeleev development of periodic table

STATES of MATTER
• Solid composed of particles that are tightly
packed and have a regular arrangement. It has
definite shape and volume.
• Liquid - composed of particles whose
arrangement and packing are somewhere
between those in solid and gas. It has definite
volume but no specific shape
• Gas - composed of particles with no regular
arrangement and no appreciable packing. It has
no definite shape or volume (it takes on the
shape and volume of its container).
• Plasma - an ionized gas consisting of positive ions and free
electrons in proportions
• BEC (Bose-Einstein Condensate) formed - when a gas of bosons
at low densities is cooled to temperatures very close to absolute
zero (-273.15 °C)

CHANGES of STATE of MATTER

• Evaporation - liquid to gas
• Condensation - gas to liquid
• Solidification/Freezing-liquid to solid
• Fusion/Melting - solid to liquid
• Sublimation - solid to gas
• Deposition- gas to solid

2
METHODS of SEPARATING MIXTURES
• Filtration
separating an insoluble solid from a liquid through the use of a
porous material.
• Evaporation
separating components of a solution by heating until the solvent
evaporates, leaving the solid residue.
• Simple Distillation - similar to evaporation, but vapor is collected
by condensation.
• Fractional Distillation - separating miscible liquids
miscible - (of liquids) forming a homogenous mixture when
combined
• Chromatography separates complex mixtures; stationary phase
and mobile phase.

3
FUNDAMENTAL CHEMICAL LAWS
• Law of Conservation of Mass - Mass is neither created nor
destroyed in a chemical reaction.

• Law of Definite Proportions (Law of Constant Composition or

Proust's Law) - Any given compound always contains exactly the
same proportions of elements by mass.
• Law of Multiple Proportions When two elements form a series of
compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element that
combine with 1 unit of the first element can always be reduced to
small whole numbers.

THE SUBATOMIC PARTICLE

• Joseph John Thomson – Electron

4
• Ernest Rutherford Nucleus and Gold Foil – Experiment

• James Chadwick - Neutron (Nobel Prize in Physics. 1935)

PERIODIC TABLE TRENDS

• Atomic Radius - the size of an atom
• Ionization Energy - amount of energy required to remove a
valence electron.
• Electronegativity - measure of the tendency of an atom to attract
a bonding pair of electrons
• Electron Affinity - measure of energy change when an electron is
added to a neutral atom to form a negative ion.
• Metallic Characteristic - tendency to lose electrons and form
cation.
• Non-metallic characteristic - tendency to gain electron and form
anion.

5
ATOMIC NUMBER, MASS
𝐴=𝑁+𝑍
𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑒 + = 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝+
• Atomic Number (Z) - the number of protons in the nucleus of
each atom of an element
• Mass Number (A) total number of nucleons (mass-contributing
subparticles) present in the nucleus of an atom;

NUCLEAR FAMILIES
• Isotopes - equal number of protons
𝐸𝑥. 𝐼1 𝐻1 , 𝐼 2 𝐻1 , 𝐼 3 𝐻1

• Isotones - equal number of neutrons

𝐸𝑥. 𝐼12 𝐵5 , 𝐼13 𝐶6 ,

• Isobars - equal mass number

𝐸𝑥. 𝐼 37 𝐶𝑙17 , 𝐼 37 𝐴𝑟18 ,

• Isomers - same molecular formulas but differ in structures and

properties
Ex. 𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙 → 𝐶2 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻, ; 𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 – 𝐶𝐻3 𝑂𝐶𝐻3

• Isoelectronic species - same electron configuration

6
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
Electron Configuration describes how electrons are distributed
among the various orbitals.
Ex: 𝐻𝑒1𝑠²
Where;
𝐻𝑒 = The thing we are finding the electron
configuration for
2 = # of electrons in the orbital
1 = Level
s = orbital

QUANTUM NUMBERS

• Principal Quantum Number (n)

determines the energy state of an electron. It can have integer
values 1, 2, 3, up to 7
𝑁 = 2𝑛2 𝐸𝑛 = −
13.6𝑒𝑉
𝑛2
(𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐻 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚)

7
• Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l)
indicates number of subshells and shape of orbital

• Magnetic Quantum Number (m)

- describes the orientation of orbital
in space
- It has integer values of;
0 for s
-1 to +1 for p
-2 to for d
-3 to +3 for f.

• Electron Spin Quantum Number (s)

Angular momentum of an electron
- can have values of +1/2 for unpaired
or -1/2 for paired
orbital

8
• Aufbau Principle - building-up principle; electrons fill the orbitals
starting at the lowest available energy levels before filling higher
levels.

• Pauli's Exclusion Principle no two electrons can have the same

set of four quantum numbers.

• Hund's Rule - Every orbital in a subshell is singly occupied with

one electron before any orbital doubly occupied and all electrons
in singly occupied orbitals have the same spin.

MOLECULES AND ION

• Monatomic gases
those that exist in nature as single atoms; noble gases.
• Molecule
an aggregate of at least two atoms in a definite arrangement held
together by chemical forces.
• Diatomic molecules
Hydrogen (H2), Nitrogen (N2), Oxygen (O2), Fluorine (F2),
Chlorine (C12), Bromine (Br2) and Iodine (12).
• Ion atom or group of atoms that has a net positive or negative
charge.
*Cation - positive
*Anion - negative
9
KINDS OF FORMULAS
• Chemical Formula - composition in terms of chemical symbols
• Empirical Formula - derived from experiment, simplest whole
number ratio (ex. C2H5)
• Molecular Formula - exact number of atoms (ex. C4H10)
• Structural Formula - how atoms are bonded to one another in a
molecule

TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDS

• Polar Covalent Bond - electrons unequally shared by atoms
(unsymmetrical)
• Nonpolar Covalent Bond - electron pairs are equally shared by
atoms (symmetrical)
• Ionic Bond - transfer of electrons from metallic to non-metallic to
form ions
• Metallic Bond - force of Type of Bond EN difference
attraction between Non-Polar Covalent 0 - 0.4
valence electrons and Polar Covalent 0.5 - 1.9
the metal ions Ionic 2.0 and above

MOLE CONCEPT
• STOICHIOMETRY - A branch of chemistry dealing with the
quantitative relationship between constituents in a chemical
substance.
• Mole (n) the amount of substance that - contains as many
elementary entities (atoms, molecules, ions, etc.) as there are
exactly 12 grams of the
Where;
carbon-12 isotope.
𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡/𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑀𝑀 = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙)
𝑚
𝑛=
𝑀𝑀 Note;
1 𝑎𝑚𝑢 = 1 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 = 𝑁𝑎 = [𝐶𝑂𝑁𝑆𝑇 24]
1 𝑎𝑚𝑢 = 𝑢 = [𝐶𝑂𝑁𝑆𝑇 17]
10
CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION
• Percent by Mass
𝑚𝑥
%𝑚𝑥 = × 100%
𝑚𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦
• Mole Fraction
𝑛𝑥
𝑍𝑥 =
𝑛𝑥 + 𝑛𝑦
• Molarity
𝑛𝑥
𝑀= Where;
𝐿𝐴 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
• Molality 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑛𝑥 𝐴 = 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑚=
𝑘𝑔𝑦

ACID AND BASES

ACIDS BASES
-Low pH level -High pH level
-Reacts with metals to form H2 -Reacts with oils and fats
-Turns blue litmus paper to -Turns red litmus paper to
red blue
-Sour in taste and sticky in -Bitter taste and slippery
texture texture
-Reacts with bases to form salts -Reacts with acids to form salts
and water and water

PH AND POH
• pH (power of Hydrogen) Equation: 𝑝𝐻 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔[𝐻 + ]
• POH (power of Hydroxide) Equation: 𝑝𝑂𝐻 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔[𝑂𝐻 − ]
• pH and pOH relationship: 𝑝𝐻 + 𝑝𝑂𝐻 = 14
• Neutralization: 𝐻 + + 𝑂𝐻 − → 𝐻2𝑂
Note: A neutral solution has pH of 7
Where 𝐻 + and 𝑂𝐻 − are ionic concentration in Molars (M)

11
ACID-BASE THEORIES
Theory Acid Base
Arrhenius Produce H+ in Produce OH- in
water water
Bronsted Lowry Proton (hydrogen Proton (hydrogen
ion) donor ion) acceptor
Lewis Electron pair Electron pair donor
acceptor (nucleophile)
(electrophile)

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure

𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2 + 𝑃3 +. . . +𝑃𝑛
𝑃1 = 𝑋1 P𝑇

RMS Speed of Gas

3𝑅𝑇
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ (𝑆𝐼)
𝑀𝑀

GRAHAM'S LAW OF DIFFUSION

• Diffusion gradual mixing of
molecules of one gas with
molecules of another by virtue of
their kinetic properties.
• Effusion - process by which a gas
under pressure escapes from one
compartment to another by
passing through a small opening.

𝑟2 𝑀1 𝜌1
=√ =√
𝑟1 𝑀2 𝜌2

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RADIOACTIVITY
spontaneous emission of particles and/or radiation; discovered by
Henri Becquerel, termed by Marie Curie.
1. Alpha particle two protons and neutrons bound together into a
particle identical to a helium nucleus; can be blocked by a thin
sheet of paper
2. Beta particle - high-energy, high-speed electron beam due to
decay of free neutrons; can be blocked by metal foils (e.g.
Aluminum)
3. Gamma radiation - EM radiation of extremely high frequency;
biologically hazardous.

NUCLEAR REACTION
Transmutation chemical isotope to another - nuclear conversion of
one
1. Nuclear Fusion - coalescence of light nuclei.
Ex. energy from the sun
2. Nuclear Fission - fragmenting of a heavy nuclei
Ex. energy source in nuclear power plants
Chain reaction modern application of the fission process.
(U-235)

13
Review Problems
1. Who is regarded as the Father of Modern Chemistry?
A. John Dalton
B. Antoine Lavoisier
C. Democritus
D. Dmitri Mendeleev

2. Which of the following is not a state of matter?

A. Liquid
B. Plasma
C. Superfluid
D. BEC

3. Which of the following phase changes represent deposition?

A. Solid → Gas
B. Gas → Solid
C. Solid → Liquid
D. Gas → liquid

4. Which of the following forms of mixtures has only one phase?

A. Colloidal Dispersion
B. Suspension
C. Pure Substance
D. Solution

5. It is a method of separating components of a solution by heating

until the solvent is evaporated and collected through
condensation.
A. Filtration
B. Evaporation
C. Simple Distillation
D. Chromatography

6. A homogenous mixture can be separated by all of the following

methods except
A. Filtration
B. Chromatography

14
 C. Crystallization
D. Distillation

7. Any given compound always contains exactly the same

proportions of elements by mass. This law is known as
A. Law of Constant Composition
B. Law of Definite Proportions
C. Proust’s Law
D. All of the above

8. Through his work on cathode-ray tubes (CRTs), who discovered

the electron?
A. Ernest Rutherford
B. James Clark Maxwell
C. Joseph John Thomson
D. James Chadwick

9. Also known as the proton number, it is the number that uniquely

identifies a chemical element.
A. Atomic Mass
B. Mass Number
C. Atomic Number
D. Nucleon

10. Fluorine has an atomic number of 9 and a mass number of 19.

How many electrons and how many neutrons does this atom
have?
A. 9 electrons, 9 neutrons Solution:
B. 9 electrons, 19 neutrons 𝐴=𝑁+𝑍
C. 10 electrons, 9 neutrons 19 = 𝑁 + 9
D. 9 electrons, 10 neutrons 𝑁 = 10

11. Which of the following nuclear families has the same number of
nucleons but different atomic numbers?
A. Isobars C. Isomers
B. Isotones D. Isotopes

15
12. Which nuclear family best characterizes the relationship
between hydrogen to deuterium? (OCT 2017)
A. Isobars
B. Isotones
C. Isomers
D. Isotopes

13. It is a mathematical function that describes the wave-like

behavior of either one or a pair of electrons in an atom.
(OCT 2017)
A. electron path
B. electron orbital
C. electron configuration
D. electron pair

14. This states that no two electrons can have the same set of four
quantum numbers.
A. Aufbau Principle
B. Hund’s Rule
C. Uncertainty Principle
D. Pauli’s Exclusion Principle

15. Which of the following elements is not diatomic?

A. Helium
B. Hydrogen
C. Oxygen
D. Iodine

16. From the word meaning “derived from experiment,” it is a

chemical formula expressing the combination of elements in
simplest whole-number ratio of their atoms.
A. Structural Formula
B. Lewis Formula
C. Empirical Formula
D. Experimental Formula

16
17. It is the amount of substance that contains as many elementary
entities (atoms, molecules, ions, etc.) as there are exactly 12
grams of the carbon-12 isotope. (OCT 2016)
A. Avogadro’s Number
B. Molar Mass
C. Atomic mass unit
D. Mole

18. It is the number of constituent particles, usually atoms or

molecules that are contained in the amount of substance given by
one mole. (APR 2018)
A. Atomic mass unit
B. Molar mass
C. Avogadro’s constant
D. Mole

19. The formula for calcium nitrate is Ca(NO_3 )_2 What is its
approximate formula weight?
A. 64 amu Solution:
B. 164 amu 𝐶𝑎 = 2(20) = 40 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
C. 240 amu 𝑁 = 2(7) = 14 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
D. 310 amu 𝑂 = 2(8) = 16 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐹𝑊 = 𝑀𝑀𝐶𝑎 + 𝑀𝑀𝑁 + 𝑀𝑀𝑂
𝐹𝑊 = 40(1) + 14(2) + 16(6)
𝐹𝑊 = 164 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 164 𝑎. 𝑚. 𝑢.

20. How many moles is 1kg of 𝐶2 𝐻6 𝑂2?

A. 15.1 moles
B. 16.1 moles Solution:
C. 17.1 moles 𝐶 – 12 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
D. 18.1 moles 𝐻 – 1 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑂 – 16 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑀 = 2(12) + 6(1) + 2(16) = 62
100𝑔
𝑛= = 16.13 𝑚𝑜𝑙
62𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

17
21. A silicon chip used in an integrated circuit of a microcomputer
has a mass of 5.68 mg. How many silicon (Si) atoms are present
in the chip?
Solution:
A. 1.22x10^23 atoms 𝑚
B. 1.22x10^20 atoms 𝑚𝑆𝑖 × → 𝑛𝑆𝑖 × 𝑛𝐴 → 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑆𝑖
𝑀𝑀
C. 6.73x10^20 atoms 5.68𝑚𝑔 (𝐶𝑂𝑁𝑆𝑇 24)𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑆𝑖
D. 6.73x10^23 atoms =( )( )
28 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑆𝑖
= 1.22 × 1020 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠

22. The number of oxygen atoms in 0.50 mole of 𝐴𝑙2 (𝐶𝑂3 )3 is

A. 4.5 × 10^23
Solution:
B. 9.0 × 10^23
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 𝐴𝑙2 (𝐶𝑂3 )3
C. 3.6 × 10^24
(𝑛𝑋 )(𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜) → (𝑛𝑂 )(𝑛𝐴 ) → 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑂
D. 2.7 × 10^24
9 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑂 (𝐶𝑂𝑁𝑆𝑇 24)𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠
= (0.50 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑋 )( )( )
1𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑋 1𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑂
= 2.7 × 1024 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 𝑂

23. In the atmosphere, nitrogen dioxide reacts with water to produce

nitric acid, which contributes to pollution by acid rain:
3𝑁𝑂2(𝑔) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) → 2𝐻𝑁𝑂3 (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑁𝑂(𝑔)
How many grams of 𝐻𝑁𝑂3 are produced for every 1.0 mol of
𝑁𝑂2 that reacts? The molecular weight of 𝐻𝑁𝑂3 is 63.0 amu.
A. 42 g 𝐻𝑁𝑂3 Solution:
B. 42 kg 𝐻𝑁𝑂3 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑁𝑂2 ; 𝑦 = 𝐻𝑁𝑂3
C. 4.2 g 𝐻𝑁𝑂3 (𝑛𝑋 )(𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜) → (𝑛𝑌 )(𝑀𝑀) → 𝑚𝑌
D. 42 mg 𝐻𝑁𝑂3 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑌
= (1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑋 )( )(63 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙)
3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑋
= 42 𝑔 𝐻𝑁𝑂3

18
24. How much oxygen is in 15g of carbon dioxide? (APR 2018)
A. 2.7g B. 12.3g C. 4.1g D. 10.9g
Solution:
1st Solution:
𝑚
(𝑚𝑋 ) ( ) → (𝑛𝑋 )(𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜) → (𝑛𝑂 )(𝑀𝑀) → 𝑚𝑂
𝑀𝑀
𝐶 = 12 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙; 𝑂 = 16𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑀 = 1(12) + 2(16) = 44 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
15 𝑔𝐶𝑂2 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑂 𝑔
=( 𝑔 ) ( ) (16 ) = 10.90 𝑔
44 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐶𝑂2 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑜𝑙

2nd Solution:
𝑥 𝑔𝑂 16(2)𝑔𝑂
=
15 𝑔𝐶𝑂2 12(1) + 16(2)𝑔𝐶𝑂 2
Shift solve 𝑥 = 10.90 𝑔

25. A white powder is analyzed and found to contain 43.64%

phosphorus and 56.36% oxygen by mass. What is the
compound’s empirical formula?
A. 𝑃𝑂2 C. 𝑃2 𝑂5
B. 𝑃𝑂2.5 D. 𝑃4 𝑂10
Solution: Step 3: 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
Empirical Formula: Note: in den. value always pick the
Let e = element; m=mass smallest value
Step 1: %𝑏𝑦 m → 𝑔𝑒 1.408 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑃
43.64 % 𝑃 → 43.64 𝑔𝑃 𝑃→ =1
1.408 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑃
56.36 % 𝑂 → 56.36 𝑔𝑂 3.5225 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑂
Recall: 𝑂→ = 2.5
1.408 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑃
𝑃 = 31 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 Step4: 𝑃𝑂2.5 𝑥
𝑂 = 16 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 Note: x = multiplier since decimal
Step 2: 𝑔𝑒 → 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 value is invalid
43.64 𝑔𝑃 (𝑃𝑂2.5 )(2) = 𝑃2 𝑂5
= 1.408 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑃
31 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
56.36 𝑔𝑂
= 3.5225 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑂
16 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

19
 Board Problem!!!
If the atomic mass of nitrogen, hydrogen,
phosphorus and oxygen are 14.0067amu, 1.00 amu, 30.974 amu
and 16amu, respectively. What percent by mass of (NH_4)_3
PO_4 is nitrogen?
A. 8.11 % B. 20.78% C. 28.18% D. 42.93%

26. It expresses the concentration of solutions as the number of

moles of solute per volume of solution in liters.
A. Molality
B. Molarity
C. Normality
D. Formality

27. Calculate the molar concentration of a solution that contains 15g

of potassium hydroxide (KOH) in 225ml of solution.
A. 1.2 M Solution:
B. 11.9 M 𝐾 = 2(19.5) = 39 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
C. 4.46 M 𝑀𝑀 = 39(1) + 16(1) + 1(1) = 56 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
D. 2.60 M 15 𝑔
𝑛= 𝑔 = 0.2679 𝑚𝑜𝑙
56
𝑚𝑜𝑙
0.2679 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀= = 1.2 𝑀
225 × 10−3 𝐿

Board Problem!!!
In a biochemical assay, a chemist needs to add 3.81 g of glucose
(C6H12O6) to a reaction mixture. Calculate the volume in
milliliters of a 2.53 M glucose solution she should use for the
addition. C=12.01 g/mol; H=1.008 g/mol; O=16.00 g/mol
A. 8.36 mL
B. 7.36 mL
C. 5.63 mL
D. 4.63 mL

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28. A bottle of certain ceramic tile cleanser, which
essentially a solution of hydrogen chloride, contains 130g of HCl
and 750g of water. What is the percent by mass of HCl in this
cleanser?
Solution:
A. 15.7% 130 𝑔𝐻𝐶𝑙
B. 16.3% %𝑚𝐻𝐶𝑙 = × 100
130 𝑔𝐻𝐶𝐿 + 750 𝑔𝐻2 𝑂
C. 14.8%
%𝑚𝐻𝐶𝑙 = 14.8 %
D. 13.8%

29. It is a logarithmic value expressing the molar concentration of

hydronium (𝐻3 𝑂+) in an aqueous solution.
A. pOH
B. pH
C. decibel
D. Kreb’s scale

30. These are chemical species that accepts an electron pair to make
a new covalent bond. (SEPT 2014 AND OCT 2015)
A. Electrophiles
B. Nucleophiles
C. Lewis acid
D. Lewis base

31. The pH of a sample of human blood was measured to be 7.41 at

25°C. Calculate the concentration of hydrogen ions in this blood
sample.
A. 3.9x10-8 m Solution:
B. 2.6x10-7 m 𝑝𝐻 = − log[𝐻 + ]
C. 3.9x10-8 M 7.41 = − log[𝐻 + ]
D. 2.6x10-7 M 𝐻 + = 3.9x10−8 M

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32. A mixture of gases contains 4.46 moles of Ne, 0.74 mole of Ar and
2.15 moles of Xe. Calculate the partial pressure due to Xe if the
total pressure is 2.00atm at a certain temperature.
A. 0.585atm Solution:
B. 1.98atm 𝑃𝑋𝑒 = 𝑋𝑋𝑒 𝑃𝑇
C. 1.21atm 𝑛𝑋𝑒
D. 0.786atm 𝑋𝑋𝑒 =
𝑛𝑁𝑒 + 𝑛𝐴𝑟 + 𝑛𝑋𝑒
𝑛𝑋𝑒
𝑃𝑋𝑒 = ( )𝑃
𝑛𝑁𝑒 + 𝑛𝐴𝑟 + 𝑛𝑋𝑒 𝑇
2.15𝑋𝑒
𝑃𝑋𝑒 = ( ) 2 𝑎𝑡𝑚
4.46𝑁𝑒 + 0.74𝐴𝑟 + 2.15𝑋𝑒
𝑃𝑋𝑒 = 0.585 𝑎𝑡𝑚

33. How fast are the molecules of oxygen running into the sides of
your body at a room temperature of 30°C?
A. 728 m/s Solution:
B. 486 m/s
C. 515 m/s 3(𝐶𝑂𝑁𝑆𝑇 27)(30 + 273)
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √
D. 576 m/s 2(16)
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 486 m/s

34. Calculate the ratio of the rate of diffusion of hydrogen to the rate
of diffusion of oxygen. How fast does hydrogen diffuse than
oxygen? Given: Density of hydrogen is 0.0899 g/L and the density
of oxygen is 1.43 g/L.
Solution:
A. One
B. Two 𝑟𝐻 𝜌𝑂 1.43
= √ = √ =4
C. Three 𝑟𝑂 𝜌𝐻 0.0899
D. Four

35. Which of the following radiation contains the

heaviest particles?
A. Alpha radiation
B. Beta radiation
C. Gamma radiation
D. Delta radiation

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36. Which particle does not affect the atomic number of an atom?
(OCT 2015)
A. Alpha particle
B. Beta particle
C. Neutron
D. Proton

37. It is a form of the mineral uraninite occurring in brown or black

pitch-like masses and containing uranium. (APR 2015)
A. buckminsterfullerene
B. pitchblende
C. orichalchum
D. adamantite

38. It is the minimum amount of radioactive material needed to

sustain a nuclear chain reaction.
A. Molar mass
B. Critical mass
C. Molecular mass
D. Atomic mass unit

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