CHAPTER

1. Natural numbers: The numbers which are used for counting are called Natural numbers and
represented with letter N
N={1,2,3,4,5,……}
2. Whole numbers: If ‘0’ is added to Natural numbers then they are called Whole numbers. And is
denoted by ‘W’
W={0,1,2,3,4,5,……}
3. Integers: Combination of positive and negative numbers Including 0 are called Integers and
represented by ‘Z’ or ‘I’.
Z={… … − 4, −3, −2, −1,0,1,2,3,4, … … … }
4. Integers number line

Negative integers Positive integers

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

5. Addition of integers:
(i) When two positive integers are added, we get a positive integer.
e.g. (+5) + (+6) = +11
(ii) When two negative integers are added, we get a negative integer.
e.g. (−5) + (−6) = −11
(iii) When one positive and one negative integer are added we subtract them as whole numbers by
considering the numbers without their sign and then put the sign of the bigger number with the
subtraction obtained.
e.g. (+8) + (−5) = 3 , (−8) + (+5) = −3 , −7 + 5 = −2
6. Multiplication of integers:
(i) If the signs of two integers are same then the product is positive integer.
e.g. (+3) × (+5) = 15, (−4) × (−3) = 12
(ii) If the signs of two integers are different then the product is negative integer.
e.g. (+3) × (−5) = −15, (−3) × (+5) = −15, (−4) × (+3) = −12, (+4) × (−3) = −12
7. Division of integers:
(i) If the signs are same then the quotient is positive.
e. g. 12 ÷ 3 = 4, (−12) ÷ (−3) = 4
(ii) If the signs are different then the quotient is negative.
e. g. (−12) ÷ 3 = −4, 12 ÷ (−3) = −4

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8. Division by zero is not defined
1 3 −51 −8
, , , , 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
0 0 0 0
9. 0 ∈ W (0 belongs to whole numbers)
10. 0 ∉N (0 does not belong to natural numbers)
11. –3 ∈Z (–3 belongs to integers)
12. Rational numbers:
𝑝
A number which can be written in the form , where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0 is called a
𝑞

rational number.
2 6 9
Example: − , , are all rational numbers. Since the numbers 0, –2, 4 can be written in the form
3 7 −5
𝑝
, they are also rational numbers.
𝑞

Rational numbers (Q)

1 8 3 2 25 9
, , ,− ,− ,− ,
2 7 5 5 58 13

Integers (Z or I)
Whole Numbers (W)

Natural Numbers (N)

….,-3,-2,-1 0, 1,2,3,4,5,6,……………
1. Rational numbers are closed under addition i.e. 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅
3 −5
𝑒. 𝑔. 𝑎 =
,𝑏 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠
8 7
3 −5 3 × 7 + (−5 × 8) 21 + (−40) −19
𝑎+𝑏 = +( )= = = is a rational number
8 7 56 56 56
2. Rational numbers are closed under subtraction i.e. 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑎 − 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅
3 −8
𝑒. 𝑔. 𝑎 =
,𝑏 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠.
7 5
3 −8 3 8 3 × 5 + 7 × 8 15 + 56 71
𝑎−𝑏 = −( )= + = = = is a rational number
7 5 7 5 35 35 35
3. Rational numbers are closed under multiplication i.e. 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑎 × 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅
4 −6
𝑒. 𝑔. 𝑎 = − , 𝑏 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠.
5 11
4 −6 (−4) × (−6) 24
𝑎 × 𝑏 = (− ) × ( ) = = is a rational number
5 11 5 × 11 55

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 𝑎
4. For any rational number 𝑎, 𝑎 ÷ 0 = is not defined
0
5. Exclude zero then the collection of, all other rational numbers is closed under division
𝑎
i.e. 𝑎, 𝑏(≠ 0) ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑎 ÷ 𝑏 = 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅
−3 −9
𝑒. 𝑔: 𝑎 = ,𝑏 = are two rational numbers
8 2
−3 −9 −3 −2 (−3) × (−2) 1
𝑎÷𝑏 = ÷ =( )×( )= = is a rational number.
8 2 8 9 8×9 12
6. Addition is commutative for rational numbers. i.e. 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑏 + 𝑎
−6 −8
𝑒. 𝑔: 𝑎 =,𝑏 =
5 3
−6 −8 −8 −6
𝑎+𝑏 =( )+( ) 𝑏+𝑎 =( )+( )
5 3 3 5
(−6 × 3) + (−8 × 5) (−8 × 5) + (−6 × 3)
= =
15 15
(−18) + (−40) (−40) + (−18)
= =
15 15
−58 −58
= =
15 15
∴𝑎+𝑏 =𝑏+𝑎

7. Subtraction will not be commutative for rational numbers .i.e. 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑎 − 𝑏 ≠ 𝑏 − 𝑎

2 5
𝑒. 𝑔: 𝑎 =
,𝑏 =
3 4
2 5 5 2
𝑎−𝑏 = − 𝑏−𝑎 = −
3 4 4 3
2×4−5×3 5×3−2×4
= =
12 12
8 − 15 15 − 8
= =
12 12
−7 7
= =
12 12
𝑎−𝑏 ≠𝑏−𝑎
8. Multiplication is commutative for rational numbers. i.e. 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑎 × 𝑏 = 𝑏 × 𝑎
−8 −4
𝑒. 𝑔: 𝑎 = ,𝑏 =
9 7
−8 −4 −4 −8
𝑎×𝑏 =( )×( ) 𝑏×𝑎 =( )×( )
9 7 7 9
(−8) × (−4) 32 (−4) × (−8) 32
= = = =
(9) × (7) 63 (7) × (9) 63

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 ∴ 𝑎×𝑏 =𝑏×𝑎
𝑎 𝑏
9. Division is not commutative for rational numbers. i.e. 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ ≠
𝑏 𝑎

−5 3
𝑒. 𝑔: 𝑎 = ,𝑏 =
4 7
−5 3 3 −5
𝑎÷𝑏 =( )÷ 𝑏÷𝑎 = ÷( )
4 7 7 4
−5 7 3 −4
=( )× = ×( )
4 3 7 5
(−5) × 7 −35 3 × (−4) −12
= = = =
4×3 12 7×5 35
∴𝑎÷𝑏 ≠𝑏÷𝑎
10. Additive is associative for rational numbers i.e. 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑎 + (𝑏 + 𝑐) = (𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
−2 3 −5
𝑒. 𝑔: 𝑎 = ,𝑏 = ,𝑐 =
3 5 6
−2 3 −5 −2 3 −5
𝑎 + (𝑏 + 𝑐) = + [ + ( )] (𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝑐 = [ + ]+( )
3 5 6 3 5 6

−2 3 × 6 + (−5 × 5) −2 × 5 + 3 × 3 −5
= +[ ] =[ ]+( )
3 30 15 6

−2 18 − 25 −10 + 9 −5
= +[ ] =[ ]+( )
3 30 15 6

−2 −7 −1 −5
= +( ) =( )+( )
3 30 15 6

(−2 × 10) + (−7) (−1 × 2) + (−5 × 5)

= =
30 30

(−20) + (−7) −27 (−2) + (−25) −27

= = = =
30 30 30 30

∴ 𝑎 + (𝑏 + 𝑐) = (𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝑐

11. Subtraction is not associative for rational numbers

𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑎 − (𝑏 − 𝑐) ≠ (𝑎 − 𝑏) − 𝑐
−2 −4 1
𝑒. 𝑔: 𝑎 = ,𝑏 = ,𝑐 =
3 5 2
−2 −4 1 −2 −8 − 5
𝑎 − (𝑏 − 𝑐) = −[ − ] = −[ ]
3 5 2 3 10

−2 −4 × 2 − 1 × 5 −2 −13 −2 13
= −[ ] = −( )= +
3 10 3 10 3 10

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 −2 × 10 + 13 × 3 −2 × 5 + 4 × 3 1
= =[ ]−
30 15 2
−20 + 39 19 −10 + 12 1
= = =[ ]−
30 30 15 2
−2 −4 1 2 1 2 × 2 − 1 × 15
(𝑎 − 𝑏) − 𝑐 = [ − ( )] − = − =
3 5 2 15 2 30
−2 4 1 4 − 15 −11
=[ + ]− = =
3 5 2 30 30

𝑎 − (𝑏 − 𝑐) ≠ (𝑎 − 𝑏) − 𝑐

12. Multiplication is associative for rational numbers

𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑎 × (𝑏 × 𝑐) = (𝑎 × 𝑏) × 𝑐
−7 5 2
𝑒. 𝑔: 𝑎 = ,𝑏 = ,𝑐 =
3 4 9
−7 5 2 −7 5 2
𝑎 × (𝑏 × 𝑐) = ×[ × ] (𝑎 × 𝑏) × 𝑐 = [ × ]×
3 4 9 3 4 9
−7 10 −7 × 10 −35 2 −35 × 2
= × = =( )× =
3 36 3 × 36 12 9 12 × 9
−7 × 5 −35 −35 × 1 −35
= = = =
3 × 18 54 6×9 54
∴ 𝑎 × (𝑏 × 𝑐) = (𝑎 × 𝑏) × 𝑐
13. Division is not associative for rational numbers
i.e. 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑎 ÷ (𝑏 ÷ 𝑐) ≠ (𝑎 ÷ 𝑏) ÷ 𝑐
1 −1 2
𝑒. 𝑔: 𝑎 = ,𝑏 = ,𝑐 =
2 3 5
1 −1 2 1 −1 2
𝑎 ÷ (𝑏 ÷ 𝑐) = ÷ [ ÷ ] (𝑎 ÷ 𝑏) ÷ 𝑐 = [ ÷ ( ) ] ÷
2 3 5 2 3 5

1 −1 5 1 −3 2
= ÷[ × ] =[ × ]÷
2 3 2 2 1 5

1 −5 −3 2
= ÷( ) = ÷
2 6 2 5

1 −6 −3 −3 5 −15
= ×( )= = × =
2 5 5 2 2 4

𝑎 ÷ (𝑏 ÷ 𝑐) ≠ (𝑎 ÷ 𝑏) ÷ 𝑐
14. Zero is called the identity for the addition of rational numbers.
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑎 + 0 = 0 + 𝑎 = 𝑎
15. 1 is the multiplicative identity for rational numbers.

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 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑎 × 1 = 1 × 𝑎 = 𝑎
𝑎
16. For a rational number 𝑏 , we have,
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
+ (− ) = (− ) + = 0
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
We say that (− 𝑏) is the additive inverse of 𝑏 and 𝑏 is the additive inverse of (− 𝑏)
𝑎 𝑐 𝑐 𝑎
17. 𝐼𝑓 𝑏
× 𝑑 = 1 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 the reciprocal or multiplicative inverse of 𝑏

18. Distributivity of Multiplication over Addition and Subtraction.

For all rational numbers 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐
𝑎(𝑏 + 𝑐) = 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐
𝑎(𝑏 − 𝑐) = 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑎𝑐

−3 2 −5
𝑒. 𝑔: 𝑎 = ,𝑏 = ,𝑐 =
4 3 6
−3 2 −5 −3 2 −3 −5
𝑎 × (𝑏 + 𝑐) = × [ + ( )] 𝑎×𝑏+𝑎×𝑐 = ( × )+( × )
4 3 6 4 3 4 6

−3 2 × 2 + (−5 × 1) −1 5
= ×[ ] = +
4 6 2 8

−3 4 + (−5) (−1 × 4) + 5
= ×( ) =
4 6 8

−4 + 5 1
−3 −1 3 1 = =
= ×( )= = 8 8
4 6 24 8
∴ 𝑎 × (𝑏 + 𝑐) = 𝑎 × 𝑏 + 𝑎 × 𝑐
Properties of Rational numbers
Property Name Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division
𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝑄 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are non-zero
rationale
Closure 𝑎+𝑏 ∈𝑄 𝑎−𝑏 ∈𝑄 𝑎×𝑏∈𝑄 𝑎÷𝑏 ∈𝑄
Property
Commutative 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎−𝑏 ≠𝑏−𝑎 𝑎×𝑏=𝑏×𝑎 𝑎÷𝑏 ≠𝑏÷𝑎
law =𝑏+𝑎
Associative (𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝑐 (𝑎 − 𝑏) − 𝑐 (𝑎 × 𝑏) × 𝑐 = (𝑎 ÷ 𝑏) ÷ 𝑐
Law = 𝑎 + (𝑏 ≠ 𝑎 − (𝑏 − 𝑐) 𝑎 × (𝑏 × 𝑐) ≠ 𝑎 ÷ (𝑏 ÷ 𝑐)
+ 𝑐)
Identity 𝑎+0=𝑎 Not 𝑎×1=𝑎 Not applicable
Property 0+𝑎 =𝑎 applicable 1×𝑎 = 𝑎
Inverse 𝑎 + (−𝑎) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 1
𝑎 × = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ×𝑎 =1
Property (−𝑎) + 𝑎 = 0 𝑎 𝑎
1
𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎
(−𝑎) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑎
𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 (−𝑎) 1
𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓
𝑎

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 Distributive 𝑎(𝑏 + 𝑐) = 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐 𝑎(𝑏 − 𝑐) = 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑎𝑐

𝟑 −𝟔 −𝟖 𝟓
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 +( )+( )+( )
𝟕 𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟏 𝟐𝟐
3 −6 −8 5
𝑆𝑜𝑙: +( )+( )+( ) 7 7,11,21,22
7 11 21 22

3 × 66 + (−6) × 42 + (−8) × 22 + 5 × 21 11 1, 11, 3, 22

= 1,1,3, 2
462
198 − 252 − 176 + 105 L. C. M 𝑜𝑓7,11,21,22 = 7 × 11 × 3 × 2
= =462
462
303 − 428 −125
= =
462 462
−𝟒 𝟑 𝟏𝟓 −𝟏𝟒
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟐: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 × × ×( )
𝟓 𝟕 𝟏𝟔 𝟗
−4 3 15 −14
Sol: × × ×( )
5 7 16 9
−4 15 3 −14
=( × )×[ ×( )]
5 16 7 9
−3 −2 1
= (4)×(3)= 2

The role of zero (0)

Where 𝑎 is a rational number then
(𝑖) 𝑎 + 0 = 0 + 𝑎 = 𝑎
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑎 × 0 = 0 × 𝑎 = 0
‘Zero’ is called the identity for the addition of rational numbers.
The role of ‘1’
Where ‘𝑎’ is a rational number then
(𝑖) 𝑎 × 1 = 1 × 𝑎 = 𝑎
1 is the multiplicative identity for rational numbers

Find using distributivity

For all rational numbers 𝑎, 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐
(𝑖) 𝑎 × (𝑏 + 𝑐) = 𝑎 × 𝑏 + 𝑎 × 𝑐
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑎 × (𝑏 − 𝑐) = 𝑎 × 𝑏 − 𝑎 × 𝑐
7 −3 7 5
(𝑖) { × ( )} + { × }
5 12 5 12
7 −3 7 5
𝑆𝑜𝑙: { × ( )} + { × }
5 12 5 12

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 7 −3 5
= ×( + ) (𝑏𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎 × 𝑏 + 𝑎 × 𝑐 = 𝑎 × (𝑏 + 𝑐))
5 12 12
7 2 7×1 7
= × = =
5 12 5 × 6 30
9 4 9 −3
(𝑖𝑖) { × } + { × }
16 12 16 9
9 4 9 −3
𝑆𝑜𝑙: { × } + { × }
16 12 16 9
9 4 −3
= ×( + ) (𝑏𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎 × 𝑏 + 𝑎 × 𝑐 = 𝑎 × (𝑏 + 𝑐))
16 12 9
9 1 1 9
= ×( − )= ×0=0
16 3 3 16

𝟐 −𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 𝟑
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟓: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 × − − ×
𝟓 𝟕 𝟏𝟒 𝟕 𝟓
2 −3 1 3 3
Sol: × − − ×
5 7 14 7 5
−3 2 3 3 1
= × + (− ) × − (𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦)
7 5 7 5 14
−3 2 3 1
= ( + )−
7 5 5 14
−3 5 1
= ×( )−
7 5 14
−3 1
= −
7 14
−3 × 2 − 1 −6 − 1 −7 −1
= = = =
14 14 14 2

5. Name the property under multiplication used in each of the following.

−4 −4 −4
(𝑖) ×1=1× = → Multiplicative identity
5 5 5
13 −2 −2 13
(𝑖𝑖) − × = ×− → commutative under multiplication
17 7 7 17
−19 29
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) × = 1 → Multiplicative inverse
29 −19
𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 𝟒
𝟕. 𝐓𝐞𝐥𝐥 𝐰𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐲 𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐬 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐭𝐨 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐮𝐭𝐞 × (𝟔 × ) 𝒂𝒔 ( × 𝟔) ×
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
Sol: 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
11. The product of two rational numbers is always a rational number

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 Bits
𝑝
1. A number can be expressed in the form , where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0, is called a rational
𝑞

number.
2. The rational number 0 is the additive identity for rational numbers.
3. The rational number 1 is the multiplicative identity for rational numbers.
𝑎 −𝑎
4. The additive inverse of the rational number 𝑏 is 𝑏
and vice-versa.
𝑎 𝑏
5. The reciprocal or multiplicative inverse of the rational number 𝑏 is 𝑎.

6. Distributivity of rational numbers : For all rational numbers a, b and c

𝑎(𝑏 + 𝑐) = 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎(𝑏 − 𝑐) = 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑎𝑐
7. The reciprocal of a positive rational number is positive.
8. The reciprocal of a negative rational number is negative.
9. Zero has no reciprocal.
10. The numbers 1 and −1 are their own reciprocal.
11. The negative of a negative rational number is always a positive rational number.
12. The set of numbers which do not have any additive identity – Natural numbers(N)
13. The rational number that does not have any reciprocal is 0.
14. Commutative under addition:𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑏 + 𝑎
15. Commutative under multiplication: 𝑎 × 𝑏 = 𝑏 × 𝑎
16. Associative property under addition:𝑎 + (𝑏 + 𝑐) = (𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
17. Associative property under multiplication:𝑎 × (𝑏 × 𝑐) = (𝑎 × 𝑏) × 𝑐
18. Division by zero is not defined
1 3 −51 −8
, , , , 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
0 0 0 0
19. 0 ∈ W (0 belongs to whole numbers)
20. 0 ∉N (0 does not belong to natural numbers)
21. –3 ∈Z (–3 belongs to integers)
22. A rational number and its additive inverse are opposite in their sign.
23. The multiplicative inverse of a rational number is its reciprocal.
24. Neither a positive nor a negative rational number is 0.
5 45
25. The equivalent of 7 , whose numerator is 45 is 63
7 35
26. The equivalent rational number of 9 , whose denominator is 45 is45

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 CHAPTER

1. Expression: An expression is a constant or a variable or combination of these two, using the

mathematical operations (+, –, ×, ÷) i.e., terms are added to form expressions
2. Algebraic expression: If an expression has at least one algebraic term, then that expression is
Algebraic expression.
𝑥
Ex: d, a + 3, 5c – 4, 2x2 + 3x – 6, are Algebraic expressions.
𝑦

3. Coefficient: A coefficient may be either a numerical or an algebraic factor or a product of both in a

term.
4. The terms having the same algebraic factors are like terms and the terms having different algebraic
factors are unlike terms.
Examples:
(i). The terms 2𝑥, −3𝑥 and 4𝑥 are like terms, as they have same algebraic factor '𝑥'
(ii). The terms 5t and 8s are unlike terms, as they have different algebraic factors t and s
5. Monomial: An expression with only one term is called Monomial
6. Binomial: An expression which contains two unlike terms is called a Binomial.
7. Trinomial: An expression which contains three unlike terms is called a Trinomial.
8. Polynomial : An algebraic expression in which the exponent of variable is a non-negative integer is
called a Polynomial
9. In an expression, if the terms are arranged in such a way that the exponents of the terms are in
descending order then the expression is said to be in standard form.
10. Linear equations in one variable: An equation of the form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 0 or 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑏 where 𝑎, 𝑏 are
constants and 𝑎  0 is called linear equation in one variable or simple equation.
11. If the degree of an equation is one then it is called a linear equation.
12. The expression on the left of the equality sign is called the L.H.S (Left Hand Side)
of the equation and right of the equality sign is called R.H.S (Right Hand Side) of
the equation.
13. The value which when substituted for the variable in the given equation makes L.H.S. = R.H.S. is
called a solution or root of the given equation.
14. When we transpose terms
‘+’ quantity becomes ‘−‘quantity ‘×’ quantity becomes ‘÷‘quantity
‘−’ quantity becomes ‘+‘quantity ‘÷’ quantity becomes ‘בquantity

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Example 1: Find the solution of 2x – 3 = 7
Sol: Given equation: 2x – 3 = 7
( 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 − 3 𝑡𝑜 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 𝑖𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 + 3)
2𝑥 = 7 + 3.
2𝑥 = 10
Divide both sides by 2
2𝑥 10
=
2 2
𝑥=5
𝟕 𝟑
Example 2: Solve 𝟓𝒙 + = 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟒
𝟐 𝟐
𝟕 𝟑
Sol: Given equation: 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐
= 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟒

Multiply both sides by 2

7 3
2 × (5𝑥 + ) = 2 × ( 𝑥 − 14)
2 2
7 3
(2 × 5𝑥 ) + (2 × ) = (2 × 𝑥) − (2 × 14)
2 2
10𝑥 + 7 = 3𝑥 − 28
10𝑥 − 3𝑥 == −28 − 7 (transposing 3𝑥 𝑡𝑜 LHS and + 7 to RHS)
7𝑥 = −35
Divide both sides by 7
7𝑥 −35
=
7 7
𝑥 = −5
 Solution 𝑥 = −5

Solve the following equations and check your results.

1. 3𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 18
Sol: 3x = 2x + 18
3𝑥 − 2𝑥 = 18
𝑥 = 18
Check:
Putting x=18
LHS = 3 × 18 = 54
RHS = 2 × 18 + 18 = 36 + 18 = 54

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 LHS = RHS
Hence verified
2. 5t – 3 = 3t – 5
Sol: 5t – 3 = 3t – 5 Check: Putting 𝑡 = −1
5𝑡 − 3𝑡 = −5 + 3 LHS = 5(−1) − 3 = −5 − 3 = −8
2𝑡 = −2 RHS = 3(−1) − 5 = −3 − 5 = −8
−2 LHS = RHS Hence verified
𝑡= = −1
2
𝟑. 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟗 = 𝟓 + 𝟑𝒙
Sol: 5𝑥 + 9 = 5 + 3𝑥 Check: Putting 𝑥 = −2
5𝑥 − 3𝑥 = 5 − 9 LHS = 5(−2) + 9 = −10 + 9 = −1
2𝑥 = −4 RHS = 5 + 3(−2) = 5 − 6 = −1
−4 LHS = RHS, Hence verified
𝑥= = −2
2
𝟒. 𝟒𝒛 + 𝟑 = 𝟔 + 𝟐𝒛
3
Sol: 4z + 3 = 6 + 2z Check: Putting 𝑧 =
2
4𝑧 − 2𝑧 = 6 − 3 3
LHS = 4 ( ) + 3 = 6 + 3 = 9
2𝑧 = 3 2
3 3
𝑧= RHS = 6 + 2 ( ) = 6 + 3 = 9
2 2
LHS = RHS, Hence verified.
𝟓. 𝟐𝒙 – 𝟏 = 𝟏𝟒 – 𝒙
Sol: 2𝑥 – 1 = 14 – 𝑥 Check: Putting 𝑥 = 5
2𝑥 + 𝑥 = 14 + 1 LHS = 2(5) − 1 = 10 − 1 = 9
3𝑥 = 15 RHS = 14 − 5 = 9
15 LHS = RHS . Hence verified
𝑥= =5
3
𝟔. 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟒 = 𝟑 (𝒙 – 𝟏) + 𝟕
Sol: 8𝑥 + 4 = 3 (𝑥 – 1) + 7 Check:Putting 𝑥 = 0
8𝑥 + 4 = 3𝑥 − 3 + 7 LHS = 8(0) + 4 = 0 + 4 = 4
8𝑥 + 4 = 3𝑥 + 4 RHS = 3(0 − 1) + 7 = −3 + 7 = 4
8𝑥 − 3𝑥 = 4 − 4 LHS = RHS
5𝑥 = 0 Hence verified.
𝑥=0
𝟒
𝟕. 𝒙 = (𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎)
𝟓

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 4 Check: Putting 𝑥 = 40
Sol: 𝑥 = (𝑥 + 10)
5 LHS = 40
5𝑥 = 4(𝑥 + 10)
4 4
5𝑥 = 4𝑥 + 40 RHS = (40 + 10) = × 50 = 4 × 10 = 40
5 5
5𝑥 − 4𝑥 = 40 LHS = RHS, Hence verified.
𝑥 = 40
𝟐𝒙 𝟕𝒙
𝟖. +𝟏= +𝟑
𝟑 𝟏𝟓
2𝑥 7𝑥 3𝑥 = 30
𝑆𝑜𝑙: +1= +3
3 15 30
Multiply with’15’ 𝑥= = 10
3
2𝑥 7𝑥 Check: Putting 𝑥 = 10
15 × ( + 1) = 15 × ( + 3)
3 15 2 × 10 20 23
2𝑥 LHS = +1= +1=
15 × + 15 × 3 3 3
3 7 × 10 14 23
7𝑥 RHS = +3= +3=
= 15 × + 15 × 3 15 3 3
15 LHS = RHS
10𝑥 + 15 = 7𝑥 + 45
Hence verified
10𝑥 − 7𝑥 = 45 − 15
𝟓 𝟐𝟔
𝟗. 𝟐𝒚 + = −𝒚
𝟑 𝟑
5 26
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 2𝑦 + = −𝑦
3 3
Multiply with ‘3’
Check: Putting 𝑦 = 7
5 26
3 × (2𝑦 + ) = 3 × ( − 𝑦) 7 5 14 5 19
3 3 LHS = 2 ( ) + = + =
3 3 3 3 3
5 26
3 × 2𝑦 + 3 × = 3 × −3×𝑦 26 7 26 − 7 19
3 3 RHS = − = =
3 3 3 3
6𝑦 + 5 = 26 − 3𝑦
LHS = RHS
6𝑦 + 3𝑦 = 26 − 5
Hence verified.
9𝑦 = 21
21 7
𝑦= =
9 3
𝟖
𝟏𝟎. 𝟑𝒎 = 𝟓𝒎 −
𝟓
8 8 4
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 5𝑚 − = 3𝑚 𝑚= =
5 5×2 5
8 Check:
5𝑚 − 3𝑚 =
5 4
Putting 𝑚 = 5
8
2𝑚 =
5

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 4 12 Hence verified.
LHS = 3 × =
5 5
4 8 20 8 12
RHS = 5 × − = − =
5 5 5 5 5
LHS = RHS

𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒙−𝟑
𝑬𝒙 𝟏𝟔: 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 +𝟏=
𝟑 𝟔
Sol: LCM of 3,6=6 𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘: 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = −1
Multiplying both sides of the equation by 6 6(−1) + 1
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = +1
6𝑥 + 1 𝑥−3 3
6×( )+6×1= 6×( ) −6 + 1 −5 3 −2
3 6
= +1= + =
2(6𝑥 + 1) + 6 = 𝑥 − 3 3 3 3 3
−1 − 3 −4 −2
12𝑥 + 2 + 6 = 𝑥 − 3 𝑅𝐻𝑆 = = =
6 6 3
12𝑥 + 8 = 𝑥 − 3 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆
12𝑥 − 𝑥 = −3 − 8
11𝑥 = −11
𝑥 = −1
𝟕
𝑬𝒙 𝟏𝟕: 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟕) = 𝟐(𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏) +
𝟐
7
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 5𝑥 − 2(2𝑥 − 7) = 2(3𝑥 − 1) +
2
7
5𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 14 = 6𝑥 − 2 + 2
7
𝑥 + 14 = 6𝑥 − 2 +
2
7
14 + 2 − = 6𝑥 − 𝑥
2
7
16 − = 5𝑥
2
32 − 7 25
5𝑥 = =
2 2
25 5
𝑥= =
2×5 2

Solve the following linear equations.

𝒙 𝟏 𝒙 𝟏
𝟏. − = +
𝟐 𝟓 𝟑 𝟒
𝑥 1 𝑥 1
𝑆𝑜𝑙: − = +
2 5 3 4

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 5𝑥 − 2 4𝑥 + 3
=
10 12
12(5𝑥 − 2) = 10(4𝑥 + 3)
12 × 5𝑥 − 12 × 2 = 10 × 4𝑥 + 10 × 3
60𝑥 − 24 = 40𝑥 + 30
60𝑥 − 40𝑥 = 30 + 24
20𝑥 = 54
54 27
𝑥= =
20 10
𝒏 𝟑𝒏 𝟓𝒏
𝟐. − + = 𝟐𝟏
𝟐 𝟒 𝟔
𝑛 3𝑛 5𝑛
𝑠𝑜𝑙: − + = 21
2 4 6
6𝑛 − 9𝑛 + 10𝑛
= 21
12
7𝑛
= 21
12
7𝑛 = 21 × 12
21 × 12
𝑛= = 36
7
𝟖𝒙 𝟏𝟕 𝟓𝒙
𝟑. 𝒙 + 𝟕 − = −
𝟑 𝟔 𝟐
8𝑥 17 5𝑥
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑥 + 7 − = −
3 6 2
LCM of 3,6,2 =6
Multiply with ‘6’
8𝑥 17 5𝑥
6×𝑥+6×7−6× = 6× −6×
3 6 2
6𝑥 + 42 − 16𝑥 = 17 − 15𝑥
42 − 10𝑥 = 17 − 15𝑥
15𝑥 − 10𝑥 = 17 − 42
5𝑥 = −25
−25
𝑥= = −5
5
𝒙−𝟓 𝒙−𝟑
𝟒. =
𝟑 𝟓
𝑥−5 𝑥−3
𝑆𝑜𝑙: =
3 5
5(𝑥 − 5) = 3(𝑥 − 3)

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 5𝑥 − 25 = 3𝑥 − 9
5𝑥 − 3𝑥 = −9 + 25
2𝑥 = 16
16
𝑥= =8
2
𝟑𝒕 − 𝟐 𝟐𝒕 + 𝟑 𝟐
𝟓. − = −𝒕
𝟒 𝟑 𝟑
3𝑡 − 2 2𝑡 + 3 2
Sol: − = −𝑡
4 3 3
LCM of 4,3=12
Multiply with’12’
3𝑡 − 2 2𝑡 + 3 2
12 × − 12 × = 12 × − 12 × 𝑡
4 3 3
3(3𝑡 − 2) − 4(2𝑡 + 3) = 4 × 2 − 12𝑡
9𝑡 − 6 − 8𝑡 − 12 = 8 − 12𝑡
𝑡 − 18 = 8 − 12𝑡
𝑡 + 12𝑡 = 8 + 18
13𝑡 = 26
26
𝑡= =2
13
𝒎−𝟏 𝒎−𝟐
𝟔. 𝒎 − =𝟏−
𝟐 𝟑
𝑚−1 𝑚−2
Sol: 𝑚 − =1−
2 3
LCM of 2,3=6
Multiply with ‘6’
𝑚−1 𝑚−2
6×𝑚−6×( )= 6×1−6×( )
2 3
6𝑚 − 3(𝑚 − 1) = 6 − 2(𝑚 − 2)
6𝑚 − 3𝑚 + 3 = 6 − 2𝑚 + 4
3𝑚 + 3 = 10 − 2𝑚
3𝑚 + 2𝑚 = 10 − 3
5𝑚 = 7
7
𝑚=
5
Simplify and solve the following linear equations.
𝟕. 𝟑(𝒕 – 𝟑) = 𝟓(𝟐𝒕 + 𝟏)
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 3(𝑡 – 3) = 5(2𝑡 + 1)

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 3𝑡 − 9 = 10𝑡 + 5
3𝑡 − 10𝑡 = 5 + 9
−7𝑡 = 14
14
𝑡= = −2
−7
𝟖. 𝟏𝟓(𝒚 – 𝟒) – 𝟐(𝒚 – 𝟗) + 𝟓(𝒚 + 𝟔) = 𝟎
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 15(𝑦 – 4)– 2(𝑦 – 9) + 5(𝑦 + 6) = 0
15𝑦 − 60 − 2𝑦 + 18 + 5𝑦 + 30 = 0
18𝑦 − 12 = 0
18𝑦 = 12
12 2
𝑦= =
18 3
𝟗. 𝟑(𝟓𝒛 – 𝟕) – 𝟐(𝟗𝒛 – 𝟏𝟏) = 𝟒(𝟖𝒛 – 𝟏𝟑) – 𝟏𝟕
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 3(5𝑧 – 7)– 2(9𝑧 – 11) = 4(8𝑧 – 13)– 17
15𝑧 − 21 − 18𝑧 + 22 = 32𝑧 − 52 − 17
−3𝑧 + 1 = 32𝑧 − 69
32𝑧 + 3𝑧 = 1 + 69
35𝑧 = 70
70
𝑧= =2
35
𝟏𝟎. 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓(𝟒𝒇 – 𝟑) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓(𝟏𝟎𝒇 – 𝟗)
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 0.25(4𝑓 – 3) = 0.05(10𝑓 – 9)
25 5
(4𝑓 – 3) = (10𝑓 – 9)
100 100
5
25(4𝑓 – 3) = 100 × (10𝑓 – 9)
100
100𝑓 − 75 = 50𝑓 − 45
100𝑓 − 50𝑓 = −45 + 75
50𝑓 = 30
30
𝑓= = 0.6
50

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1. Simple curve: A simple curve is a curve that does not cross itself
2. Simple closed curve: A curve which starts and ends at the same point without crossing itself is
called a simple closed curve.
3. Polygons: A simple closed curve made up of only line segments is called a polygon
4. Convex polygon: A Convex polygon is defined as a polygon with no portions of their diagonals
in their exteriors.
5. Concave polygon: a polygon that has at least one interior angle greater than 180 degrees
(or) A concave polygon is a polygon which is not convex.
6. Regular polygon: Regular polygons have all sides equal in length and all angles are equal.
Ex: Equilateral triangle , Square,…

7. Irregular polygon: An irregular polygon does not have all sides equal also all angles are not
equal.
Ex: Scalene triangle, Right triangle,….

8. Angle sum property of triangle: The sum of the measures of the three angles of a triangle is
180°.
9. Angle sum property of quadrilateral: The sum of measures of the four angles of a quadrilateral
is3600.
10. Complementary angles: Ifthesumoftwoanglesis900 ,then the angles are called as
complementary angles to each other
11. Supplementary angles: If the sum of two angles is 1800 , then the angles are called as
supplementary angles to each other.
12. Conjugate angles: If the sum of two angles is 3600 , then the angles are called as conjugate
angles to each other.
13. Linear pair of angles: “A pair of adjacent angles whose sum is 1800 are called linear pair of
angles.

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14.
Interior angles 3, 4, 5, 6
Exterior angles 1, 2, 7, 8
Corresponding angles are equal 1 = 5, 2 = 6,
3 = 7, 4 = 8
Alternate interior angles are equal 3 = 5, 4 = 6
Alternate exterior angles are equal 1 = 7, 2 = 8
Interior angles on same side of 3 + 6 =1800
transversal(co-interior angles) are 4 + 5 =1800
supplementary
Exterior angles on same side of 1 + 8 =180°
transversal(co-exterior angles) are 2 + 7 =180°
supplementary

EXERCISE 3.1
1. Given here are some figures.
Classify each of them on the basis of the following.
(a) Simple curve: (1), (2),(5),(6) and (7)
(b) Simple closed curve: (1), (2),(5),(6) and (7)
(c) Polygon: (1),(2)
(d) Convex polygon: (2)
(e) Concave polygon:(1)
5. What is a regular polygon? State the name of a regular polygon of
(i) 3 sides→ Equilateral triangle
(ii) 4 sides → Square
(iii) 6 sides→ Regular Hexagon
Sum of the Measures of the Exterior Angles of a Polygon
* The sum of the measures of the external angles of any polygon is 360°
Example 1: Find measure 𝒙
Sol: The sum of the external angles of any polygon = 360°
𝑥 + 900 + 500 + 1100 = 3600
𝑥 + 2500 = 3600
𝑥 = 3600 − 2500
𝑥 = 1100
TRY THESE
1. What is the sum of the measures of its exterior angles x, y, z, p, q, r?
Sol: The sum of the measures of the external angles of any polygon is 360°
So, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 𝑝 + 𝑞 + 𝑟 = 3600

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 Sum of the all interior angles of a hexagon=(6 − 2) × 1800
= 4 × 1800 = 7200
7200
6𝑎 = 7200 ⇒ 𝑎 = 6
= 1200

(or)
(𝑛 − 2) × 1800
Each interior angle of a regular hexagon =
6
(6 − 2) × 1800
= = 4 × 300 = 1200
6
 𝑎 = 1200
2. Is 𝒙 = 𝒚 = 𝒛 = 𝒑 = 𝒒 = 𝒓? Why?
Sol: 𝑥 + 𝑎 = 1800 (Linear pair)
⇒ 𝑥 + 1200 = 1800
⇒ 𝑥 = 1800 − 1200
⇒ 𝑥 = 600
Similarly
𝑦 = 1800 − 1200 = 600
𝑧 = 1800 − 1200 = 600
𝑝 = 1800 − 1200 = 600
𝑞 = 1800 − 1200 = 600
𝑟 = 1800 − 1200 = 600
Yes, 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑧 = 𝑝 = 𝑞 = 𝑟
3. What is the measure of each?
(i) Exterior angle=600 (ii) Interior angle= 1200
360°
Each external angle of a regular polygon with n sides =
𝑛
(𝑛 − 2) × 1800
Each interior angle of a regular polygon with ′n′ sides =
𝑛
Example 2: Find the number of sides of a regular polygon whose each exterior angle has a measure
of 45°.
Sol: Total measure of all exterior angles = 360°
Measure of each exterior angle = 45°
360°
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 = =8
45°
The polygon has 8 sides.
EXERCISE 3.2
1. Find x in the following figures.

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(a) Total measure of all exterior angles = 360°
𝑥 0 + 125𝟎 + 1250 = 3600
𝑥 0 + 2500 = 3600
𝑥 0 = 3600 − 2500
𝑥 0 = 1100
(b) ) Total measure of all exterior angles = 360°
𝑥 0 + 90𝟎 + 600 + 90𝟎 + 700 = 3600 900

𝑥 0 + 3100 = 3600
𝑥 0 = 3600 − 3100
900 900
0 0
𝑥 = 50
2. Find the measure of each exterior angle of a regular polygon of
(i) 9 sides
Sol: Total measure of all exterior angles = 360°
360°
Each exterior angle of a regular polygon of 9 sides = = 40°
9
(ii) 15 sides
Sol: Total measure of all exterior angles = 360°
360°
Each exterior angle of a regular polygon of 15 sides = = 24°
15
3. How many sides does a regular polygon have if the measure of an exterior angle is 24°?
Sol: Total measure of all exterior angles = 360°
Measure of each exterior angle = 24°
360°
The number of exterior angles = = 15
24°
The polygon has 15 sides.
4. How many sides does a regular polygon have if each of its interior angles is 165°?
Sol: Total measure of all exterior angles = 360°
Measure of each interior angle = 165°
Measure of each exterior angle = 180° − 165° = 15°
360°
The number of exterior angles = = 24
15°
The polygon has 24 sides.
5. (a) Is it possible to have a regular polygon with measure of each exterior angle as 22°?
Sol: Measure of each exterior angle as 22°
Total measure of all exterior angles = 360°
360°
The number of exterior angles = it is not a natural number
22°

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 So, we cannot have regular polygon with each exterior angle = 22
(b) Can it be an interior angle of a regular polygon? Why?
Sol: Measure of each interior angle as 22°
Measure of each exterior angle =1800− 22°=158°
Total measure of all exterior angles = 360°
360°
The number of exterior angles = 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
158°
So, we cannot have regular polygon with each interior angle = 22
6. (a) What is the minimum interior angle possible for a regular polygon? Why?
Sol: Equilateral triangle with 3 sides is the least regular polygon.
180°
The interior angle of equilateral triangle = = 60°
3
Thus, minimum interior angle possible for a regular polygon = 60
(b) What is the maximum exterior angle possible for a regular polygon?
Sol: Equilateral triangle is regular polygon with 3 sides has maximum exterior angle.
The interior angle of equilateral triangle = 60°
The exterior angle of equilateral triangle = 180° − 60° = 120°
Thus, the maximum exterior angle possible for a regular polygon is 120°.
Kinds of Quadrilaterals
1. Trapezium: Trapezium is a quadrilateral with a pair of parallel sides.
2. Kite: A kite is a quadrilateral that has 2 pairs of equal-length sides and these sides are adjacent to
each other.

3. Parallelogram: A parallelogram is a quadrilateral whose opposite sides are parallel.

Properties:
(i) Opposite sides are equal and parallel
AB=DC ,BC=AD and 𝐴𝐵 ∥ 𝐷𝐶 , 𝐵𝐶 ∥ 𝐴𝐷
(ii) Opposite angles are equal.
A=C and B=D
(iii) Diagonal are bisect each other.
AE=EC and BE=ED
(iv) The adjacent angles in a parallelogram are supplementary.

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A+B=1800; B+C=1800; C+D=1800; D+A=1800
Example 3: Find the perimeter of the parallelogram PQRS
Sol: In a parallelogram opposite sides are equal
PQ=RS=12cm and QR=PS=7cm
So, Perimeter = PQ + QR + RS + SP
= 12 cm + 7 cm + 12 cm + 7 cm = 38 cm
Example 4: BEST is a parallelogram. Find the values x, y and z.
Sol: 𝑥 = 1000 (In a parallelogram opposite angles are equal)
𝑦 = 1000 (Interior alternate angles)
𝑧 + 𝑦 = 1800 (Linear pair)
𝑧 + 1000 = 1800
𝑧 = 1800 − 1000 = 800
∴ 𝑥 = 1000 , 𝑦 = 1000 , 𝑧 = 800
Example 5: In a parallelogram RING if m∠R = 70°, find all the other angles
Sol: m∠R = 70°
m∠R+ m∠I=180°( adjacent angles in a parallelogram are supplementary)
m∠I=180°− 70°=110°
m∠N=m∠R = 70° (Opposite angles are equal)
m∠I= m∠G= 110°(Opposite angles are equal)
Example 6: In Fig 3.31 HELP is a parallelogram. (Lengths are in cms). Given that OE = 4 and HL
is 5 more than PE? Find OH.
Sol: Given that OE = 4 cm
OE=OP=4 cm (Diagonals are bisect each other)
PE=4+4=8 cm
Given HL is 5 more than PE
HL=PE+5=8+5=13 cm
1 1
OH = OL = × HL = × 13 = 6.5 cm
2 2
EXERCISE 3.3
1. Given a parallelogram ABCD. Complete each statement along with
the definition or property used
(i) AD = BC (In a parallelogram opposites sides are equal)
(ii) ∠ DCB = ∠ DAB (In a parallelogram opposites angles are equal
(iii) OC = OA (Diagonals are bisect each other)
(iv) m ∠DAB + m ∠CDA = 1800(Adjacent angles in a parallelogram are supplementary)

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2. Consider the following parallelograms. Find the values of the unknowns x, y, z.
(i)
Sol: Adjacent angles in a parallelogram are supplementary
𝑥 + 1000 = 1800
𝑥 = 1800 − 1000
𝑥 = 800
In parallelogram opposite angles are equal
𝑥 = 𝑧 = 800 and 𝑦 = 1000
(ii)
Sol: Adjacent angles in a parallelogram are supplementary
𝑥 + 500 = 1800
𝑥 = 1800 − 500
𝑥 = 1300
𝑦 = 𝑥 = 1300 (Opposite angles are equal)
𝑧 = 𝑥 = 1300 (Corresponding angles)
(iii)
Sol: 𝑥 = 900 ( Vertically opposite angles)
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 300 = 1800 (Angle sum property of triangle)
900 + 𝑦 + 300 = 1800
𝑦 + 1200 = 1800
𝑦 = 1800 − 1200 = 600
𝑧 = 𝑦 = 600 (Alternate interior angles)
(iv)
Sol: 𝑥 + 800 = 1800 (Adjacent angles are supplementary)
𝑥 = 1800 − 800 = 1000
𝑦 = 800 (Opposite angles are equal)
𝑧 = 800 (Corresponding angles)
(v)
Sol: 𝑦 = 1120 (Opposite angles are equal)
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 400 = 1800 (Angle sum property of triangle)
𝑥 + 1120 + 400 = 1800
𝑥 + 1520 = 1800
𝑥 = 1800 − 1520 = 280
𝑧 = 𝑥 = 280 (Alternate interior angles)
∴ 𝑥 = 280 , 𝑦 = 1120 , 𝑧 = 280

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3. Can a quadrilateral ABCD be a parallelogram if (i) ∠D + ∠B = 180°? (ii) AB = DC = 8 cm, AD =
4 cm and BC = 4.4 cm? (iii) ∠A = 70° and ∠C = 65°?
(i) ∠D + ∠B = 180°?
Sol: Need not be a parallelogram.
(ii) AB = DC = 8 cm, AD = 4 cm and BC = 4.4 cm?
Sol: Here ADBC  one pair of opposite sides are not equal
So, ABCD is not a parallelogram.
(iii) ∠A = 70° and ∠C = 65°?
Sol: Here ∠A∠C opposite angles are not equal
So, ABCD is not a parallelogram
4. Draw a rough figure of a quadrilateral that is not a parallelogram but has exactly two opposite
angles of equal measure.
Sol:
In ABCD, mB=mD
ABCD is not a parallelogram.

5. The measures of two adjacent angles of a parallelogram are in the ratio 3 : 2. Find the measure of
each of the angles of the parallelogram.
Sol: The ratio of the measures of two adjacent angles of a parallelogram=3:2
Let the angles be 3𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑥
3𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 1800 (Adjacent angles in a parallelogram are supplementary)
5𝑥 = 1800
1800
𝑥= = 360
5
𝐴 = 𝐶 = 3𝑥 = 3 × 360 = 1080
𝐵 = 𝐷 = 2𝑥 = 2 × 360 = 720
6. Two adjacent angles of a parallelogram have equal measure. Find the measure of each of the angles
of the parallelogram.
Sol: Let the two adjacent angles be 𝑥, 𝑥
𝑥 + 𝑥 = 1800
2𝑥 = 1800
1800
𝑥= = 900
2
𝐴 = 𝐶 = 900

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 𝐵 = 𝐷 = 1800 − 900 = 900
7. The adjacent figure HOPE is a parallelogram. Find the angle measures x, y and z. State the
properties you use to find them.
Sol: 𝑝 + 700 = 1800 (Linear pair)
⇒ 𝑝 = 1800 − 700 = 1100
𝑥 = 𝑝 = 1100 (Opposite angles are equal)
𝑝
0
𝑦 = 40 (Alternate interior angles)
𝑧 + 400 = 700 (Corresponding angles)
⇒ 𝑧 = 700 − 400 = 300
∴ 𝑥 = 1100 , 𝑦 = 400 , 𝑧 = 300
8. The following figures GUNS and RUNS are parallelograms. Find x and y. (Lengths are in cm)
(i) Sol: 3𝑥 = 18(Opposite sides are equal)
18
⇒𝑥= =6
3
3𝑦 − 1 = 26 (Opposite sides are equal)
⇒ 3𝑦 = 26 + 1 = 27
27
⇒𝑦= =9
3
∴ 𝑥 = 6 ,𝑦 = 9
(ii)
Sol: 𝑦 + 7 = 20 (Diagonals are bisect each other)
⇒ 𝑦 = 20 − 7 = 13
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 16 (Diagonals are bisect each other)
𝑥 + 13 = 16
𝑥 = 16 − 13 = 3.
∴ 𝑥 = 3 , 𝑦 = 13
9.
𝑧𝑦

In the above figure both RISK and CLUE are parallelograms. Find the value of x.
Sol: Let ISK= y , CEU=z
In parallelogram RISK
𝑦 + 1200 = 1800 (Adjacent angles in a parallelogram are supplementary)
𝑦 = 1800 − 1200 = 600

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 𝑧 = 700 (Opposite angles are equal)
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1800 (Angle sum property of a triangle)
𝑥 + 600 + 700 = 1800
𝑥 + 1300 = 1800
𝑥 = 1800 − 1300 = 500
10. Explain how this figure is a trapezium. Which of its two sides are parallel?
Sol: (i) L+M=1000+800=1800.
⇒ Interior angles are on the same side of the transversal LN are
supplementary.
⇒ 𝐾𝐿 ∥ 𝑁𝑀
In KLMN one pair of opposite sides are parallel.
>
So, KLMN is a trapezium.
𝐀𝐁 ∥ ̅̅̅̅
11. Find m∠C in if ̅̅̅̅ 𝐃𝐂
̅̅̅̅ ∥ ̅̅̅̅
Sol: 𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐶
>
B+C=1800(Co-interior angles are supplementary)
1200+C=1800
C=1800−1200=600
̅̅̅̅ ∥ ̅̅̅̅
12. Find the measure of ∠P and ∠S if 𝑺𝑷 𝑹𝑸 in Fig 3.34. (If you find m∠R, is there more than one
method to find m∠P?)
̅̅̅̅, R=900
̅̅̅̅ ∥ 𝑅𝑄
Sol: 𝑆𝑃
S+R=1800(Co-interior angles are supplementary)
S+900=1800
S=1800−900=900
>
>

P+Q+R+S=3600(Angle sum property of quadrilateral)

P+1300+900+900=3600
P+3100=3600
P=3600−3100=500
Some Special Parallelograms
Rhombus: A rhombus is a quadrilateral whose four sides of equal length.
Properties:
(i) All four sides are equal
AB=BC=CD=DA
(ii) Opposite angles are equal
A=C and B=D

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 (iii) Diagonals are perpendicular bisector of one another.
AOB=BOC=COD=AOD=900 and OA=OC, OB=OD
Example 7: RICE is a rhombus (Fig 3.36). Find x, y, z. Justify your findings
Sol: In a rhombus diagonals are perpendicularly bisect each other
OE=OI and OR=OC
𝑥 = 5 and 𝑦 = 12
𝑧 = 13 (In a rhombus all sides are equal)
A rectangle:
A rectangle is a parallelogram with equal angles (right angle).
Properties: O
(i) Opposite sides are parallel and equal lengths.
AB=CD and BC=AD
(ii) Diagonals are equal and bisect each other.
AC=BD , OA=OC and OB=OD
(iii) Every angle is right angle (900).
Example 8: RENT is a rectangle (Fig 3.41). Its diagonals meet at O. Find x, if OR =
2x + 4 and OT = 3x + 1.
Sol: In a rectangle diagonals are equal and bisect each other.
⇒ All four parts are equal
⇒ OT=OE=ON=OR
⇒ 3𝑥 + 1 = 2𝑥 + 4
⇒ 3𝑥 − 2𝑥 = 4 − 1
⇒𝑥=3
A square:
A square is a rectangle with equal sides.
Properties:
(i) All sides are equal.( BE=EL=LT=TB)
(ii) All angles are right angles.(B=E=L=T=900)
(iii) Diagonals are equal and perpendicularly bisect each other.
̅̅̅̅ ⊥ ̅̅̅̅
(BL=ET and 𝐵𝐿 𝐸𝑇, OB=OL and OE=OT)
EXERCISE 3.4
1. State whether True or False.
(a) All rectangles are squares
Sol: False . A rectangle need not have all sides equal. So, it is not a square.
(b) All rhombuses are parallelograms

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Sol: True
(c) All squares are rhombuses and also rectangles
Sol: True
(d) All squares are not parallelograms.
Sol: False. All squares are parallelograms.
(e) All kites are rhombuses.
Sol: False .A kite does not have all sides of the same length.
(f) All rhombuses are kites.
Sol: True
(g) All parallelograms are trapeziums.
Sol: True
(h) All squares are trapeziums.
Sol: True.
2. Identify all the quadrilaterals that have.
(a) Four sides of equal length
Sol: Square, Rhombus.
(b) Four right angles
Sol: Square, Rectangle.
3. Explain how a square is.
(i) A quadrilateral
Sol: A square has four sides . So, square is a quadrilateral.
(ii) A parallelogram
Sol: Square is a parallelogram because it’s opposite sides are parallel.
(iii) A rhombus
Sol: A square is a rhombus because it’s four sides is equal length.
(iv) A rectangle
Sol: A square is a rectangle because it’s each angle is right angle.
4. Name the quadrilaterals whose diagonals.
(i) Bisect each other
Sol: Square, Rhombus, Rectangle and parallelogram.
(ii) Are perpendicular bisectors of each other.
Sol: Square, Rhombus.
(iii) are equal
Sol: Square, Rectangle.
5. Explain why a rectangle is a convex quadrilateral.

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Sol: A Convex polygon is defined as a polygon with no portions of their diagonals in their exteriors.
In rectangle both of its diagonals are lie in its interior .So, a rectangle is a convex quadrilateral
6. ABC is a right-angled triangle and O is the midpoint of the side opposite to the right angle. Explain
why O is equidistant from A, B and C.
Sol: Draw 𝐴𝐷 ∥ 𝐵𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝐷 ∥ 𝐵𝐴
ABCD is a rectangle.
In rectangle diagonals are equal and bisect each other.
OA=OC=OB=OD
So, O is equidistant from A, B and C
THINK, DISCUSS AND WRITE
1. A mason has made a concrete slab. He needs it to be rectangular. In what different ways can he
make sure that it is rectangular?
Sol:
(i) By measuring opposite sides ( Opposite sides of rectangle are equal)
(ii) By measuring diagonals(Diagonals of a rectangle are equal)
(iii) By measuring each angle( Each angle of a rectangle is 900)

2. A square was defined as a rectangle with all sides equal. Can we define it as rhombus with equal
angles? Explore this idea.
Sol: Yes, we define a square is a rhombus with equal angles.
Because rhombus has four equal sides and if all angles are equal then each angle is 900.so, it
becomes a square.
3. Can a trapezium have all angles equal? Can it have all sides equal? Explain.
Sol: A trapezium is a quadrilateral with one pair of parallel sides.
A trapezium cannot have all angles equals and all sides equal.
If a trapezium has all angles are equal then it becomes a square or a rectangle
If a trapezium has all sides are equal then it becomes a square or a rhombus.
Quadrilateral Figure Properties
Trapezium 1. One pair of parallel lines
A quadrilateral with a pair of
parallel sides.

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 Parallelogram: 1. Opposite sides are equal.
A quadrilateral with each pair 2. Opposite angles are equal.
of opposite sides 3. Diagonals not equal and bisect one
parallel another.
4. Adjacent angles are supplementary
Rhombus: A parallelogram 1. All sides are equal.
with sides of equal 2. Opposite angles are equal
length. 3. Diagonals are not equal and
perpendicularly bisect one another.
4. Adjacent angles are supplementary
Rectangle: A parallelogram 1. Opposite sides are equal
with a right angle 2. All angles are equal( right angle=900).
3. Diagonals are equal and bisect one
another.
Square: A rectangle with 1. All sides are equal.
sides of equal length. 2. Each of the angles is a right angle.
3. Diagonals are equal and
perpendicularly bisect one another.
Kite: A quadrilateral with 1. The diagonals are perpendicular to one
exactly two pairs of another.
equal consecutive sides 2. One of the diagonals bisects the other.

1) A simple closed curve made up of only line segments is called a polygon.

2) A diagonal of a polygon is a line segment connecting two non-consecutive vertices.
𝑛(𝑛−3)
3) The number of diagonals in a polygon of n sides is
2

4) A convex polygon is a polygon in which no portion of its any diagonal is in its exterior.
5) A quadrilateral is a polygon having only four sides.
6) A regular polygon is a polygon whose all sides are equal and also all angles are equal.
7) The sum of interior angles of a polygon of n sides is (n-2) straight angles=(n-2)×1800.
8) The sum of interior angles of a quadrilateral is 360°.
9) The sum of exterior angles, taken in an order, of a polygon is 360°.
10) Trapezium is a quadrilateral in which a pair of opposite sides is parallel.
11) Kite is a quadrilateral which has two pairs of equal consecutive sides.
12) A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which each pair of opposite sides is parallel.

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13) In a parallelogram, opposite sides are equal, opposite angles are equal and diagonals bisect
each other.
14) A rhombus is a parallelogram in which adjacent sides are equal.
15) In a rhombus diagonals intersect at right angles
16) A rectangle is a parallelogram in which one angle is of 900.
17) In a rectangle diagonals are equal.
18) A square is a parallelogram in which adjacent sides are equal and one angle is of 900.
19) If diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect at right angles it is a Rhombus (or square).

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 CHAPTER
4

1. Primary data: The data collected directly through personal experiences, interviews, direct
observations, physical testing etc.
2. Secondary data : Secondary data is the information which has been collected in the past by
someone else but used by the investigator for his own purpose
3. Measures of Central Tendency :
(i) Average (or) Arithmetic Mean
(ii) Mode
(iii) Median
Sumof observations
4. Arithmetic Mean =
Number of observations

5. Arithmetic Mean’ of given data always lies between the highest and lowest observations of the
data.
6. Range = Maximum value – Minimum value
7. The observation which occurs most frequently in the given data is called ‘Mode’ of the data.
8. Data having only one mode is known as ‘Unimodal Data’
9. Data having two modes is known as ‘Bimodal Data’.
10. The middle most value of the data, when the observations are arranged in either ascending or
descending order is called ‘Median’
𝑛+1 𝑡ℎ
11. If the number of observations (n) is odd then median = ( ) observation.
2
12. If number of observations(n) is even then the median
𝑛 𝑡ℎ 𝑛 𝑡ℎ
( ) observation+( +1) observation
2 2
=
2
13. A bar graph: A display of information using bars of uniform width, their heights being proportional
to the respective values.
14. Double Bar Graph: A bar graph showing two sets of data simultaneously. It is useful for the
comparison of the data
15. ‘Pie chart’ is the visual representation of the numerical data by sectors of the circle such that angle
of each sector (area of sector) is proportional to value of the data that it represents.
16. Frequency gives the number of times that a particular entry occurs.
Valueof the item
17. Angle of sector = × 3600
Sumof the values of all items

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1.A Pictograph: Pictorial representation of data using symbols

(i) How many cars were produced in the month of July?

Sol: 250
(ii) In which month was maximum number of cars produced?
Sol: September (400 cars)
2. A bar graph: A display of information using bars of uniform width, their heights being proportional to
the respective values.

(i) What is the information given by the bar graph?

Sol: The information given by the bar graph is the number of students in class VIII in various academic
years .
(ii) In which year is the increase in the number of students maximum?
Sol: 2004-05
(iii) In which year is the number of students maximum?
Sol: 2007-08
(iv) State whether true or false: ‘The number of students during 2005-06 is twice that of 2003-04”.
Sol: False. The number of students during 2005-06=250 and during 2003-04=100
3. Double Bar Graph: A bar graph showing two sets of data simultaneously. It is useful for the
comparison of the data.

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(i) What is the information given by the double bar graph?
Sol: The graph gives the information of comparison of marks obtained by a student in the academic
years 2005-06 and 2006-07 in varies subjects.
(ii) In which subject has the performance improved the most?
Sol: In Maths.
(iii) In which subject has the performance deteriorated?
Sol: In English.
(iv) In which subject is the performance at par?
Sol: In Hindi.

Draw an appropriate graph to represent the given information.

Month July August September October November December
Number of 1000 1500 1500 2000 2500 1500
watches sold
Bar Graph

Number of watches
sold
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0

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2.
Children who prefer School A School B School C
Walking 40 55 15
Cycling 45 25 35

60 55

50 45
40
40 35

30 Walking
25
Cycling
20 15

10

0
School A School B School C

3. Percentage wins in ODI by 8 top cricket teams.

Teams From Champions Last 10
Trophy to World Cup-06 ODI in 07
South Africa 75% 78%
Australia 61% 40%
Sri Lanka 54% 38%
New Zealand 47% 50%
England 46% 50%
Pakistan 45% 44%
West Indies 44% 30%
India 43% 56%

90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40% From Champions Trophy
30% to World Cup-06
20%
10% Last 10
0% ODI in 07

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Circle Graph or Pie Chart:
A circle graph shows the relationship between a whole and its parts. Here, the whole circle is divided
into sectors. The size of each sector is proportional to the activity or information it represents. A circle
graph is also called a pie chart.

1. Each of the following pie charts (Fig 5.5) gives you a different piece of information about your class.
Find the fraction of the circle representing each of these information.

Sol:
50 1
(i)Girls = 50% = =
100 2
50 1
Boys = 50% = =
100 2
40 2
(ii) Walk = 40% = =
100 5
20 1
Cycle = 20% = =
100 5
40 2
Bus or car = 40% = =
100 5
85 17
(iii) Love mathematics = 85% = =
100 20
15 3
Hate mathematics = 15% = =
100 20
2. Answer the following questions based on the pie chart Informative
given (Fig 5.6 ). 10%
(i) Which type of programmes are viewed the most? News
15%
Sol: Entertain ment
(ii) Which two types of programmes have number of viewers Sports Entertainment
equal to those watching sports channels? 25% 50%

Sol: Informative and News Viewers watching different types

Of channels on TV
4.2.1 Drawing pie charts
Represent the following data in pie chart.
Flavours Percentage of students Preferring the flavours
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 Chocolate 50%
Vanilla 25%
Other flavours 25%
Sol:
Flavours Percentage of students In fractions Fraction of 360°
Preferring the flavours
Chocolate 50% 50 1 1
= × 3600 = 1800
100 2 2
Vanilla 25% 25 1 1
= × 3600 = 900
100 4 4
Other flavours 25% 25 1 1
= × 3600 = 900
100 4 4

Example 1: Adjoining pie chart (Fig 4.4) gives the expenditure (in percentage) on various items and
savings of a family during a month.
(i) On which item, the expenditure was maximum?
Sol: On food
(ii) Expenditure on which item is equal to the total savings of the family?
Sol: On Education (15%)
(iii) If the monthly savings of the family is ₹ 3000, what is the monthly
expenditure on clothes?
Sol: 15% represents ₹3000
₹3000
10% represents × 10 = ₹2000
15
The monthly expenditure on clothes=₹2000

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Example 2: On a particular day, the sales (in rupees) of different items of a baker’s shop are given
below. Draw a pie chart for this data.

Sol:
Item Sales (in ₹) Central Angle
Ordinary Bread 320 320160
× 360 = 1600
7202
Biscuits 120 12060
× 360 = 600
7202
Cakes and pastries 160 16080
× 360 = 800
7202
Fruit Bread 80 8040
× 360 = 400
7202
Others 40 4020
× 360 = 200
7202
Total 720

Draw a pie chart of the data given below. The time spent by a child during a day.

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Draw a pie chart of the data given below. The time spent by a child during a day
Sleep — 8 hours; School — 6 hours ; Home work — 4 hours ;Play — 4 hours ;Others — 2 hours
Type of spent Time spent In Fraction Central Angle
by a child
Sleep 8 8 8 15
× 3600 = 8 × 155 = 1200
24 24
School 6 6 6
× 3600 = 6 × 150 = 900
24 24
Home work 4 4 4
× 3600 = 4 × 150 = 600
24 24
Play 4 4 4
× 3600 = 4 × 150 = 600
24 24
Others 2 2 2
× 3600 = 2 × 150 = 300
24 24
Total 24

Which form of graph would be appropriate to display the following data.

1. Production of food grains of a state
Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Production 60 50 70 55 80 85
(in lakh tons

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Sol:
Bar graph is appropriate to display the given data

Production of food grains of a state.

Series 1
90
80
70
60
Production

50
40
30
20
10
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year

2. Choice of food for a group of people

Favourite food Number of people
North Indian 30
South Indian 40
Chinese 25
Others 25
Total 120

45
40
35
Number of people

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
North South Chinese Others
Indian Indian
Favourite food

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3. The daily income of a group of a factory workers.
Daily Income (in Rupees) Number of workers (in a factory)
75-100 45
100-125 35
125-150 55
150-175 30
175-200 50
200-225 125
225-250 140
Total 480

Number of workers (in a factory)

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
75-100 100-125 125-150 150-175 175-200 200-225 225-250

1. A survey was made to find the type of music that a certain group of
young people liked in a city. Adjoining pie chart shows the findings of
this survey. From this pie chart answer the following:
(i) If 20 people liked classical music, how many young people were
surveyed?
100
Sol: Number young people were surveyed=20 × = 200
10

(ii) Which type of music is liked by the maximum number of people?

Sol: the maximum number of people liked the Light music(40%)
(iii) If a cassette company were to make 1000 CD’s, how many of each type would they make?

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Sol: Total number of CD’s=1000
10
Number of classical music CD’s=10% 𝑜𝑓 1000 = × 1000 = 100
100
20
Number of semi classical music CD’s=20% 𝑜𝑓 1000 = × 1000 = 200
100
30
Number of folk music CD’s=30% 𝑜𝑓 1000 = 100 × 1000 = 300
40
Number of light music CD’s=40% 𝑜𝑓 1000 = × 1000 = 400
100

2. A group of 360 people were asked to vote for their favourite season from the three seasons rainy,
winter and summer.
(i) Which season got the most votes?
Sol: Rainy (120)
(ii) Find the central angle of each sector.
Sol:
Season No. of votes Central angle
Summer 90 90
× 3600 = 900
360
Rainy 120 120
× 3600 = 1200
360
Winter 150 150
× 3600 = 1500
360
Total 360

(iii) Draw a pie chart to show this information.

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3. Draw a pie chart showing the following information. The table shows the colours preferred by a group
of people.
Colours Number of people Fraction Central angle
Blue 18 18 18 10
× 3600 = 18 × 100 = 1800
36 36
Green 9 9 9
× 3600 = 9 × 100 = 900
36 36
Red 6 6 6
× 3600 = 6 × 100 = 600
36 36
Yellow 3 3 3
× 3600 = 3 × 100 = 300
36 36
Total 36

4. The adjoining pie chart gives the marks scored in an examination by a

student in Hindi, English, Mathematics, Social Science and Science. If the
total marks obtained by the students were 540, answer the following
questions.
(i) In which subject did the student score 105 marks?
(Hint: for 540 marks, the central angle = 360°. So, for 105 marks, what is the
central angle?)
105
Sol: For 105 marks the central angle= × 3600 = 700
540
Marks obtained in Hindi=105

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(ii) How many more marks were obtained by the student in Mathematics than in Hindi?
90
Sol: Marks obtained in Mathematics = × 540 = 135
360
Marks obtained in Mathematics more than Hindi=135-105=30
(iii) Examine whether the sum of the marks obtained in Social Science and Mathematics is more than
that in Science and Hindi.
Sol: Central angle of Social Science and Mathematics=650+900=1550
Central angle of Science and Hindi =800+700=1500
So, Sum of the marks obtained in Social Science and Mathematics is more than that in Science and
Hindi.
5. The number of students in a hostel, speaking different languages is given below. Display the data in
a pie chart.

Language Hindi English Marathi Tamil Bengali Total

Number of student 40 12 9 7 4 72

Sol:
Language Number of student Fraction Central angle
Hindi 40 40 40
× 3600 = 2000
72 72
English 12 12 12
× 3600 = 600
72 72
Marathi 9 9 9
× 3600 = 450
72 72
Tamil 7 7 7
× 3600 = 350
72 72
Bengali 4 40 4
× 3600 = 200
72 72
Total 72

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1. There are certain experiments whose outcomes have an equal chance of occurring.
2. A random experiment is one whose outcome cannot be predicted exactly in advance.
3. When a coin is tossed Head or Tail are the two outcomes of this experiment.
4. One or more outcomes of an experiment make an event.
5. Probability of an event = Number of outcomes that make an event/Total number of outcomes of
the experiment , when the outcomes are equally likely

1. If you try to start a scooter, what are the possible outcomes?

Sol: The scooter starts or does not starts.
2. When a die is thrown, what are the six possible outcomes?
Sol:1,2,3,4,5 and 6.
3. When you spin the wheel shown, what are the possible outcomes? List them.
Sol: When you spin the wheel the possible outcomes are A,B and C
4. You have a bag with five identical balls of different colours and you are to pull

out (draw) a ball without looking at it; list the outcomes you would
get.
Sol: The required outcomes are R,B,G,W and Y

In throwing a die:
1. Does the first player have a greater chance of getting a six?

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Sol: No, the first player does not have a greater chance of getting a six.
2. Would the player who played after him have a lesser chance of getting a six?
Sol: No, the player who played after him does not have a lesser chance of getting a six
3. Suppose the second player got a six. Does it mean that the third player would not have a chance of
getting a six?
Sol: No,

Equally likely implies that the all of the outcomes of a random experiment are the same chance of
occurring.
1. When a coin is tossed Head and Tail are equally likely out comes.
2. When a die is tossed 1,2,3,4,5 and 6 are equally likely outcomes.

Each outcome of an experiment or a collection of outcomes make an event.

Ex: In the experiment of tossing a coin, getting a Head is an event and getting a Tail is also an event.
Example 3: A bag has 4 red balls and 2 yellow balls. (The balls are identical in all respects other than
colour). A ball is drawn from the bag without looking into the bag. What is probability of getting a red
ball? Is it more or less than getting a yellow ball?
Sol: Red balls=4, Yellow balls=2
Total outcomes=4+2=6
Favourable 4 2
The probability of getting a red ball = = =
Total possible 6 3
Favourable 2 1
The probability of getting a yellow ball = = =
Total possible 6 3
The probability of getting a red ball is more than that of getting a yellow ball.

Suppose you spin the wheel

(i) List the number of outcomes of getting a green sector and not getting a green sector
on this wheel
Sol: Number of outcomes getting a green sector=5
Number of outcomes not getting a green sector=3
(ii) Find the probability of getting a green sector.
Favourable outcomes 5
Sol: Probability of getting a green sector = =
Total number of outcomes of the experiment 8
(iii) Find the probability of not getting a green sector

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 3
Sol: The probability of not getting a green sector =
8

1. To find characteristics of a large group by using a small part of the group.

2. Metrological Department predicts weather by observing trends from the data over many years in the
past.

1. List the outcomes you can see in these experiments.

(a) Spinning a wheel
Sol: On spinning the wheel the outcomes are A,B,C and D
(b) Find the Probability of the pointer stopping on D.
1
Sol: The Probability of the pointer stopping on D=
5
(c) Tossing two coins together
Sol: When two coins are tossed together, the outcomes are
HH,HT,TH and TT ( Where H- Head and T- Tail)
2. When a die is thrown, list the outcomes of an event of getting
(i) (a) a prime number
Sol: Outcomes for prime number are 2,3 and 5
(b) not a prime number.
Sol: Outcomes for not a prime number are 1,4 and 6
(ii) (a) a number greater than 5
Sol: Outcomes for a number greater than 5 is 6
(b) a number not greater than 5.
Sol: outcomes for a number not greater than 5 are 1,2,3,4 and 5.
3. Find
(b) Probability of getting an ace from a well shuffled deck of 52 playing cards?
Sol: Number ace cards in deck=4
4 1
Probability of getting an ace = 52 = 13

(c) Probability of getting a red apple

Sol: Total number of apples=7
Number of red apples=4
Number of red apples 4
Probability of getting a red apple = =
Total number of apples 7
4. Numbers 1 to 10 are written on ten separate slips (one number on one slip), kept in a box and mixed

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well. One slip is chosen from the box without looking into it. What is the probability of
(i) Getting a number 6?
Sample space={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10} , Total all possible outcomes=10
1
Probability of getting a number 6 =
10
(ii) Getting a number less than 6?
5 1
probability of getting a number less than 6 = =
10 2
(iii) Getting a number greater than 6?
4 2
Probability of getting a number greater than 6 = =
10 5
(iv) Getting a 1-digit number?
9
Probability of getting a 1 − digit number =
10
5. If you have a spinning wheel with 3 green sectors, 1 blue sector and 1 red sector, what is the probability
of getting a green sector? What is the probability of getting a non blue sector?
Sol: Green sectors=3, blue sectors=1, red sectors=1
Total number of sectors=3+1+1=5
Number of green sectors 3
Probability of getting a green sector = =
Total number of sectors 5
Number of non blue sectors 4
Probability of getting a non blue sector = =
Total number of sectors 5
6. When a die is thrown find the probabilities of the events of getting
Sol: When a die is thrown sample space={1,2,3,4,5,6}
i) (a) a prime number
Sol: Outcomes for prime number are 2,3 and 5
Number of primenumbers 3 1
Probability of getting a prime number = = =
Total number of outcomes 6 2
(b) Not a prime number.
Sol: Outcomes for not a prime number are 1,4 and 6
Number of non primenumbers 3 1
Probability of getting not a prime number = = =
Total number of outcomes 6 2
(ii) (a) a number greater than 5
Sol: Outcomes for a number greater than 5 is 6
1
Probability of getting a number greater than 5 =
6
(b) a number not greater than 5.
Sol: outcomes for a number not greater than 5 are 1,2,3,4 and 5.

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 5
Probability of getting a number not greater than 5 =
6

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 5
SQUARES AND SQUAREROOTS
1. If a natural number m can be expressed as n 2 , where n is also a natural number, then m is
a square number.
2. 𝑎2 = 𝑎 × 𝑎
Number(n) Square(𝑛2 ) Number(n) Square(𝑛2 ) Number(n) Square(𝑛2 )
1 1 11 121 21 441
2 4 12 144 22 484
3 9 13 169 23 529
4 16 14 196 24 576
5 25 15 225 25 625
6 36 16 256 26 676
7 49 17 279 27 729
8 64 18 324 28 784
9 81 19 361 29 841
10 100 20 400 30 900
3. The numbers 1, 4, 9, 16,…..are square numbers. These numbers are also called Perfect
squares
4. All square numbers end with 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 or 9 at units place.
5. Square numbers can only have even number of zeros at the end.
6. The square number does not end with 2, 3, 7 or 8 at unit’s place.

1. Find the perfect square numbers between (i) 30 and 40 (ii) 50 and 60
Sol: (i) 36 (ii) There is no perfect square between 50 and 60

1. Can we say whether the following numbers are perfect squares? How do we know?
The square number does not end with 2,3,7 or 8 at unit’s place
(i) 1057
Sol: Unit digit is 7 . So, it is not a perfect square
(ii) 23453
Sol: Unit digit is 3 . So, it is not a perfect square
(iii) 7928
Sol: Unit digit is 8 . So, it is not a perfect square

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(iv) 222222
Sol: Unit digit is 2 . So, it is not a perfect square
(v) 1069
Sol: Unit digit is 9 . We don’t say 1069 is a perfect square are not
(vi) 2061
Sol: Unit digit is 1 . We don’t say 2061 is a perfect square are not

Which of 1232 , 772 , 822 , 1612 , 1092 would end with digit 1?
Sol: 1232 is end with digit 9
772 is end with digit 9
822 is end with digit 4
1612 is end with digit 1
1092 is end with digit 1
So, 1612 , 1092 would end with digit 1.

Which of the following numbers would have digit 6 at unit place.

(i) 192 (ii) 242 (iii) 262 (iv) 362 (v) 342
Sol: (ii) 242 (iii) 262 (iv) 362 (v) 342

What will be the “one’s digit” in the square of the following numbers?
(i) The unit digit in the square of 1234 is 6
(ii) The unit digit in the square of 26387 is 9
(iii) The unit digit in the square of 52698 is 4
(iv) The unit digit in the square of 99880 is 0
(v) The unit digit in the square of 21222 is 4
(vi) The unit digit in the square of 9106 is 6

1. The square of which of the following numbers would be an odd number/an even number?
Why?
The square of an even number is an even number and the square of an odd number is an
odd
(i) 7272 is an odd number
(ii) 1582 is an even number
(iii) 2692 is an odd number

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 (iv) 19802 is an even number
Numbers between square numbers
i) Between n2 and (n + 1)2 there are 2n numbers which is 1 less than the difference of two
squares.
ii) There are 2n non perfect square numbers between the squares of the numbers n and (n +
1)

1. How many natural numbers lie between 92 and 102 ? Between 112 and 122 ?
Sol: The number of natural numbers between 92 and 102 is 2 × 9 = 18
The number of natural numbers between 112 and 122 is 2 × 11 = 22
2. How many non-square numbers lie between the following pairs of numbers
(i) Number of non square numbers lie between 1002 and 1012 is 2 × 100 = 200
(ii) Number of non square numbers lie between 902 and 912 is 2 × 90 = 180
(iii) Number of non square numbers lie between 10002 and 10012 is 2 × 1000 = 2000

Find whether each of the following numbers is a perfect square or not?

(i) 121 is a perfect square (121 = 112 )
(ii) 55 is not a perfect squarer
(iii) 81 is a perfect square(81 = 92 )
(iv) 49 is a perfect square(49 = 72 )
(v) 69 is not a perfect squarer
A sum of consecutive natural numbers
1) we can express the square of any odd number as the sum of two consecutive positive
integers.
n2 −1 n2 +1
2) n is an odd number . n2 = +
2 2

Ex: 92 = 81 = 40 + 41
112 = 121 = 60 + 61
152 = 225 = 112 + 113

1. Express the following as the sum of two consecutive integers.

(i) 212 = 441 = 220 + 221
(ii) 132 = 169 = 84 + 85
(ii) 112 = 121 = 60 + 61
(ii) 192 = 361 = 180 + 181

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 1. What will be the unit digit of the squares of the following numbers?
Number Unit digit of Number Unit digit of
the square the square
(i) 81 1 (vi)26387 9
(ii) 272 4 (vii)52698 4
(iii) 799 1 (viii)99880 0
(iv) 3853 9 (ix) 12796 6
(v)1234 6 (x) 55555 5
2. The following numbers are obviously not perfect squares. Give reason.
Perfect squares are does not end with 2,3,7 or 8 at unit’s place. Perfect square numbers can only
have even number of zeros at the end.
(i) 1057 is end with 7 .
So, 1057 is not a perfect square .
(ii) 23453 is end with 3 .
So, 23453 is not a perfect square
(iii) 7928 is end with 8 .
So, 7928 is not a perfect square
(iv) 222222 is end with 2 .
So, 222222 is not a perfect square
(v) 64000 has odd zeroes at the end .
So, 64000 is not a perfect square
(vi) 89722 is end with 2 .
So, 89722 is not a perfect square
(vii) 222000 has odd zeroes at the end.
So, 222000 is not a perfect square
(viii) 505050 has odd zeroes at the end.
So, 505050 is not a perfect square
3. The squares of which of the following would be odd numbers?
The square of an even number is an even number and the square of an odd number is an odd
(i) The square of 431 is an odd number.
(ii) The square of 2826 is an even number.
(iii) The square of 7779 is an odd number.
(iv) The square of 82004 is an odd number.

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4. Observe the following pattern and find the missing digits
112 121
1012 10201
10012 1002001
1000012 10000200001
100000012 100000020000001
5. Observe the following pattern and supply the missing numbers.
112 121
1012 10201
101012 102030201
10101012 1020304030201
1010101012 10203040504030201
6. Using the given pattern, find the missing numbers.
12 + 22 + 22 = 32
𝑛2 + (𝑛 + 1)2 + [𝑛(𝑛 + 1)]2 = [𝑛(𝑛 + 1) + 1]2
2 2 2 2
2 +3 +6 =7
32 + 42 + 122 = 132
42 + 52 + 202 = 212
52 + 62 + 302 = 312
62 + 72 + 422 = 432
7. Without adding, find the sum.
The sum of first n odd numbers=n2
(i) 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 52 = 25
(ii) 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 19 = 102 = 100
(i) 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 19 + 21 + 23 = 122 = 144
8. (i) Express 49 as the sum of 7 odd numbers.
Sol: 49=1+3+5+7+9+11+13
(ii) Express 121 as the sum of 11 odd numbers.
Sol: 121=1+3+5+7+9+11+13+15+17+19+21
9. How many numbers lie between squares of the following numbers?
There are ‘2n’ numbers lie between n2 and (n + 1)2 .
(i) 12 and 13
Sol: 2 × 12 = 24 numbers lie between 122 and 132
(ii) 25 and 26
Sol: 2 × 25 = 50 numbers lie between 252 and 262

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 (iii) 99 and 100
Sol: 2 × 99 = 198 numbers lie between 992 and 1002

(𝑎5)2 = 𝑎(𝑎 + 1)ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑠 + 25

152 = (1 × 2)ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑠 + 25 = 200 + 25 = 225
252 = (2 × 3)ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑠 + 25 = 600 + 25 = 625
352 = (3 × 4)ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑠 + 25 = 1200 + 25 = 1225
452 = (4 × 5)ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑠 + 25 = 2000 + 25 = 2025
552 = (5 × 6)ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑠 + 25 = 3000 + 25 = 3025
652 = (6 × 7)ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑠 + 25 = 4200 + 25 = 4225
752 = (7 × 8)ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑠 + 25 = 5600 + 25 = 5625
852 = (8 × 9)ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑠 + 25 = 7200 + 25 = 7225
952 = (9 × 10)ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑠 + 25 = 9000 + 25 = 9025
1052 = (10 × 11)ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑠 + 25 = 11000 + 25 = 11025
2052 = (20 × 21)ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑠 + 25 = 42000 + 25 = 42025

𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠 . 𝐼𝑓 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 = 𝒄𝟐 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 (𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐)𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝑡𝑜𝑏𝑒 pythagorean triplet
Example: (i) 32 + 42 = 9 + 16 = 25 = 52
(3,4,5)𝑖𝑠 𝑎 pythagorean triplet
(ii) 52 + 122 = 25 + 144 = 169 = 132
(5,12,13)𝑖𝑠 𝑎 pythagorean triplet
Fore any natural number m>1 , we have (2𝑚)2 + (𝑚2 − 1)2 = (𝑚2 + 1)2 .
So, 2𝑚, 𝑚2 − 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚2 + 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑎 𝑃𝑦𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡.

1. Find the square of the following numbers.

(i) 32
Sol: 322 = (30 + 2)2 = (30 + 2)(30 + 2)
= 30(30 + 2) + 2(30 + 2)
= 302 + 30 × 2 + 2 × 30 + 22
= 900 + 60 + 60 + 4
= 1024
(ii) 35
Sol : 352 = (3 × 4)ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑠 + 25 = 1200 + 25 = 1225
(iii) 86

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Sol: 862 = (80 + 6)2 = (80 + 6)(80 + 6)
Shortcut: 862 = (80 + 6)2
= 80(80 + 6) + 6(80 + 6)
= 802 + 2 × 80 × 6 + 62
2 2
= 80 + 80 × 6 + 6 × 80 + 6
= 6400 + 960 + 36
= 6400 + 480 + 480 + 36
= 7396
= 7396
(iv) 93
Sol: 932 = (90 + 3)2 = (90 + 3)(90 + 3)
= 90(90 + 3) + 6(90 + 3)
= 902 + 90 × 3 + 3 × 90 + 32
= 8100 + 270 + 270 + 9
= 8649
(v) 71
Sol: 712 = (70 + 1)2 = (70 + 1)(70 + 1)
= 70(70 + 1) + 1(70 + 1)
= 702 + 70 × 1 + 1 × 70 + 12
= 4900 + 70 + 70 + 1
= 5041
(vi) 46
Sol: 462 = (40 + 6)2 = (40 + 6)(40 + 6)
Shortcut: 462 = (40 + 6)2
= 40(40 + 6) + 6(40 + 6)
= 402 + 2 × 40 × 6 + 62
2 2
= 40 + 40 × 6 + 6 × 40 + 6
= 1600 + 480 + 36
= 1600 + 240 + 240 + 36
= 2116
= 2116
2. Write a Pythagorean triplet whose one member is.
(i) 6
Sol: We know that 2𝑚, 𝑚2 − 1 and 𝑚2 + 1 form a Pythagorean triplet
Let 2𝑚 = 6 ⇒ 𝑚 = 3
We get 𝑚2 − 1 = 32 − 1 = 9 − 1 = 8
𝑚2 + 1 = 32 + 1 = 9 + 1 = 10
The triplet is 6, 8, 10
Let 𝑚2 − 1 = 6 ⇒ 𝑚2 = 7 ⇒ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
Let 𝑚2 + 1 = 6 ⇒ 𝑚2 = 5 ⇒ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
(ii) 14
Sol: We know that 2𝑚, 𝑚2 − 1 and 𝑚2 + 1 form a Pythagorean triplet
Let 2𝑚 = 14 ⇒ 𝑚 = 7

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 We get 𝑚2 − 1 = 72 − 1 = 49 − 1 = 48
𝑚2 + 1 = 72 + 1 = 49 + 1 = 50
The triplet is 14, 48, 50
Let 𝑚2 − 1 = 14 ⇒ 𝑚2 = 15 ⇒ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
Let 𝑚2 + 1 = 14 ⇒ 𝑚2 = 13 ⇒ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
(iii) 16
Sol: We know that 2𝑚, 𝑚2 − 1 and 𝑚2 + 1 form a Pythagorean triplet
Let 2𝑚 = 16 ⇒ 𝑚 = 8
We get 𝑚2 − 1 = 82 − 1 = 64 − 1 = 63
𝑚2 + 1 = 82 + 1 = 64 + 1 = 65
The triplet is 16, 63, 65
Let 𝑚2 − 1 = 16 ⇒ 𝑚2 = 17 ⇒ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
Let 𝑚2 + 1 = 16 ⇒ 𝑚2 = 15 ⇒ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
(vi) 18
Sol: We know that 2𝑚, 𝑚2 − 1 and 𝑚2 + 1 form a Pythagorean triplet
Let 2𝑚 = 18 ⇒ 𝑚 = 9
We get 𝑚2 − 1 = 92 − 1 = 81 − 1 = 80
𝑚2 + 1 = 92 + 1 = 81 + 1 = 82
The triplet is 18, 80, 82
Let 𝑚2 − 1 = 14 ⇒ 𝑚2 = 15 ⇒ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
Let 𝑚2 + 1 = 14 ⇒ 𝑚2 = 13 ⇒ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟

If a square number is expressed, as the product of two equal factors, then one the factors is
called the square root of that square number.
Since 92 = 81 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (−9)2 = 81 . 𝑊𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑝𝑓 81 𝑎𝑟𝑒 9 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 9
In this chapter, we shall take up only positive square root of a natural number.
Symbol used for square root is √ .
Statement Inference Statement Inference
12 = 1 √1 = 1 112 = 121 √121 = 11
22 = 4 √4 = 2 122 = 144 √144 = 12
32 = 9 √9 = 3 132 = 169 √169 = 13
42 = 16 √16 = 4 142 = 196 √196 = 14
52 = 25 √25 = 5 152 = 225 √225 = 15
62 = 36 √36 = 6 162 = 256 √256 = 16

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 72 = 49 √49 = 7 172 = 289 √289 = 7
82 = 64 √64 = 8 182 = 324 √324 = 18
92 = 81 √81 = 9 192 = 361 √361 = 19
102 = 100 √100 = 10 202 = 400 √400 = 20

(Page-100)
By repeated subtraction of odd numbers starting from 1, find whether the following numbers are
perfect squares or not? If the number is a perfect square then find its square root.
(i) 121
Sol: Step 1: 121 − 1 = 120
Step 2: 120 − 3 = 117
Step 3: 117 − 5 = 112
Step 4: 112 − 7 = 105
Step 5: 105 − 9 = 96
Step 6: 96 − 11 = 85
Step 7: 85 − 13 = 72
Step 8: 72 − 15 = 57
Step 9: 57 − 17 = 40
Step 10: 40 − 19 = 21
Step 11: 21 − 21 = 0
From 121 we have subtracted successive odd numbers starting from 1 and obtained 0 at
11th step. Therefore √121 = 11
(ii) 55
Sol: Step 1: 55 − 1 = 54
Step 2: 54 − 3 = 51
Step 3: 51 − 5 = 46
Step 4: 46 − 7 = 39
Step 5: 39 − 9 = 30
Step 6: 30 − 11 = 19
Step 7: 19 − 13 = 6
The result is not zero 55 is not a perfect square.
(iii) 36
Sol: Step 1: 36 − 1 = 35
Step 2: 35 − 3 = 32

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 Step 3: 32 − 5 = 27
Step 4: 27 − 7 = 20
Step 5: 20 − 9 = 11
Step 6: 11 − 11 = 0
From 36 we have subtracted successive odd numbers starting from 1 and obtained 0 at 6th
step. Therefore √36 = 6
(iv) 49
Sol: Step 1: 49 − 1 = 48
Step 2: 48 − 3 = 45
Step 3: 45 − 5 = 40
Step 4: 40 − 7 = 33
Step 5: 33 − 9 = 24
Step 6: 24 − 11 = 13
Step 7: 13 − 13 = 0
From 49 we have subtracted successive odd numbers starting from 1 and obtained 0 at 6th
step. Therefore √49 = 7
(v) 90
Sol: Step 1: 90 − 1 = 89
Step 2: 89 − 3 = 86
Step 3: 86 − 5 = 81
Step 4: 81 − 7 = 74
Step 5: 74 − 9 = 65
Step 6: 65 − 11 = 54
Step 7: 54 − 13 = 41
Step 8: 41 − 15 = 26
Step 9: 26 − 17 = 9
The result is not zero 90 is not a perfect square.

𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 = {2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29, … . }

Ex: Find the square root of 324.
Sol: 324 = (2 × 2) × (3 × 3) × (3 × 3)
√324 = 2 × 3 × 3
√324 = 18
Example 4: Find the square root of 6400.

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Sol: 6400 = (2 × 2) × (2 × 2) × (2 × 2) × (2 × 2) × (5 × 5)
√6400 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5
√6400 = 80

1. What could be the possible ‘one’s’ digits of the square root of each of the following
numbers?
Number The possible ‘one’s’ digits of the square root of the number
(i) 9801 1 or 9 (since 12 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 92 = 1)
(ii) 99856 4 or 6 (since 42 = 16 𝑎𝑛𝑑 62 = 36)
(iii) 998001 1 or 9 (since 12 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 92 = 1)
(iv) 657666025 5 (since 52 = 5 )
2. Without doing any calculation, find the numbers which are surely not perfect squares.
(The perfect square number does not end with 2, 3, 7 or 8 at unit’s place)
(i) 153 → Not a perfect square
(ii) 257 → Not a perfect square
(iii) 408 → Not a perfect square
(iv) 441 = 212 → 441 is a perfect square
3. Find the square roots of 100 and 169 by the method of repeated subtraction.
(i) Step 1: 100 − 1 = 99
Step 2: 99 − 3 = 96
Step 3: 96 − 5 = 91
Step 4: 91 − 7 = 84
Step 5: 84 − 9 = 75
Step 6: 75 − 11 = 64
Step 7: 64 − 13 = 51
Step 8: 51 − 15 = 36
Step 9: 36 − 17 = 19
Step 10: 19 − 19 = 0
From 100 we have subtracted successive odd numbers starting from 1 and obtained 0 at
10th step. Therefore √100 = 10
(ii) Step 1: 169 − 1 = 168
Step 2: 168 − 3 = 165
Step 3: 165 − 5 = 160
Step 4: 160 − 7 = 153

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Step 5: 153 − 9 = 144
Step 6: 144 − 11 = 133
Step 7: 133 − 13 = 120
Step 8: 120 − 15 = 105
Step 9: 105 − 17 = 88
Step 10: 88 − 19 = 69
Step 11: 69 − 21 = 48
Step 12: 48 − 23 = 25
Step 13: 25 − 25 = 0
From 169 we have subtracted successive odd numbers starting from 1 and obtained 0 at
13th step. Therefore √169 = 13
4. Find the square roots of the following numbers by the Prime Factorisation Method.
(i) 729 3 729
Sol: 729=3×3×3×3×3×3 3 243
√729 = 3 × 3 × 3 3 81
3 27
√729 = 27 3 9
2 400 3
(ii) 400
2 200
Sol: 400=2×2×2×2×5×5
2 100
√400 = 2 × 2 × 5 2 50
5 25
√400 = 20 5
(iii) 1764
2 1764
Sol: 1764=2×2×3×3×7×7
2 882 2 4096
√1764 = 2 × 3 × 7 3 441
2 2048
√1764 = 42 3 147
7 49 2 1024
(iv) 4096 7 2512
Sol: 4096=2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2 2 256
2 128
√4096 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 2 7744 2 64
√4096 = 64 2 3872 2 32
2 1936
(v) 7744 2 16
2 968 8
Sol: 7744=2×2×2×2×2×2×11×11 2
2 484 2 9604
2 242 2 4
√7744 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 11 2 2 4802
11 121
√7744 = 88 11 7 2401
(vi) 9604 7 343
7 49
Sol: 9604=2×2×7×7×7×7 7

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 √9604 = 2 × 7 × 7
√9604 = 98
(vii) 5929 7 5929
Sol: 5929 = 7 × 7 × 11 × 11 7 847 2 9216
11 121
√5929 = 7 × 11 2 4608
11
√5929 = 77 2 2304
(viii) 9216 2 1152
Sol: 9216=2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2×3×3 2 576
2 288
√9216 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3
2 144
√9216 = 96 2 72
23 529
(ix) 529 23 2 36
Sol: 529 = 23 × 23 2 18
2 8100 3 9
√529 = 23
2 4050 3
(x) 8100 3 2025
Sol: 8100=2×2×3×3×3×3×5×5 3 675
3 225
√8100 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 5
3 75
√8100 = 90 5 25
5

5. For each of the following numbers, find the smallest whole number by which it should be
multiplied so as to get a perfect square number. Also find the square root of the square
number so obtained.
(i) 252 2 252
Sol: 252 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 7 2 126
The prime factor 7 has no pair. 3 63
3 21
So, we multiply 252 by 7 to get a perfect square.
7
252 × 7 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 7 × 7
1724=2×2×3×3×7×7
√1724 = 2 × 3 × 7
√1724 = 42 2 180
(ii) 180 2 90
Sol: 180 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 3 45
3 15
The prime factor 5 has no pair.
5
So, we multiply 180 by 5 to get a perfect square.
180 × 5 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5

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 900=2×2×3×3×5×5
√900 = 2 × 3 × 5 = 30
(iii) 1008
Sol: 1008 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 7 2 1008
2 504
The prime factor 7 has no pair.
2 252
So, we multiply 1008 by 7 to get a perfect square
2 126
1008 × 7 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 7 × 7 3 63
3 21
7056=2×2×2×2×3×3×7×7
7
√7056 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 7
√7056 = 84
(iv) 2028 2 2028

Sol: 2028=2×2×3×13×13 2 1014

3 507
The prime factor 3 has no pair.
13 169
So, we multiply 2028 by 3 to get a perfect square 13
2028 × 3 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 13 × 13
6084=2×2×3×3×13×13
√6084 = 2 × 3 × 13
√6084 = 78
(v) 1458 2 1458

Sol: 1458=2×3×3×3×3×3×3 3 729

3 243
The prime factor 2 has no pair.
3 81
So, we multiply 1458 by 2 to get a perfect square. 3 27
3 9
1458 × 2 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3
3
2916=2×2×3×3×3×3×3×3
√2916 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 2 768
2 384
√2916 = 54
2 192
(vi) 768 2 96
Sol: 768=2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2×3 2 48
2 24
The prime factor 3 has no pair.
2 12
So, we multiply 768 by 3 to get a perfect square. 2 6
768 × 3 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 3
2304=2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2×3×3
√2304 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3
√2304 = 48

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6. For each of the following numbers, find the smallest whole number by which it should be
divided so as to get a perfect square. Also find the square root of the square number so
obtained.
(i) 252
2 252
Sol: 252 = (2 × 2) × (3 × 3) × 7 2 126
The prime factor 7 has no pair. 3 63
So, we divided 252 by 7 to get a perfect square. 3 21
7
252 ÷ 7 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3
36=2×2×3×3
√36 = 2 × 3 3 2925
3 975
√36 = 6 5 325
(ii) 2925 5 65
Sol: 2925=3×3×5×5×13 13

The prime factor 13 has no pair.

So, we divided 2925 by 13 to get a perfect square.
2925 ÷ 13 = 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 × 13 ÷ 13
225 = 3 × 3 × 5 × 5
√225 = 3 × 5
√225 = 15
(iii) 396
2 396
Sol: 396 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 11
2 198
The prime factor 11 has no pair. 3 99
So, we divided 396 by 11 to get a perfect square. 3 33
11
396 ÷ 11 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3
36 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3
√36 = 2 × 3
√36 = 6
(iv) 2645
5 2645
Sol: 2645 = 5 × 23 × 23 23 529
The prime factor 5 has no pair. 23
So, we divided 2645 by 5 to get a perfect square.
2645 ÷ 5 = 23 × 23
529 = 23 × 23
√529 = 23

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(v) 2800 2 2800

Sol: 2800 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 × 7 2 700

The prime factor 7 has no pair 2 1400
So, we divided 2800 by 7 to get a perfect square. 2 350
2800 ÷ 7 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 5 175
5 35
400=2×2×2×2×5×5
7
√400 = 2 × 2 × 5
2 1620
√400 = 20
2 810
(vi) 1620
3 405
Sol: 1620 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 5
3 135
The prime factor 5 has no pair
3 45
So, we divided 1620 by 5 to get a perfect square. 3 15
1620 ÷ 5 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 5
324=2×2×3×3×3×3
√324 = 2 × 3 × 3
√324 = 18
7. The students of Class VIII of a school donated ₹ 2401 in all, for Prime Minister’s National
Relief Fund. Each student donated as many rupees as the number of students in the class.
Find the number of students in the class
Sol: Let the total number of students=𝑥
Amount donated by each student=𝑥
Total donation=2401
𝑥 × 𝑥 = 2401
𝑥 2 = 2401 7 2401
7 343
𝑥 = √2401
7 49
𝑥 = √7 × 7 × 7 × 7 7
𝑥 = 7 × 7 = 49
The number of students in the class = 49
8. 2025 plants are to be planted in a garden in such a way that each row contains as many
plants as the number of rows. Find the number of rows and the number of plants in each
row.
Sol: Let the number of rows=𝑥
The number of plants in each row=𝑥
Total plants=𝑥 × 𝑥 = 𝑥 2

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 Given total plants are planted=2025
𝑥 2 = 2025 3 2025
3 675
𝑥 = √2025
3 225
𝑥 = √3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 3 75
5 25
𝑥 =3×3×5
5
𝑥 = 45
∴ The number of rows=45 and
The number of plants in each row=45
9. Find the smallest square number that is divisible by each of the numbers 4, 9 and 10
Sol: The smallest square number divisible by 4,9 and 10=least multiple of LCM(4,9,10)
LCM(4,9,10)=2 × 2 × 9 × 5 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 = 180
2 4,9,10
The prime factor 5 has no pair 2,9, 5
So, we multiply 180 by 5 to get a perfect square
Required number=180× 5 = 900
10. Find the smallest square number that is divisible by each of the numbers 8, 15 and 20.
Sol: The smallest square number divisible by 8,15 and 20=Multiple of LCM(8,15,20)
LCM(8,15,20)=2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 = 120
The prime factors 2,3, 5 have no pairs
2 8,15,20
So, we multiply 120 by 2 × 3 × 5 = 30 to get a perfect square
2 4,15,10
Required number=120× 30 = 3600
5 2,15, 5
2,3, 1
Number Square
10 100 Which is the smallest 3-digit perfect square
31 961 Which is the greatest 3-digit perfect square
32 1024 Which is the smallest 4-digit perfect square
99 9801 Which is the greatest 3-digit perfect square

Without calculating square roots, find the number of digits in the square root of the following
numbers
(i) 25600
5+1 6
Sol: The number of digits in √25600 𝑖𝑠 = =3
2 2
(ii) 100000000

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 9 + 1 10
Sol: The number of digits in √100000000 𝑖𝑠 = =5
2 2
(iii) 36864
5+1 6
Sol: The number of digits in √36864 𝑖𝑠 = =3
2 2

1. Find the square root of each of the following numbers by Division method.
(i) 2304
59
48 67
√2304 = 48 5 34 81
4 23 04 6 44 89
-36 -25
-16
109 981
(i) 4489 88 704 127 889
981
704 889
√4489 =67 0
0 0
37
57
23 3 13 69
(ii) 3481 5 32 49 -9
2 5 29 -25
-4 67 469
√3481 = 59 107 749
43 129 -469
-749 0
-129
0
(iii) 529 0
24
76 89
√529 = 23 2 5 76
7 57 76 8 79 21
-4
-49 -64
169 15 21 44 176
(iv) 3249 146 876
-176
-876 -15 21
√3249 = 57 0 0
0

32 56 30
(v) 1369 5 31 36
3 10 24 3 9 00
√1369 = 37 -9 -25 -9
62 124 106 636 0
-124 636
(vi) 5776 0 0

√5776 = 76

(vii) 7921 (x) 3136

√7921 = 89 √3136 = 56
(viii) 576
√576 = 24 (xi) 900
(ix) 1024 √900 = 30
√1024 = 32

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2. Find the number of digits in the square root of each of the following numbers (without any
calculation).
If a perfect square is of n-digits, then its square root will have
𝑛 𝑛+1
(𝑎) 𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 (𝑏) 𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
2 2
(i) 64
Number of digits in 64=2 (ie) n=2 which is even.
𝑛 2
= =1
2 2
The number of digits in the square root of 64=1
(ii) 144
Number of digits in 144=3 (ie) n=3 which is odd.
𝑛 2
= =1
2 2
The number of digits in the square root of 64=1
(iii) 4489
Number of digits in 4489=4 (ie) n=4 which is even.
𝑛 4
= =2
2 2
The number of digits in the square root of 4489=2
(iv) 27225
Number of digits in 27225=5 (ie) n=5 which is odd.
𝑛+1 5+1 6
= = =3
2 2 2
The number of digits in the square root of 27225=3
(v) 390625
Number of digits in 390625=6 (ie) n=6 which is even.
𝑛 6
= =3
2 2
The number of digits in the square root of 390625=3
3. Find the square root of the following decimal numbers.
(i) 2.56 1.6 2.7 7.2
1 2. 56 2 7 . 29 7 51. 84
√2.56 = 1.6 -1 -49
-4
(ii) 7.29 26 156 47 329 142 284
-156 -329 -284
√7.29 = 2.7 0 0 0
(iii) 51.84
√51.84 = 7.

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 6.5 5.6
6 42 . 25 5 31. 36
(iv) 42.25
-36 -25
√42.25 = 6.5 125 625 106 636
-625 -636
(v) 31.36
0 0
√31.36 = 5.6

4. Find the least number which must be subtracted from each of the following numbers so as
to get a perfect square. Also find the square root of the perfect square so obtained.
(i) 402 20
Sol:The remainder=2 2 4 02
-4
(If we subtract the remainder 2 from 402, 40 002
we get a perfect square). -000
2
The required perfect square=402-2=400
√400 = 20
(ii) 1989
44
Sol: The remainder=53 4 19 89
(If we subtract the remainder 53 from 1989, -16
84 389
we get a perfect square).
336
The required perfect square=1989-53=1936 53
√1936 = 44
(iii) 3250
Sol: The remainder=1 57
5 32 50
(If we subtract the remainder 1 from 3250, -25
we get a perfect square). 107 750
749
The required perfect square=3250-1=3249 1
√3249 = 57
(iv) 825
28
Sol: The remainder=41 2 8 25
(If we subtract the remainder 41 from 825, -4
48 425
we get a perfect square). -384
The required perfect square=825-41=784 41
63
√784 = 28 6 40 00
(v) 4000 −36
123 400
Sol:The remainder=31
−369
(If we subtract 31 from 4000, we get a perfect square). 31

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 The require least number=31
The required perfect square= 4000 − 31 = 3969
√3969 = 63
5. Find the least number which must be added to each of the following numbers so as to get a
perfect square. Also find the square root of the perfect square so obtained.
(i) 525
Sol: The remainder=41 22
2 5 25
222 < 525 −4
The next perfect square number=232 = 529 42 125
− 84
The number to be added=529 − 525=4
41
The perfect square obtained=529 and √529 = 23
Alternate method: 23
2 5 25
Remainder=−4 −4
If we add 4 to 525, we get a perfect square 43 125
The required least number=4 − 129
−4
The perfect square=525+4=529 and √529 = 23
(ii) 1750 42
Sol: Remainder=−14 4 17 50
−16
If we add 14 to 1750, we get a perfect square 42 150
The required least number to be added =14 − 164
−14
The perfect square=1750+14=1764 and √1764 = 42
(iii) 252 16
Sol: Remainder=−4 1 2 52
−1
If we add 4 to 252, we get a perfect square
26 152
The required least number to be added =4 − 156
−4
The perfect square=252+4=256 and √256 = 16
(iv) 1825 43
4 18 25
Sol: Remainder=−24 −16
If we add 24 to 1825, we get a perfect square 83 225
The required least number to be added =24 − 249
−24
The perfect square=1825+24=1849 and √1849 = 43
81
(v) 6412
8 64 12
Sol: Remainder=−149 −64
161 12
If we add 149 to 6412, we get a perfect square
− 161
−149
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 The required least number to be added =149
The perfect square=6412+149=6561 and √6561 = 81
6. Find the length of the side of a square whose area is 441 m2.
Sol: Let side of the square=𝑥
21
Area of the square=𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 × 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 𝑥 × 𝑥 = 𝑥 2
2 4 41
Given area of the square=441 m2. −4
𝑥 2 = 441 41 41
− 41
𝑥 = √441 = 21 0
The length of the side of the square=21 m
7. In a right triangle ABC, ∠B = 90°. (a) If AB = 6 cm, BC = 8 cm, find AC (b) If AC = 13 cm, BC
= 5 cm, find AB
Sol: (a) 𝐼𝑛 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 , ∠𝐵 = 900
From Pythagoras theorem
(𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒)2 = (𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒)2 + (𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒)2
𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐵 2 + 𝐵𝐶 2 C
𝐴𝐶 2 = 62 + 82 = 36 + 64 = 100
𝐴𝐶 = √100 = 10 𝑐𝑚 8 𝑐𝑚
(b) 𝐼𝑛 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 , ∠𝐵 = 900
90
From Pythagoras theorem 0
A 6 𝑐𝑚 B
(𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒)2 = (𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒)2 + (𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒)2 C

𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐵 2 + 𝐵𝐶 2
132 = 𝐴𝐵 2 + 52 5 𝑐𝑚
169 = 𝐴𝐵 2 + 25
90
𝐴𝐵 2 = 169 − 25 = 144 0
A B
𝐴𝐵 = √144 = 12 𝑐𝑚

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Type equation here.

Cubes and Cube Roots

1. 𝑎3 = 𝑎 × 𝑎 × 𝑎
𝑥3 = 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑥
13 = 1 83 = 512 153 = 3375
23 = 8 93 = 729 163 = 4096
33 = 27 103 = 1000 173 = 4913
43 = 64 113 = 1331 183 = 5832
53 = 125 123 = 1728 193 = 6859
63 = 216 133 = 2197 203 = 8000
73 = 343 143 = 2744
2. 1, 8, 27,64,125,216,343,……are called perfect cubes.
3. How many perfect cubes are there from 1 to 100?
Sol: Four {1,8,27,64}
4. How many perfect cubes are there from 1 to 1000?
Sol: Ten{1,8,27,64,125,216,343,512,729,1000}
The one’s digit of the The one’s digit of cube The one’s digit of The one’s digit of
number of the number the number cube of the
number
1 1 6 6
2 8 7 3
3 7 8 2
4 4 9 9
5 5 0 0
Hardy – Ramanujan Number: 1729
1729 is the smallest number that can be expressed as a sum of two cubes in two different ways:
1729 = 1728 + 1 = 123 + 13
1729 = 1000 + 729 = 103 + 93
Some this type of numbers:

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 1). 4104 = 8 + 4096 = 23 + 163 ; 4104 = 729 + 3375 = 93 + 153
2). 13832 = 8 + 13824 = 23 + 243 ; 13832 = 5832 + 8000 = 183 + 203

TRY THESE

Find the one’s digit of the cube of each of the following numbers.
Number The one’s digit of the Number The one’s digit of the
cube of number cube of number
(i) 3331 1 (v) 1024 4
(ii) 8888 2 (vi) 77 3
(iii) 149 9 (vii) 5022 8
(iv) 1005 5 (viii) 53 7
Some interesting patterns:
1 = 1 = 13
3 + 5 = 8 = 23
7 + 9 + 11 = 27 = 33
13 + 15 + 17 + 19 = 64 = 43
21 + 23 + 25 + 27 + 29 = 125 = 53

TRY THESE
Express the following numbers as the sum of consecutive odd numbers pattern?
(𝑎) 63 = 216 = 31 + 33 + 35 + 37 + 39 + 41
(𝑏) 83 = 512 = 57 + 59 + 61 + 63 + 65 + 67 + 69 + 71
(𝑐) 73 = 343 = 43 + 45 + 47 + 49 + 51 + 53 + 55
Consider the following pattern.
23 − 13 = 1 + 2 × 1 × 3
33 − 23 = 1 + 3 × 2 × 3
43 − 33 = 1 + 4 × 3 × 3
Using the above pattern, find the value of the following.
(𝑖) 73 − 63 = 1 + 7 × 6 × 3
𝑛3 − (𝑛 − 1)3 = 1 + 𝑛 × (𝑛 − 1) × 3
(𝑖𝑖) 123 − 113 = 1 + 12 × 11 × 3
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 203 − 193 = 1 + 20 × 19 × 3
(𝑣𝑖) 513 − 503 = 1 + 51 × 50 × 3
Cubes and their prime factors:
If a number can be expressed as a product of three equal factors then it is said to be a perfect cube or

3 243
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 cubic number.
Example 1: Is 243 a perfect cube?
Sol: 243=3×3×3×3×3
After grouping 3×3 remains.
Therefore, 243 is not a perfect cube.
TRY THESE
Which of the following are perfect cubes?
2 400
1. 400
2 200
Sol: 400 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5
Here, 2 and 5 do not appear in groups of three. 3 3375 2 100

Hence 400 is not a perfect cube. 3 1125 2 50

2. 3375 3 375 5 25
5 125 5
Sol: 3375 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 × 5 5 25
The prime factors can be grouped in triples. 5
Hence 3375 is a perfect cube.
3375 = (3 × 5)3 = 153 2 8000
2 4000
3. 8000
2 2000
Sol: 8000 = (2 × 2 × 2) × (2 × 2 × 2) × (5 × 5 × 5)
2 1000
The prime factors can be grouped in triples 2 500
2 250
Hence 8000 is a perfect cube.
5 125
8000 = (2 × 2 × 5)3 = 203 5 25
4. 15625 5
5 15625
Sol: 15625=5×5×5×5×5
5 3125
Here, 5 do not appear in groups of three. 5 625 2 9000
Hence 15625 is not a perfect cube. 5 25 2 4500
5
5. 9000 2 2250
Sol: 9000=2×2×2×3×5×5×5×5 3 1125
5 375
Here, after grouping 3 and 5 do not appear in groups of three. 5 125
Hence 9000 is not a perfect cube. 5 25
19 6859 5
6. 6859
19 361
Sol: 6859=19×19×19 19
The prime factors can be grouped in triples
Hence 6859 is a perfect cube.
6859 = (19)3 5 2025
5 405
7. 2025
3 81 2 10648
3 27 2 5324
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APUS APUS APUS APUS APUS 3 11 1331
Sol: 2025=3×3×3×3×5×5
After grouping 3 and 5 do not appear in groups of three.
Hence 2025 is not a perfect cube.
8. 10648
Sol: 10648=2×2×2×11×11×11
10648 = (2 × 11)3 = 223
The prime factors can be grouped in triples
Hence 10648 is a perfect cube.

2 392
Example 2: Is 392 a perfect cube? If not, find the smallest natural number by
2 196
which 392 must be multiplied so that the product is a perfect cube 7 98
Sol: 392 =( 2 × 2 × 2) × 7 × 7 7 49
7
The prime factor 7 does not appear in a group of three.
Hence, the smallest number by which 392 should be multiplied to make it a perfect cube is 7.
Example 3: Is 53240 a perfect cube? If not, then by which smallest natural number should 53240 be
divided so that the quotient is a perfect cube?
2 53240
Sol: 53240 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 11 × 11 × 11 × 5
2 26620
After grouping 5 remains
2 13310
Hence the smallest number by which 53240 should be divided by 5 to 5 2662
make it a perfect cube . 11 1331
11 121
53240 ÷ 5 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 11 × 11 × 11 11
10648 = 223
Example 4: Is 1188 a perfect cube? If not, by which smallest natural number should 1188 be divided so
that the quotient is a perfect cube? 2 1188
Sol: 1188 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 11 2 594
After grouping remaining 2 × 2 × 11 = 44 3 297
3 99
1188 should be divided by 44 to make it a perfect cube. 3 33
1188÷44 = (3 × 3 × 3) 11

27 = 33
Example 5: Is 68600 a perfect cube? If not, find the smallest number by which 68600 must be multiplied
to get a perfect cube.
2 68600
Sol: 68600 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 × 7 × 7 × 7. 2 34300
After grouping remaining 5 × 5 2 17150
5 8575
Required smallest number=5
5 1715
68600 ×5= 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 ×5× 7 × 7 × 7. 7 343
7 49
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 343000 = (2 × 5 × 7)3 = 703

Checks which of the following are perfect cubes.

(i) 2700 –Not a perfect cube
(ii) 16000 –Not a perfect cube
(iii) 64000 - perfect cube
(iv) 900 –Not a perfect cube
(v) 125000- perfect cube
(vi) 36000–Not a perfect cube
(vii) 21600 –Not a perfect cube
(viii) 10,000 –Not a perfect cube
(ix) 27000000 - perfect cube
(x) 1000 - Perfect cube
What pattern do you observe in these perfect cubes?
We observe that perfect cube have the number of zeroes in multiple of 3.
EXERCISE 7.1
1. Which of the following numbers are not perfect cubes?
(i) 216 2 216 2 128 2 1000
2 108 2 64 2 500
Sol: 216=2×2×2×3×3×3
2 54 2 32 2 250
The prime factors can be grouped in triples 3 27 2 16 5 125
Hence 216 is a perfect cube. 3 9 2 8 5 25
3 2 4 5
216 = (2 × 3)3 = 63
2
(ii) 128
2 100 2 46656
Sol: 128=2×2×2×2×2×2×2
2 50 2 23328
128 is not a perfect cube 5 25 2 11664
(iii) 1000 5 2 5832
Sol: 1000=2×2×2×5×5×5 2 2916
2 1458
The prime factors can be grouped in triples. 3 729
Hence 1000 is a perfect cube. 3 243
3 81
1000 = (2 × 5)3 = 103
3 27
(iv) 100
3 9
Sol: 100 = 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 3
100 is not a perfect cube
(v) 46656

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Sol: 46656=2×2×2×2×2×2×3×3×3×3×3×3
The prime factors can be grouped in triples
Hence 1000 is a perfect cube.
46656 = (2 × 2 × 3 × 3)3 = 363
2. Find the smallest number by which each of the following numbers must be multiplied to obtain a
perfect cube.

(i) 243 3 243

3 81
Sol: 243=3×3×3×3×3
3 9
Here, after grouping remaining is 3 ×3 3 27 2 256
2 128
Hence, the smallest number by which it is to be multiplied to make it a perfect3cube is 3.
2 64
(ii) 256
2 32
Sol: 256=2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2 2 16
2 8
After grouping remaining is 2 ×2
2 4
Hence, the smallest number by which it is to be multiplied to make it a perfect cube is 2.
2
(iii) 72
Sol: 72=2×2×2×3×3
After grouping remaining is 3 ×3 2 72
Hence, the smallest number by which it is to be multiplied to make it a perfect cube is 3 2 36
2 18
iv) 675
3 9
Sol: 675=3×3×3×5×5 3
Here, after grouping remaining is 5 ×5
Hence, the smallest number by which it is to be multiplied to make it a perfect cube is 5 3 675
(v) 100 3 225
3 75
Sol: 100 = 2 × 2 × 5 × 5
5 25
Hence, the smallest number by which it is to be multiplied to make it a perfect cube is 2×5=10
5
3. Find the smallest number by which each of the following numbers must be divided to obtain a
perfect cube.
3 81
(i) 81
3 27
Sol: 81=3×3×3×3 3 9
3
After grouping remaining is 3
Hence, the smallest number by which it is to be divided to make it a perfect cube is 3 2 128
(ii) 128 2 64
2 32
Sol: 128=2×2×2×2×2×2×
2 16
After grouping remaining is 2 . 2 8
2 4
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 Hence, the smallest number by which it is to be divided to make it a perfect cube is 2.
(iii) 135 3 135
Sol: 135=3×3×3×5 3 45 2 192
3 15
After grouping remaining is 5 . 2 96
5
Hence, the smallest number by which 135 it is to be divided to make it a perfect cube is 5. 2 48
2 24
(iv) 192 2 12
Sol: 192=2×2×2×2×2×2×3 2 6
3
After grouping remaining is 3 . 2 704
Hence, the smallest number by which it is to be divided to make it a perfect cube is 3. 2 352
(v) 704 2 176
2 88
Sol: 704=2×2×2×2×2×2×11 2 44
Here, after grouping remaining is 11 . 2 22
11
Hence, the smallest number by which it is to be divided to make it a perfect cube is 11.
4. Parikshit makes a cuboid of plasticine of sides 5 cm, 2 cm, 5 cm. How many such cuboids will he
need to form a cube?
Sol: Volume of cuboid=5cm×2cm×5cm
To make cube we multiply with 2×2×5=20
Number of required cuboids=20
Cube Roots
Cubes Cube roots Cubes Cube roots
13 = 1 3
√1 = 1 113 = 1331 3
√1331 = 11
23 = 8 3
√8 = 2 123 = 1728 3
√1728 = 12
33 = 27 3
√27 = 3 133 = 2197 3
√2197 = 13
43 = 64 3
√64 = 4 143 = 2744 3
√2744 = 14
53 = 125 153 = 3375
3 3
√125 = 5 √3375 = 15
63 = 216 3
√216 = 6 163 = 4096 3
√4096 = 16
73 = 343 3
√343 = 7 173 = 4913 3
√4913 = 17
83 = 512 3
√512 = 8 183 = 5832 3
√5832 = 18
93 = 729 3
√729 = 9 193 = 6859 3
√6859 = 19
103 = 1000 3
√1000 = 10 203 = 8000 3
√8000 = 20
Example 6: Find the cube root of 8000. 2 8000 2 13824
2 4000 2 6912
2 2000 2 3456Page 7
BALABHADRA SURESH,AMALAPURAM,9866845885
2 1000 2 1728
APUS APUS APUS APUS APUS2 500
2 864
Solution: 8000 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 × 5
3
√8000 = 2 × 2 × 5 = 20
(or)
8000 = 8 × 1000 = 23 × 103
3
√8000 = 2 × 10 = 20

Example 7: Find the cube root of 13824 by prime factorisation method.

Sol: 13824 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3.
3
√13824 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 = 24
THINK, DISCUSS AND WRITE
State true or false: for any integer m, m2 < m3 . Why?
Sol: False
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑚 = −2;
𝑚2 = (−2)2 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚3 = (−2)3 = −8
𝑚2 > 𝑚3

1. Find the cube root of each of the following numbers by prime factorisation method.
(i) 64 2 64
2 32
Sol: 64=2×2×2×2×2×2
2 16
3
√64 = 2 × 2 = 4 2 8
2 10648 2 512 2 4
(ii) 512
2 256 2
Sol: 512=2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2 2 5324
2 128
3
2 2662
√512 = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8 11 1331 2 64
2 13824
11 121 2 32
(iii) 10648 2 6912
11 2 16
Sol: 10648=2×2×2×11×11×11 2 8 2 3456
2 27000
3 2 4 2 1728
√10648 = 2 × 11 = 22 2 13500
2 2 864
(iv) 27000 5 15625 2 6750 2 432
5 3105 3 3375 2 216
Sol: 27000=2×2×2×3×3×3×5×5×5
5 625 3 1125 2 108
3
√27000 = 2 × 3 × 5 = 30 5 125 3 375 2 54
5 25 5 125
(v) 15625 3 27
5
5 25 3 9
Sol: 15625=5×5×5×5×5×5
5 3
3
√15625 = 5 × 5 = 25
(vi) 13824
Sol: 13824=2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2×3×3×3

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 3
√13824 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 = 24 2 110592 2 175616
2 46656
(vii) 110592 2 55296 2 87808
2 23328
2 27648 2 43904
Sol: 110592 = 23 × 23 × 23 × 23 × 33 2 11664
2 13824 2 21952
3 2 5832
√110592 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 = 48 2 10976
2 6912 2 2916
2 5488
(viii) 46656 2 3456 2 1458
2 2744
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 46656 = 23 × 23 × 33 × 33 2 1728 3 729
2 1372
2 864 3 243
3
√46656 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 = 36 2 686
2 432 3 81
2 216 7 343
(ix) 175616 3 27
2 108 7 49
Sol: 175616 = 23 × 23 × 23 × 73 3 9
2 54 7
3
3
√175616 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 7 = 56 3 27
(x) 91125 3 9
3
Sol: 91125 = 53 × 33 × 33
5 91125
3
√91125 = 5 × 3 × 3 = 45 5 18225
2. State true or false. 5 3645
3 729
(i) Cube of any odd number is even.
3 243
Sol: False 3 81
Cube of any odd number is odd and 3 9
3 27
Cube of any even number is even.
3
(ii) A perfect cube does not end with two zeros.
Sol: True
A perfect cube end with multiple of three zeros.
(iii) If square of a number ends with 5, then its cube ends with 25.
Sol: False
152 = 225 ends with 5 but
153 = 3375 does not ends with25
(iv) There is no perfect cube which ends with 8.
Sol: False
123 = 1728 → End with 8
Unit digit place is 2 its cube end with 8.
(v) The cube of a two digit number may be a three digit number.
Sol: False
The cube of a two digit number may have 4 digits to 6 digits.
(vi) The cube of a two digit number may have seven or more digits.
Sol: False

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 The cube of a two digit number may have 4 digits to 6 digits.
(vii) The cube of a single digit number may be a single digit number.
Sol: True
The cube of a single digit number may have 1 digit to 3 digits.

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 CHAPTER
7

1. Comparing two quantities of the same kind by division is called ‘Ratio’ of those quantities.
𝑎
2. The ratio of two numbers ′𝑎′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ′𝑏 ′ 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 ÷ 𝑏 = 𝑏 = 𝑎: 𝑏

3. 𝒂: 𝒃 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑠 "a is to b" . 𝒂 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 , 𝒃 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡.

4. Proportion: The equality of ratios is called proportion. If two ratios 𝑎: 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐: 𝑑 are equal, then
we represent it as 𝑎: 𝑏 ∶: 𝑐: 𝑑 [ We read '𝑎' is to '𝑏' is as '𝑐' is to '𝑑']
5. 𝑎: 𝑏 ∶: 𝑐: 𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑎: 𝑏 = 𝑐: 𝑑
6. If 𝑎: 𝑏 = 𝑐: 𝑑 then 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 are in proportion. 𝑎, 𝑑 are extremes and 𝑏, 𝑐 are means.
𝑎 𝑐
7. 𝐼𝑓 𝑎: 𝑏 = 𝑐: 𝑑 ⇒ = ⇒𝑎×𝑑 =𝑏×𝑐
𝑏 𝑑

(ie) The product of extremes= the product of Means

8. For any two ratios 𝑎: 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐: 𝑑 , the compound ratio
9. Direct proportion: In two quantities when one quantity increases, then the other also increases
or if one quantity decreases, then the other also decreases in the same proportion, then the two
quantities are said to be in direct proportion.
10. 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑥
= 𝑘 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 𝑘 × 𝑦 (𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 )
𝑦
11. Inverse Proportion :
If in two quantities, when one quantity increases, then the other quantity decreases in the same
proportion or vice versa, then the two quantities are said to be in inverse proportion.
12. When 𝑥 and 𝑦 are in Inverse proportion, then
𝑘 𝑘
𝑥×𝑦 =𝑘 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 =
𝑦 𝑥
13. Percentage: The word “percent” means “out of hundred”. The symbol “%” is used to represent
‘Percentage’.
20 1
14. 20% = = [𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚] = 1: 5[𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜] = 0.2[𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚]
100 5

PROFIT OR LOSS:
15. The price at which you sell is known as the ‘Selling Price’. It is written in short as SP.
16. The buying price of any item is known as its ‘Cost Price’. It is written in short as CP
17. If selling price is higher than Cost Price, then we get profit.(S.P>C.P)
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 = 𝑆. 𝑃 − 𝐶. 𝑃
18. If cost price is higher than selling price, then we get loss. (C.P>S.P)

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 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝐶. 𝑃 − 𝑆. 𝑃
19. Cost price is equal to Selling price, then we get neither profit nor loss
Profit
20. Profit Percentage = × 100%
Cost price
Loss
21. Loss Percentage = Cost price × 100%

Discount
22. The price shown on the item is called the ‘Marked price’(M.P)
23. The “Discount” is always calculated on ‘Marked price’
24. Discount= Marked price –Selling price=M.P−S.P
Discount
25. Discount percentage = × 100%
Marked price

Simple Interest:
26. The excess amount we paid on lending amount is called interest and the lending amount is
called principal.
P×T×R
27. Simple Interest(I) = 100

P= Principal amount , R= Rate of interest, T= time

𝑇𝑅
28. Total amount(𝐴) = 𝑃 (1 + 100)

Example 1: A picnic is being planned in a school for Class VII. Girls are 60% of the total number of
students and are 18 in number. The picnic site is 55 km from the school and the transport
company is charging at the rate of ₹ 12 per km. The total cost of refreshments will be ₹ 4280.
Sol: Let the total number of students=𝑥
Girls=18
Method II:
60% 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = 18
60% → 18
60
× 𝑥 = 18 100% → 𝑥
100
100
18 × 100 𝑥= × 18 = 30
𝑥= = 30 60
60
Number of students=30
So, the number of boys = 30 – 18 = 12.
1. The ratio of the number of girls to the number of boys in the class=18:12=3:2.
2. The cost per head if two teachers are also going with the class?
Transportation charge = Distance both ways × Rate
= ₹ (55 × 2) × 12 = ₹ 110 × 12 = ₹ 1320
Total expenses = Refreshment charge + Transportation charge = ₹ 4280 + ₹ 1320 = ₹ 5600
Total number of persons =18 girls + 12 boys + 2 teachers = 32 persons

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 5600
The amount spent for 1 person = = ₹175
32
3. If their first stop is at a place 22 km from the school, what per cent of the total distance of 55 km is
this? What per cent of the distance is left to be covered?
Sol: Total distance=55 km, Distance for fist stop=22km
22
Percentage of distance covered for first stop = × 100% = 2 × 20% = 40%
55
Therefore, the percent distance left to be travelled = 100% – 40% = 60%.
TRY THESE
In a primary school, the parents were asked about the number of hours they spend per day in helping
𝟏 𝟏
their children to do homework. There were 90 parents who helped for hour to 𝟏 hours. The
𝟐 𝟐

distribution of parents according to the time for which, they said they helped is given in the
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
adjoining figure ; 20% helped for more than 𝟏 𝟐 hours per day; 30% helped for 𝟐 hour to 𝟏 𝟐hours;

50% did not help at all. Using this, answer the following: (i) How many parents were surveyed?
𝟏
(ii) How many said that they did not help? (iii) How many said that they helped for more than 𝟏
𝟐

hours?
Sol: Let number of parents=𝑥
1 1
(i)Given number of parents helped for ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑡𝑜 1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 = 90
2 2

30% 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = 90
30
× 𝑥 = 90
100
90 × 100
𝑥= = 300
30
(ii) Number of parents did not help=50% 𝑜𝑓 300
Alternate method:
50
= × 300 = 50 × 3 = 150 30% → 90
100
1 100% → ?
(ii) Number of parents helped for more than 1 2 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 = 20% 𝑜𝑓 300
100
= 30 × 90 = 300
20
= × 300 = 20 × 3 = 60
100
EXERCISE 7.1
1. Find the ratio of the following
a) Speed of a cycle 15 km per hour to the speed of scooter 30 km per hour.
Sol: Ratio of speeds=15 km per hour : 30 km per hour
=15:30=1:2
b) 5 m to 10 km

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Sol: Ratio=5 m : 10 km
1 km=1000 m
=5m:10000m
=5:10000
=1:2000
c) 50 paise to ₹ 5
Sol: Ratio= 50 paise : ₹ 5
₹1=100 paise
=50 paise : 500 paise
=50:500=1:10
2. Convert the following ratios to percentages.
a) 3:4
3 3
Sol: 3: 4 = = × 100% = 3 × 25% = 75%
4 4
b) 2:3
2 2 200 1
Sol: 2: 3 = = × 100% = % = 66 %
3 3 3 6
3. 72% of 25 students are interested in mathematics. How many are not interested in mathematics?
Sol: Total number of students= 25
Number of students interested in mathematics =72% of 25
72 72
= × 25 = = 18
100 4
Number of students not interested in mathematics=25−18=7
Alternate method:
Number of students not interested in mathematics=(100−72)% of 25
28 28
= 28% 𝑜𝑓 25 = × 25 = =7
100 4
4. A football team won 10 matches out of the total number of matches they played. If their win
percentage was 40, then how many matches did they play in all?
Sol: Let the total number of matched played=𝑥
40% → 10
Wined matches=10 and win percentage=40
100% → ?
40% 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = 10
100
40 = × 10 = 25
× 𝑥 = 10 40
100
10 × 100
𝑥= = 25
40
5. If Chameli had ₹ 600 left after spending 75% of her money, how much did she have in the
beginning?
Sol: Let the money beginning at Chameli=₹𝑥

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 Spending=75% left= 100-75=25% 25% → 600

25% 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = 600 100% → ?

25 100
× 𝑥 = 600 = × 600 = 2400
100 25
600 × 100
𝑥= = 6004 = 2400
25
Hence Chameli had ₹ 2400
6. If 60% people in a city like cricket, 30% like football and the remaining like other games, then
what per cent of the people like other games? If the total number of people is 50 lakh, find the
exact number who like each type of game.
Sol: Cricket=60% , football=30%
The other games= (100-60-30)%=10%
The total number of people=50,00,000
Number of people who like cricket=60% of 50,00,000
60
= × 50,00,000 = 60 × 50,000 = 30,00,000
100
Number of people who like football=30% of 50,00,000
30
= × 50,00,000 = 30 × 50,000 = 15,00,000
100
Number of people who like other games=10% of 50,00,000
10
= × 50,00,000 = 10 × 50,000 = 5,00,000
100
Discounts
(i) Discount is a reduction given on the Marked Price (MP) of the article
(ii) Discount = Marked price – Sale price=MP-SP
Discount
(iii)Discount percent = × 100%
Marked price
Example 2: An item marked at ₹840 is sold for ₹ 714. What is the discount and discount %?
Sol: Marked price (M.P)= ₹840
Sale price (S.P)= ₹714
Discount = Marked Price – Sale Price
= ₹ 840 – ₹ 714 = ₹ 126 MP is 840 the discount is 126
Discount MP is 100 the discount is ?
Discount percent = × 100%
Marked price 126
= × 100 = 15
126 840
= × 100% = 15%
840 Discount%=15%

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Example 3: The list price of a frock is ₹220. A discount of 20% is announced on sales. What is the
amount of discount on it and its sale price.
Sol: The list price of a frock is = 220
Discount %= 20%
20
Discount = 20% 𝑜𝑓 220 = × 220 = ₹44 Sale price=List price−Discount
100
80 =220−44=176
Sale price = 80% 𝑜𝑓 220 = × 220 = ₹176
100
TRY THESE
1. A shop gives 20% discount. What would the sale price of each of these be?
(a) A dress marked at ₹ 120
Sol: MP of dress=₹120 Alternate Method:
Discount =20% of 120 If MP is ₹100 then SP is ₹80
20 When MP is ₹120 then SP is ?
= × 120 = 2 × 12 = ₹24
100 80
𝑆𝑃 = × 120 = 8 × 12 = ₹96
Sale price=Marked price-Discount 100
= 120 − 24 = ₹96
(b) A pair of shoes marked at ₹ 750
Sol: MP of shoes =₹750 Alternate Method:
Discount =20% of 750 If MP is ₹100 then SP is ₹80
20 If MP is ₹ 750 then SP is ?
= × 750 = 2 × 75 = ₹150
100 80
𝑆𝑃 = × 750 = 8 × 75 = ₹600
Sale price=Marked price−Discount 100
= 750 − 150 = ₹600
(c) A bag marked at ₹ 250
Sol: MP of a bag =₹250 Alternate Method:
Discount =20% of 250 If MP is ₹100 then SP is ₹80
20 If MP is ₹ 250 then SP is ?
= × 250 = 2 × 25 = ₹50
100
80
Sale price=Marked price−Discount 𝑆𝑃 = × 250 = 8 × 25 = ₹200
100
= 250 − 50 = ₹200
2. A table marked at ₹15,000 is available for ₹ 14,400. Find the discount given and the discount per cent.
Sol: MP of a table=₹15000
SP of table=₹14400
Discount=MP−SP
=15000−14400=₹600

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 Discount
Discount percente = × 100%
MP
600 60
= × 100 = =4%
15000 15
3. An Amirah is sold at ₹ 5,225 after allowing a discount of 5%. Find its marked price.
Sol: SP of Amirah =₹5225
Discount percent=5%
If SP is ₹95 then MP is ₹100
If SP is ₹5225 then MP is ?
100
MP of almirah = × 5225 = 100 × 55 = ₹5500
95

(i) Sales tax is charged on the sale of an item by the government and is added to the Bill Amount.
Sales tax = Tax% of Bill Amount
(ii) GST stands for Goods and Services Tax and is levied on supply of goods or services or both
(iii) There is another type of tax which is included in the prices known as Value Added Tax (VAT).
Example 4: (Finding Sales Tax) The cost of a pair of roller skates at a shop was ₹ 450. The sales tax
charged was 5%. Find the bill amount.
Sol: CP of a pair of roller skates=₹450
Sales tax=5%
5
Sales tax on roller skates = 5% 𝑜𝑓 450 = × 450 = ₹22.50
100
Bill amount = CP + sales tax = ₹450 + ₹22.50 = ₹472.50
Example 5: (Value Added Tax (VAT)) Waheeda bought an air cooler for ₹ 3300 including a tax of 10%.
Find the price of the air cooler before VAT was added.
Sol: If the price without VAT is ₹100 then price including VAT is ₹ 110.
Now, when price including VAT is ₹ 110, original price is ₹ 100
100
Hence when price including tax is ₹ 3300, the original price = × 3300 = ₹3000
110
Example 6: Salim bought an article for ₹784 which included GST of 12% . What is the price of the article
before GST was added?
Sol: GST=12%
When the selling price is ₹ 112 then original price = ₹ 100.
100
When the selling price is ₹ 784, then original price = × 784 = ₹700
112
The price of the article before GST= ₹700

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 THINK, DISCUSS AND WRITE
1. Two times a number is a 100% increase in the number. If we take half the number what would be
the decrease in per cent?
Sol: let the number be 100
If the number is 100% increased the new number=100+100=200=Two times the number.
If we take half the number the new number=50
The number decrease in 50%
2. By what per cent is ₹2,000 less than ₹2,400? Is it the same as the per cent by which ₹ 2,400 is
more than ₹ 2,000?
2400 − 2000
Sol: The percent is₹ 2000 less than ₹2400 = × 100
2400
400 100 2
= × 100 = = 16 % 𝑜𝑟 16.66%
2400 6 3
2400 − 2000
The percent by which₹2400 is more than₹2000 = × 100
2000
400
= × 100
2000
= 20%
Therefore the given percent are not same

1. During a sale, a shop offered a discount of 10% on the marked prices of all the items. What would a
customer have to pay for a pair of jeans marked at ₹ 1450 and two shirts marked at ₹ 850 each?
Sol: MP of a jean=1450, MP of a shirt=₹850
Total MP of pair of jeans and two shirts= 1450 + 2 × 850 = 1450 + 1700 = ₹3150
MP=₹3150
Discount percent=10%
Discount =10% of 3150
10
= × 3150 = ₹315
100
SP = MP − Discount = 3150 − 315 = 2835
The customer would have to pay ₹2835
(OR)
MP=1450+2×850=1450+1700=₹3150
Discount percent=10%
If MP is ₹100 then SP is ₹90
90
When MP is ₹3150 then SP = × 3150 = 9 × 315 = ₹2835
100

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2. The price of a TV is ₹13,000. The sales tax charged on it is at the rate of 12%. Find the amount that
Vinod will have to pay if he buys it.
Sol: The price of a TV is ₹ 13,000
Sales tax percentage=12%
Tax amount=12% of 13000
12
= × 13000 = 12 × 130 = ₹1560
100
Bill amount=Price of TV+ tax amount
=13000+1560=₹14560
Vinod will have to pay 14560 if he buys it
(OR)
The price of a TV is ₹ 13,000
Sales tax percentage=12%
If price is ₹100 then bill amount is ₹112
112
When price is ₹13000 then bill amount = × 13000
100
= 112 × 130 = ₹14560
3. Arun bought a pair of skates at a sale where the discount given was 20%. If the amount he pays is
₹ 1,600, find the marked price.
Sol: SP of a pair of skates = 1600
Discount percent=20%
If SP is ₹80 then MP is ₹100
100
When SP is ₹1600 then MP = × 1600 = 100 × 20 = ₹2000
80
Marked price=₹2000
4. I purchased a hair-dryer for ₹ 5,400 including 8% VAT. Find the price before VAT was added.
Sol: Amount paid=₹5,400
VAT percent=8%
If bill amount is ₹108 then the price before VAT is ₹100
100
When amount paid is ₹5400 then the price before VAT = × 5400
108
= 100 × 50 = ₹5000
The original price of hair dryer=₹5000
5. An article was purchased for ₹1239 including GST of 18%. Find the price of the article before GST
was added?
Sol: Purchased amount of article=₹1239

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 GST percent=18%
If GST added amount is₹ 118 then the before GST is ₹100
When GST added amount is ₹1239 then
100 50
The price of article before GST = × 1239 = × 1239 = 50 × 21 = ₹1050
118 59
Original price=₹1050

(i) Interest is the extra money paid by institutions like banks or post offices on money deposited
(kept) with them. Interest is also paid by people when they borrow money
(ii) The interest is calculated on the amount of the previous year. This is known as interest
compounded or Compound Interest (C.I.)
(iii) Amount when interest is compounded annually
𝑅 𝑛
𝐴 = 𝑃 (1 + )
100
A=amount, P = principal, R = rate of interest, n = time period (number of years)
(iv) Amount when interest is compounded half yearly
𝑅 2𝑛
𝐴 = 𝑃 (1 + )
200
(v) Amount when interest is compounded quarterly
𝑅 4𝑛
𝐴 = 𝑃 (1 + )
400
Example 8: Find CI on ₹ 12600 for 2 years at 10% per annum compounded annually.

Sol: Principal (P) = ₹ 12600, Rate (R) = 10, Number of years (n) = 2
𝑅 𝑛
𝐴 = 𝑃 (1 + )
100
10 2
= 12600 (1 + )
100
1 2
= 12600 (1 + )
10
11 2
= 12600 ( )
10
11 11
= 12600 × × = 126 × 121 = ₹15246
10 10
CI = A – P = ₹15246 – ₹12600 = ₹ 2646
TRY THESE
1. Find CI on a sum of ₹ 8000 for 2 years at 5% per annum compounded annually.

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Sol: Principal (P) = ₹8000
Rate of interest(R) =5
Time period (n) =2
𝑅 𝑛
𝐴 = 𝑃 (1 + )
100
5 2
= 8000 (1 + )
100
1 2
= 8000 (1 + )
20
21 2
= 8000 ( )
20
21 21
= 8000 × ×
20 20
= 20 × 21 × 21 = ₹8820
CI = A − P = ₹8820 − ₹8000 = ₹820
Applications of Compound Interest Formula
(i) Increase (or decrease) in population.
(ii) The growth of a bacteria if the rate of growth is known.
(iii) The value of an item, if its price increases or decreases in the intermediate years.
Example 9: The population of a city was 20,000 in the year 1997. It increased at the rate of 5% p.a. Find
the population at the end of the year 2000.
Sol: Population (P) =20,000
Rate of increase(R) =5%
Time (n) =2 years
𝑅 𝑛
Population after 3 years = 𝑃 (1 + )
100
5 3
= 20000 (1 + )
100
1 3 21 21 21
= 20000 (1 + ) = 20000 × × × = 23152.5
20 20 20 20
The population at the end of the year 2000 =23153
Example 10: A TV was bought at a price of ₹ 21,000. After one year the value of the TV was depreciated
by 5% (Depreciation means reduction of value due to use and age of the item). Find the value of
the TV after one year.
Sol: Price of TV(P)= ₹21,000
Depreciate=5% i.e. R=−5%

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 Time period (n)=1
5 95
Value of the TV at the end of 1 year = 21000 (1 − ) = 21000 ×
100 100
= 210 × 95 = ₹19,950
TRY THESE
1. A machinery worth ₹ 10,500 depreciated by 5%. Find its value after one year.
Sol: Principal= ₹10500
Reduction for one year=5% of 10500
5
= × 10500 = 5 × 105 = ₹525
100
Value after one year=10500−525= ₹9975
(OR)
Principal(P)= ₹10500
Reduction=5%
Period (n)=1
𝑅 𝑛
Valua after one year = 𝑃 (1 − )
100
5 1
= 10500 (1 − )
100
95
= 10500 × = 105 × 95 = ₹9975
100
2. Find the population of a city after 2 years, which is at present 12 lakh, if the rate of increase is 4%.
Sol: Present population (P)= 12,00,000
Rate of increase(R) =4%
Period (n) =2
𝑅 𝑛
𝐴 = 𝑃 (1 + )
100
4 2
= 12,00,000 (1 + )
100
104 2
= 12,00,000 ( )
100
104 104
= 12,00,000 × ×
100 100
= 120 × 104 × 104 = 12,97,920
The population after 2 years= 12,97,920

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1. The population of a place increased to 54,000 in 2003 at a rate of 5% per annum (i) find the
population in 2001. (ii) what would be its population in 2005?
Sol: (i) Population (A) =54,000
Increased rate(R)=5%
n=2
R n
A = P (1 + )
100
5 2
54,000 = 𝑃 (1 + )
100
5 2
54,000 = 𝑃 (1 + )
100
1 2
54,000 = 𝑃 (1 + )
20
21 2
54,000 = 𝑃 ( )
20
20 20
𝑃 = 54000 × × = 48979.6
21 21
The population in 2001=48980
(ii) Population (P) =54,000
Increased rate(R)=5%
n=2 (Population after 2 years)
𝑅 𝑛
𝐴 = 𝑃 (1 + )
100
5 2
= 54000 (1 + )
100
1 2
= 54000 (1 + )
20
21 2
= 54000 ( )
20
21 21
= 54000 × ×
20 20
= 135 × 441 = 59535
The population in 2005 = 59535.
2. In a Laboratory, the count of bacteria in a certain experiment was increasing at the rate of 2.5%
per hour. Find the bacteria at the end of 2 hours if the count was initially 5, 06,000.
Sol: Initially count of bacteria (P)=5,06,000

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 25
Increasing rate per hour(𝑅) = 2.5% = %
10
n=2
R n
A = P (1 + )
100
25 2
= 506000 (1 + 10 )
100

25 2
= 506000 (1 + )
1000
1 2
= 506000 (1 + )
40
41 2
= 506000 ( )
40
41 41
= 506000 × ×
40 40
1265 × 1681
= = 531616.25
4
The bacteria at the end of 2 hours=531616
3. A scooter was bought at ₹ 42,000. Its value depreciated at the rate of 8% per annum. Find its value
after one year.
Sol: Cost price of scooter (P)=42,000
Rate of depreciation=8%  R=−8% , n=1
𝑅 𝑛
𝐴 = 𝑃 (1 + )
100
8 1
= 42,000 × (1 − )
100
2
= 42000 (1 − )
25
23
= 42000 ×
25
= 1680 × 23 = 38640
The value of the scooter after 1 year=38640

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CHAPTER

1. A variable can take various values and its value cannot be fixed. a, b, x, y, z etc. A constant has
a fixed value. For example 6, 8, –10 etc., are some constants
2. Terms are formed as a product of constants and one or more variables.
3. Terms are added or subtracted to form an expression.
(OR)
Expression: An expression is a constant or a variable or combination of these two, using the
mathematical operations (+, –, ×, ÷) i.e., terms are added to form expressions.
Examples of expressions are: 2𝑥 − 5, −4𝑦 + 2,5𝑥 2 , −2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 7 𝑒𝑡𝑐
4. If an expression has at least one algebraic term, then that expression is Algebraic expression.
5. The sum of all exponents of the variables in a monomial is the degree of the monomial
6. The highest degree among the degrees of the different terms of an algebraic expression is
called the degree of that algebraic expression.
7. Monomial: Expression that contains only one term is called a monomial.
𝐸𝑥: 4𝑥 2 , 5𝑥𝑦, −8𝑧, 5𝑥𝑦 2 , 10𝑦, …
8. Binomial: Expression that contains two terms is called a binomial.
𝐸𝑥𝑝: 𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑎 + 𝑏, 4𝑙 + 5𝑚, 5 − 3𝑥𝑦, ..
9. Trinomial: An expression containing three terms is a trinomial.
𝐸𝑥𝑝: 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐, 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 5, 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , …
10. Polynomial: An expression containing, one or more terms with non-zero coefficient (with
variables having non-negative integers [whole numbers]as exponents) is called a
polynomial
𝐸𝑥𝑝: 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑, 3𝑥𝑦, 2𝑥 + 5𝑦, …
11. Like and Unlike Terms:
The terms have same variable with same exponents (powers) are called like terms.
2
𝐸𝑥𝑝: (𝑖) 2𝑥, 5𝑥, −7𝑥 (𝑖𝑖) − 3𝑥 2 𝑦, 7𝑥 2 𝑦, 𝑥 2 𝑦
3
Like terms may not have same numerical coefficients.
12. A monomial multiplied by a monomial always gives a monomial.
13. In multiplication of polynomials with polynomials, we should always look for like terms, if
any, and combine them
Addition and Subtraction of Algebraic Expressions.

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 1. We can only combine like terms by adding or subtracting them with one another.
2. Unlike terms cannot combine by adding or subtracting.
3. Subtraction of a number is the same as addition of its additive inverse.
Example 1: Add: 𝟕𝒙𝒚 + 𝟓𝒚𝒛 – 𝟑𝒛𝒙, 𝟒𝒚𝒛 + 𝟗𝒛𝒙 – 𝟒𝒚 , – 𝟑𝒙𝒛 + 𝟓𝒙 – 𝟐𝒙𝒚.
Sol: 7𝑥𝑦 + 5𝑦𝑧 – 3𝑧𝑥,
+ 4𝑦𝑧 + 9𝑧𝑥 – 4𝑦
+ – 2𝑥𝑦 – 3𝑥𝑧 + 5𝑥
5𝑥𝑦 + 9𝑦𝑧 + 3𝑧𝑥– 4𝑦 + 5𝑥

Example 2: Subtract 𝟓𝒙𝟐 – 𝟒𝒚𝟐 + 𝟔𝒚 – 𝟑 from 𝟕𝒙𝟐 – 𝟒𝒙𝒚 + 𝟖𝒚𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 – 𝟑𝒚.

Sol:
7𝑥 2 – 4𝑥𝑦 + 8𝑦 2 + 5𝑥 – 3𝑦.
5𝑥 2 – 4𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 – 3
(−) (+) (−) (+)
2𝑥 2 – 4𝑥𝑦 + 12𝑦 2 + 5𝑥 – 9𝑦 + 3.

1. Add the following

(i) 𝒂𝒃 – 𝒃𝒄, 𝒃𝒄 – 𝒄𝒂, 𝒄𝒂 – 𝒂𝒃
Sol: (𝑎𝑏 – 𝑏𝑐) + ( 𝑏𝑐 – 𝑐𝑎) + (𝑐𝑎 – 𝑎𝑏) = 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐𝑎 + 𝑐𝑎 = 0
(𝒊𝒊) 𝒂 – 𝒃 + 𝒂𝒃, 𝒃 – 𝒄 + 𝒃𝒄, 𝒄 – 𝒂 + 𝒂𝒄
Sol: 𝑎 – 𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 – 𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐 – 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑐
= 𝑎 − 𝑎 − 𝑏 + 𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑐 + 𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎𝑐 = 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝟐𝒑𝟐 𝒒𝟐 – 𝟑𝒑𝒒 + 𝟒, 𝟓 + 𝟕𝒑𝒒 – 𝟑𝒑𝟐 𝒒𝟐
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 2𝑝2 𝑞 2 – 3𝑝𝑞 + 4 + 5 + 7𝑝𝑞 – 3𝑝2 𝑞 2
= 2𝑝2 𝑞 2 – 3𝑝2 𝑞 2 – 3𝑝𝑞 + 7𝑝𝑞 + 4 + 5
=– 𝑝2 𝑞 2 + 4𝑝𝑞 + 9
(𝒊𝒗) 𝒍𝟐 + 𝒎𝟐 , 𝒎𝟐 + 𝒏𝟐 , 𝒏𝟐 + 𝒍𝟐 , 𝟐𝒍𝒎 + 𝟐𝒎𝒏 + 𝟐𝒏𝒍
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑙 2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 + 𝑛2 + 𝑙 2 + 2𝑙𝑚 + 2𝑚𝑛 + 2𝑛𝑙
= 2𝑙 2 + 2𝑚2 + 2𝑛2 + 2𝑙𝑚 + 2𝑚𝑛 + 2𝑛𝑙
= 2(𝑙 2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 + 𝑙𝑚 + 𝑚𝑛 + 𝑛𝑙)
2. (a) Subtract 𝟒𝒂 – 𝟕𝒂𝒃 + 𝟑𝒃 + 𝟏𝟐 from 𝟏𝟐𝒂 – 𝟗𝒂𝒃 + 𝟓𝒃 – 𝟑
Sol: (12𝑎 – 9𝑎𝑏 + 5𝑏 – 3) − (4𝑎 – 7𝑎𝑏 + 3𝑏 + 12) −(+) = −
−(−) = +
= 12𝑎 – 9𝑎𝑏 + 5𝑏 – 3 − 4𝑎 − 12
= 12𝑎 − 4𝑎 − 9𝑎𝑏 + 7𝑎𝑏 + 5𝑏 − 3𝑏 – 3 − 12
= 8𝑎 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑏 − 15

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(or)
12𝑎 – 9𝑎𝑏 + 5𝑏 – 3
4𝑎 – 7𝑎𝑏 + 3𝑏 + 12
(−) (+) (−) (−)
8𝑎 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑏 − 15

(b) Subtract 𝟑𝒙𝒚 + 𝟓𝒚𝒛 – 𝟕𝒛𝒙 from 𝟓𝒙𝒚 – 𝟐𝒚𝒛 – 𝟐𝒛𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝒚𝒛
Sol: (5𝑥𝑦 – 2𝑦𝑧 – 2𝑧𝑥 + 10𝑥𝑦𝑧) − (3𝑥𝑦 + 5𝑦𝑧 – 7𝑧𝑥)
= 5𝑥𝑦 – 2𝑦𝑧 – 2𝑧𝑥 + 10𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 3𝑥𝑦 − 5𝑦𝑧 + 7𝑧𝑥
= 5𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑦– 2𝑦𝑧 − 5𝑦𝑧– 2𝑧𝑥 + 7𝑧𝑥 + 10𝑥𝑦𝑧
= 2𝑥𝑦 – 7𝑦𝑧 + 5𝑧𝑥 + 10𝑥𝑦𝑧
(c) Subtract 𝟒𝒑𝟐 𝒒 – 𝟑𝒑𝒒 + 𝟓𝒑𝒒𝟐 – 𝟖𝒑 + 𝟕𝒒 – 𝟏𝟎 from 𝟏𝟖 – 𝟑𝒑 – 𝟏𝟏𝒒 + 𝟓𝒑𝒒 – 𝟐𝒑𝒒𝟐 + 𝟓𝒑𝟐 𝒒
Sol: 18 – 3𝑝 – 11𝑞 + 5𝑝𝑞 – 2𝑝𝑞 2 + 5𝑝2 𝑞 − (4𝑝2 𝑞 – 3𝑝𝑞 + 5𝑝𝑞 2 – 8𝑝 + 7𝑞 – 10 )

= 18 – 3𝑝 – 11𝑞 + 5𝑝𝑞 – 2𝑝𝑞 2 + 5𝑝2 𝑞 − 4𝑝2 𝑞 + 3𝑝𝑞 − 5𝑝𝑞 2 + 8𝑝 − 7𝑞 + 10

= 18 + 10 – 3𝑝 + 8𝑝 – 11𝑞 − 7𝑞 + 5𝑝𝑞 + 3𝑝𝑞– 2𝑝𝑞 2 − 5𝑝𝑞 2 + 5𝑝2 𝑞 − 4𝑝2 𝑞
= 28 + 5𝑝 – 18𝑞 + 8𝑝𝑞 – 7𝑝𝑞 2 + 𝑝2 𝑞
(or)
18 – 3𝑝 – 11𝑞 + 5𝑝𝑞 – 2𝑝𝑞 2 + 5𝑝2 𝑞
−10 − 8𝑝 − 7𝑞 − 3𝑝𝑞 + 5𝑝𝑞 2 + 4𝑝2 𝑞
(+) (+) (+) (+) (−) (−)
28 + 5𝑝 – 18𝑞 + 8𝑝𝑞 – 7𝑝𝑞 + 𝑝2 𝑞
2

8.2 Multiplication of Algebraic Expressions: Introduction:

Multiplying two monomials:
(𝑖) 𝑥 × 𝑥 = 𝑥2; 𝑥 × 𝑥2 = 𝑥3; 𝑥2 × 𝑥3 = 𝑥5
(𝑖𝑖) 4 × 3𝑥 = 4 × 3 × 𝑥 = 12𝑥
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 5𝑥 × 3𝑦 = 5 × 3 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 = 15𝑥𝑦
(𝑖𝑣) (−7𝑥) × 5𝑦 = (−7) × 5 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 = −35𝑥𝑦
(𝑣) 5𝑥 × 4𝑥 2 = 5 × 4 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 2 = 20𝑥 3
(𝑣𝑖) 6𝑥 × (−7𝑥𝑦𝑧) = 6 × (−7) × 𝑥 × 𝑥𝑦𝑧 = −42𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧
Multiplying three or more monomials:
(𝑖) 2𝑥 × 5𝑦 × 7𝑧 = 2 × 5 × 7 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑧 = 70𝑥𝑦𝑧
(𝑖𝑖) 4𝑥𝑦 × 5𝑥 2 𝑦 2 × 6𝑥 3 𝑦 3 = 4 × 5 × 6 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 2 × 𝑥 3 × 𝑦 × 𝑦 2 × 𝑦 3 = 120𝑥 6 𝑦 6
TRY THESE
Find 4𝑥 × 5𝑦 × 7𝑧 First find 4𝑥 × 5𝑦 and multiply it by 7𝑧; or first find 5𝑦 × 7𝑧 and multiply
it by 4𝑥. Is the result the same? What do you observe? Does the order in which you carry out the
multiplication matter?
Sol: 4𝑥 × 5𝑦 = 4 × 5 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 = 20𝑥𝑦

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 (4𝑥 × 5𝑦) × 7𝑧 = 20𝑥𝑦 × 7𝑧 = 20 × 7 × 𝑥𝑦 × 𝑧 = 140𝑥𝑦𝑧
5𝑦 × 7𝑧 = 5 × 7 × 𝑦 × 𝑧 = 35𝑦𝑧
4𝑥 × (5𝑦 × 7𝑧) = 4𝑥 × 35𝑦𝑧 = 4 × 35 × 𝑥 × 𝑦𝑧 = 140𝑥𝑦𝑧
We observe the order in which multiply the monomials does not matter.
Also the multiplication of monomials is associative.
Example 3: Complete the table for area of a rectangle with given length and breadth.
Sol:
length breadth Area= length× breadth
3𝑥 5𝑦 3𝑥 × 5𝑦 = 3 × 5 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 = 15𝑥𝑦
9𝑦 4𝑦 2 9𝑦 × 4𝑦 2 = 9 × 4 × 𝑦 × 𝑦 2 = 36𝑦 3
4𝑎𝑏 5𝑏𝑐 4𝑎𝑏 × 5𝑏𝑐 = 4 × 5 × 𝑎 × 𝑏 × 𝑏 × 𝑐 = 20𝑎𝑏 2 𝑐
2𝑙 2 𝑚 3𝑙𝑚2 2𝑙 2 𝑚 × 3𝑙𝑚2 = 2 × 3 × 𝑙 2 × 𝑙 × 𝑚 × 𝑚2 = 6𝑙 3 𝑚3
Example 4: Find the volume of each rectangular box with given length, breadth and height.
length breadth height
(i) 2𝑎𝑥 3𝑏𝑦 5𝑐𝑧
(ii) 𝑚2 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑝 𝑝2 𝑚
(iii) 2𝑞 4𝑞 2 8𝑞 3
Sol: Volume = length × breadth × height
(i) Volume = (2𝑎𝑥) × (3𝑏𝑦) × (5𝑐𝑧) = 2 × 3 × 5 × 𝑎 × 𝑏 × 𝑐 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑧 = 30𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑥𝑦𝑧
(ii) Volume = (𝑚2 𝑛) × (𝑛2 𝑝) × (𝑝2 𝑚) = 𝑚2 × 𝑚 × 𝑛 × 𝑛2 × 𝑝 × 𝑝2 = 𝑚3 𝑛3 𝑝3
(iii) Volume = 2𝑞 × 4𝑞 2 × 8𝑞 3 = 2 × 4 × 8 × 𝑞 × 𝑞 2 × 𝑞 3 = 64𝑞 6

1. Find the product of the following pairs of monomials.

(i) 4, 7p
Sol: 4 × 7𝑝 = 28𝑝
(ii) – 4p, 7p
𝑆𝑜𝑙: − 4𝑝 × 7𝑝 = (−4 × 7) × 𝑝 × 𝑝 = −28𝑝2
(iii) – 4p, 7pq
Sol: – 4𝑝 × 7𝑝𝑞 = (−4 × 7) × 𝑝 × 𝑝 × 𝑞 = −28𝑝2 𝑞
(𝒊𝒗) 𝟒𝒑𝟑 , – 𝟑𝒑
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 4𝑝3 × (– 3𝑝) = (4 × −3) × 𝑝3 × 𝑝 = −12𝑝4
(𝒗) 𝟒𝒑, 𝟎
Sol: 4𝑝 × 0 = 0
2. Find the areas of rectangles with the following pairs of monomials as their lengths and breadths
respectively.

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 (i) (p,q) 𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉(𝒍) = 𝒑 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒕𝒉(𝒃) = 𝒒
𝑆𝑜𝑙: Area of rectangle = l × b = p × q = pq squnits
(ii) (10m,5n) 𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉(𝒍) = 𝟏𝟎𝒎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒕𝒉(𝒃) = 𝟓𝒏
𝑆𝑜𝑙: Area of rectangle = 𝑙 × 𝑏 = 10m × 5n = 50mn squnits
(iii) (𝟐𝟎𝒙𝟐 , 𝟓𝒚𝟐 ) 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ(𝑙) = 20𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑡ℎ(𝑏) = 5𝑦 2
𝑆𝑜𝑙: Area of rectangle = 𝑙 × 𝑏 = 20𝑥 2 × 5𝑦 2 = 100𝑥 2 𝑦 2 squnits
(iv) (𝟒𝒙, 𝟑𝒙𝟐 ) 𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉(𝒍) = 𝟒𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒕𝒉(𝒃) = 𝟑𝒙𝟐
𝑆𝑜𝑙: Area of rectangle = 𝑙 × 𝑏 = 4𝑥 × 3𝑥 2 = 12𝑥 3 squnits
(v) (𝟑𝒎𝒏, 𝟒𝒏𝒑) 𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉(𝒍) = 𝟑𝒎𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒕𝒉(𝒃) = 𝟒𝒏𝒑
𝑆𝑜𝑙: Area of rectangle = 𝑙 × 𝑏 = 3𝑚𝑛 × 4𝑛𝑝 = 12𝑚𝑛2 𝑝 squnits
3. Complete the table of products.
First
monomial→
2𝑥 −5𝑦 3𝑥 2 −4𝑥𝑦 7𝑥 2 𝑦 −9𝑥 2 𝑦 2
Second
monomial↓
2𝑥 4𝑥 2 −10𝑥𝑦 6𝑥 3 −8𝑥 2 𝑦 14𝑥 3 𝑦 −18𝑥 3 𝑦 2
−5𝑦 −10𝑥𝑦 25𝑦 2 −15𝑥 2 𝑦 20𝑥𝑦 2 −35𝑥 2 𝑦 2 45𝑥 2 𝑦 3
3𝑥 2 6𝑥 3 −15𝑥 2 𝑦 9𝑥 4 −12𝑥 3 𝑦 21𝑥 4 𝑦 −27𝑥 4 𝑦 2
−4𝑥𝑦 −8𝑥 2 𝑦 20𝑥𝑦 2 −12𝑥 3 𝑦 16𝑥 2 𝑦 2 −28𝑥 3 𝑦 2 36𝑥 3 𝑦 3
7𝑥 2 𝑦 14𝑥 3 𝑦 −35𝑥 2 𝑦 2 21𝑥 4 𝑦 −28𝑥 3 𝑦 2 49𝑥 4 𝑦 2 −36𝑥 4 𝑦 3
−9𝑥 2 𝑦 2 −18𝑥 3 𝑦 2 45𝑥 2 𝑦 3 −27𝑥 4 𝑦 2 36𝑥 3 𝑦 3 −36𝑥 4 𝑦 3 81𝑥 4 𝑦 4
4. Obtain the volume of rectangular boxes with the following length, breadth and height
respectively
(i) 𝟓𝒂, 𝟑𝒂𝟐 , 𝟕𝒂𝟒
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑥(𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑑) = 𝑙 × 𝑏 × ℎ = 5𝑎 × 3𝑎2 × 7𝑎4
= 5 × 3 × 7 × 𝑎 × 𝑎2 × 𝑎4 = 105𝑎7 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
(ii) 𝟐𝒑, 𝟒𝒒, 𝟖𝒓
sol: 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑥(𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑑) = 𝑙 × 𝑏 × ℎ = 2𝑝 × 4𝑞 × 8𝑟
= 2 × 4 × 8 × 𝑝 × 𝑞 × 𝑟 = 64𝑝𝑞𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
(iii) 𝒙𝒚, 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚, 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝟐
sol: 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑥(𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑑) = 𝑙 × 𝑏 × ℎ = 𝑥𝑦 × 2𝑥 2 𝑦 × 2𝑥𝑦 2
= 2 × 2 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 2 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑦 × 𝑦 2 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
= 4𝑥 4 𝑦 4 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
(iv) 𝒂, 𝟐𝒃, 𝟑𝒄
sol: 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑥(𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑑) = 𝑙 × 𝑏 × ℎ = 𝑎 × 2𝑏 × 3𝑐

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 = 2 × 3 × 𝑎 × 𝑏 × 𝑐 = 6𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
5. Obtain the product of
(𝒊) 𝒙𝒚, 𝒚𝒛, 𝒛𝒙
sol: Product = 𝑥𝑦 × 𝑦𝑧 × 𝑧𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 2
(𝒊𝒊) 𝒂, −𝒂𝟐 , 𝒂𝟑
Sol: Product = 𝑎 × (−𝑎2 ) × 𝑎3 = −𝑎6
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝟐, 𝟒𝒚, 𝟖𝒚𝟐 , 𝟏𝟔𝒚𝟑
sol: Product = 2 × 4𝑦 × 8𝑦 2 × 16𝑦 3 = 2 × 4 × 8 × 16 × 𝑦 × 𝑦 2 × 𝑦 3 = 1024𝑦 6
(𝒊𝒗) 𝒂, 𝟐𝒃, 𝟑𝒄, 𝟔𝒂𝒃𝒄
sol: Product = 𝑎 × 2𝑏 × 3𝑐 × 6𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 2 × 3 × 6 × 𝑎 × 𝑏 × 𝑐 × 𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 36𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑐 2
(𝒗) 𝒎, – 𝒎𝒏, 𝒎𝒏𝒑
sol: Product = 𝑚 × (−𝑚𝑛) × 𝑚𝑛𝑝 = −𝑚3 𝑛2 𝑝
Multiplying a monomial by a binomial, a trinomial:
Distributive law
Commutative law
𝑎(𝑏 + 𝑐) = 𝑎 × 𝑏 + 𝑎 × 𝑐 𝑎×𝑏 =𝑏×𝑎
𝑎(𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑) = 𝑎 × 𝑏 + 𝑎 × 𝑐 + 𝑎 × 𝑑
𝑎(𝑏 − 𝑐) = 𝑎 × 𝑏 − 𝑎 × 𝑐

(𝒊) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝟐𝒙 (𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓𝒙𝒚)

𝑆𝑜𝑙: 2𝑥 (3𝑥 + 5𝑥𝑦) = (2𝑥 × 3𝑥) + (2𝑥 × 5𝑥𝑦) = 6𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 2 𝑦
(𝒊𝒊) 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 𝒂𝟐 (𝟐𝒂𝒃 – 𝟓𝒄)
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑎2 (2𝑎𝑏 – 5𝑐) = (𝑎2 × 2𝑎𝑏 )– (𝑎2 × 5𝑐) = 2𝑎3 𝑏 − 5𝑎2 𝑐
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 (𝟒𝒑𝟐 + 𝟓𝒑 + 𝟕) × 𝟑𝒑
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (4𝑝2 + 5𝑝 + 7) × 3𝑝 = 3𝑝 × (4𝑝2 + 5𝑝 + 7)
= (3𝑝 × 4𝑝2 ) + (3𝑝 × 5𝑝) + (3𝑝 × 7)
= 12𝑝3 + 15𝑝2 + 21𝑝
Example 5: Simplify the expressions and evaluate them as directed:
(𝒊) 𝒙 (𝒙 – 𝟑) + 𝟐 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙 = 𝟏
Sol: 𝑥 (𝑥 – 3) + 2 = 𝑥 × 𝑥 − 𝑥 × 3 + 2 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 1,
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 = (1)2 − 3(1) + 2
=1−3+2=3−3=0
(𝒊𝒊) 𝟑𝒚 (𝟐𝒚 – 𝟕)– 𝟑 (𝒚 – 𝟒)– 𝟔𝟑 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒚 = – 𝟐
Sol: 3𝑦 (2𝑦 – 7)– 3 (𝑦 – 4)– 63
= 3𝑦 × 2𝑦 − 3𝑦 × 7 − 3 × 𝑦 − 3 × (−4) − 63

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 = 6𝑦 2 − 21𝑦 − 3𝑦 + 12 − 63
= 6𝑦 2 − 24𝑦 − 51
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = −2,
6𝑦 2 − 24𝑦 − 51 = 6(−2)2 − 24(−2) − 51
= 6 × 4 + 24 × 2 − 51
= 24 + 48 − 51 = 72 − 51 = 21
Example 6: Add
(𝒊) 𝟓𝒎 (𝟑 – 𝒎)𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟔𝒎𝟐 – 𝟏𝟑𝒎
Sol: 5𝑚 (3 – 𝑚) = 5𝑚 × 3 − 5𝑚 × 𝑚 = 15𝑚 − 5𝑚2

5𝑚 (3 – 𝑚) + 6𝑚2 – 13𝑚

= 15𝑚 − 5𝑚2 + 6𝑚2 – 13𝑚

= −5𝑚2 + 6𝑚2 + 15𝑚– 13𝑚
= 𝑚2 + 2𝑚
(𝒊𝒊) 𝟒𝒚 (𝟑𝒚𝟐 + 𝟓𝒚 – 𝟕)𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟐 (𝒚𝟑 – 𝟒𝒚𝟐 + 𝟓)
Sol: 4𝑦 (3𝑦 2 + 5𝑦 – 7) = (4𝑦 × 3𝑦 2 ) + (4𝑦 × 5𝑦) − (4𝑦 × 7)
= 12𝑦 3 + 20𝑦 2 − 28𝑦
2 (𝑦 3 – 4𝑦 2 + 5) = (2 × 𝑦 3 ) − (2 × 4𝑦 2 ) + (2 × 5)
= 2𝑦 3 − 8𝑦 2 + 10
Sum=12𝑦 3 + 20𝑦 2 − 28𝑦 + 2𝑦 3 − 8𝑦 2 + 10 12𝑦 3 + 20𝑦 2 − 28𝑦
= 12𝑦 3 + 2𝑦 3 + 20𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 2 − 28𝑦 + 10 (OR )(+) 2𝑦 3 − 8𝑦 2 + 10
= 14𝑦 3 + 12𝑦 2 − 28𝑦 + 10 14𝑦 3 − 12𝑦 2 − 28𝑦 + 10
Example 7: Subtract 𝟑𝒑𝒒 (𝒑 – 𝒒) from 𝟐𝒑𝒒 (𝒑 + 𝒒).
Sol: 3𝑝𝑞 (𝑝 – 𝑞) = 3𝑝𝑞 × 𝑝 − 3𝑝𝑞 × 𝑞 = 3𝑝2 𝑞 − 3𝑝𝑞 2
2𝑝𝑞 (𝑝 + 𝑞) = 2𝑝𝑞 × 𝑝 + 2𝑝𝑞 × 𝑞 = 2𝑝2 𝑞 + 2𝑝𝑞 2
Subtracting,
2𝑝2 𝑞 + 2𝑝𝑞 2
3𝑝2 𝑞 − 3𝑝𝑞 2
(−) (+)
−𝑝2 𝑞 + 5𝑝𝑞 2

1. Carry out the multiplication of the expressions in each of the following pairs.
(𝒊) 𝟒𝒑, 𝒒 + 𝒓
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 4𝑝 × (𝑞 + 𝑟) = (4𝑝 × 𝑞) × (4𝑝 × 𝑟) = 4𝑝𝑞 + 4𝑝𝑟
(𝒊𝒊) 𝒂𝒃, 𝒂 – 𝒃

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Sol: 𝑎𝑏 × (𝑎 – 𝑏) = (𝑎𝑏 × 𝑎) − (𝑎𝑏 × 𝑏) = 𝑎2 𝑏 − 𝑎𝑏 2
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝒂 + 𝒃, 𝟕𝒂 𝟐 𝒃𝟐
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 7𝑎 2 𝑏 2 × (𝑎 + 𝑏) = (7𝑎 2 𝑏 2 × 𝑎) + (7𝑎 2 𝑏 2 × 𝑏) = 7𝑎 3 𝑏 2 + 7𝑎 2 𝑏 3
(𝒊𝒗) 𝒂𝟐 − 𝟗, 𝟒𝒂
Sol: 4𝑎( 𝑎2 − 9) = (4𝑎 × 𝑎2 ) − (4𝑎 × 9) = 4𝑎3 − 36𝑎
𝒗) 𝒑𝒒 + 𝒒𝒓 + 𝒓𝒑, 𝟎
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 0 × (𝑝𝑞 + 𝑞𝑟 + 𝑟𝑝) = 0
2. Complete the table
(𝑖) 𝒂 × (𝒃 + 𝒄 + 𝒅) = (𝑎 × 𝑏) + (𝑎 × 𝑐) + (𝑎 × 𝑑)
= 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑑
(𝑖𝑖) 𝟓𝒙𝒚 × (𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟓) = (5𝑥𝑦 × 𝑥) + (5𝑥𝑦 × 𝑦) − (5𝑥𝑦 × 5) = 5𝑥 2 𝑦 + 5𝑥𝑦 2 − 25𝑥𝑦
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝒑 × (𝟔𝒑𝟐 − 𝟕𝒑 + 𝟓) = (𝑝 × 6𝑝2 ) − (𝑝 × 7𝑝) + (𝑝 × 5) = 6𝑝3 − 7𝑝𝑞 + 5𝑝
(𝑖𝑣) 𝟒𝒑𝟐 𝒒𝟐 (𝒑𝟐 − 𝒒𝟐 ) = (4𝑝2 𝑞 2 × 𝑝2 ) − (4𝑝2 𝑞 2 × 𝑞 2 ) = 4𝑝4 𝑞 2 − 4𝑝2 𝑞 4
(𝑣) 𝒂𝒃𝒄 × (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄) = (𝑎𝑏𝑐 × 𝑎) + (𝑎𝑏𝑐 × 𝑏) + (𝑎𝑏𝑐 × 𝑐) = 𝑎2 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎𝑏 2 𝑐 + 𝑎𝑏𝑐 2
3. Find the product
(𝒊) (𝒂𝟐 ) × (𝟐𝒂𝟐𝟐 ) × (𝟒𝒂𝟐𝟔 )
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑎2 ) × (2𝑎22 ) × (4𝑎26 ) = (1 × 2 × 4) × (𝑎2 × 𝑎22 × 𝑎26 ) = 8𝑎50
𝟐 −𝟗 𝟐 𝟐
(𝒊𝒊) ( 𝒙𝒚) × ( 𝒙 𝒚 )
𝟑 𝟏𝟎
2 −9 2 −9 −3 3 3
𝑆𝑜𝑙: ( 𝑥𝑦) × ( 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 ) = ( × ) × (𝑥 × 𝑥 2 × 𝑦 × 𝑦 2 ) = 𝑥 𝑦
3 10 3 10 5
𝟏𝟎 𝟑 𝟔 𝟏𝟎 𝟔
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) (− 𝒑𝒒 ) × ( 𝒑𝟑 𝒒) = (− × ) × (𝒑 × 𝒑𝟑 ) × (𝒒𝟑 × 𝒒) = −𝟒𝒑𝟒 𝒒𝟒
𝟑 𝟓 𝟑 𝟓
(𝑖𝑣) 𝑥 × 𝑥 2 × 𝑥 3 × 𝑥 4 = 𝑥1+2+3+4 = 𝑥10
𝟏
𝟒. (𝒂)𝐒𝐢𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐲 𝟑𝒙 (𝟒𝒙 – 𝟓) + 𝟑 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔 𝒇𝒐𝒓 (𝒊)𝒙 = 𝟑 (𝒊𝒊)𝒙 = .
𝟐
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 3𝑥 (4𝑥 – 5) + 3 = (3𝑥 × 4𝑥) − (3𝑥 × 5) + 3 = 12𝑥 2 − 15𝑥 + 3
(𝑖) 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 3 ,
12𝑥 2 − 15𝑥 + 3 = 12(3)2 − 15(3) + 3
= 12 × 9 − 45 + 3 = 108 − 42 = 66
1
(𝑖𝑖) 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥 =
2

2
1 2 1
12𝑥 − 15𝑥 + 3 = 12 ( ) − 15 ( ) + 3
2 2
1 1 15 15 12 − 15 −3
= 12 × − 15 × + 3 = 3 − +3=6− = =
4 2 2 2 2 2
(𝒃) 𝑺𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒚 𝒂 (𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂 + 𝟏) + 𝟓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 (𝒊)𝒂 = 𝟎, (𝒊𝒊)𝒂 = 𝟏

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(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑎 = – 1
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑎 (𝑎2 + 𝑎 + 1) + 5 = (𝑎 × 𝑎2 ) + (𝑎 × 𝑎) + (𝑎 × 1) + 5 = 𝑎3 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎 + 5
(𝑖) 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎 = 0
𝑎3 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎 + 5 = 03 + 02 + 0 + 5 = 5
(𝑖𝑖) 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎 = 1
𝑎3 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎 + 5 = 13 + 12 + 1 + 5 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 5 = 8
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎 = 1
𝑎3 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎 + 5 = (−1)3 + (−1)2 + (−1) + 5 = −1 + 1 − 1 + 5 = 4
𝟓. (𝒂)𝐀𝐝𝐝: 𝒑 ( 𝒑 – 𝒒), 𝒒 ( 𝒒 – 𝒓)𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒓 ( 𝒓 – 𝒑)
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑝 ( 𝑝 – 𝑞) = 𝑝 × 𝑝 − 𝑝 × 𝑞 = 𝑝2 − 𝑝𝑞
𝑞 ( 𝑞 – 𝑟) = 𝑞 × 𝑞 − 𝑞 × 𝑟 = 𝑞 2 − 𝑞𝑟

𝑟 ( 𝑟 – 𝑝) = 𝑟 × 𝑟 − 𝑟 × 𝑝 = 𝑟 2 − 𝑟𝑝
𝑆𝑢𝑚 = 𝑝2 − 𝑝𝑞 + 𝑞 2 − 𝑞𝑟 + 𝑟 2 − 𝑟𝑝 = 𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 + 𝑟 2 − 𝑝𝑞 − 𝑞𝑟 − 𝑟𝑝
(𝒃) 𝑨𝒅𝒅: 𝟐𝒙 (𝒛 – 𝒙 – 𝒚)𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟐𝒚 (𝒛 – 𝒚 – 𝒙)
Sol: 2𝑥 (𝑧 – 𝑥 – 𝑦) + 2𝑦 (𝑧 – 𝑦 – 𝑥)
= (2𝑥 × 𝑧) − (2𝑥 × 𝑥) − (2𝑥 × 𝑦) + (2𝑦 × 𝑧) − (2𝑦 × 𝑦) − (2𝑦 × 𝑥)
= 2𝑥𝑧 − 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧 − 2𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦
= −2𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑥𝑧
(𝒄) 𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕: 𝟑𝒍 (𝒍 – 𝟒 𝒎 + 𝟓 𝒏) 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝟒𝒍 ( 𝟏𝟎 𝒏 – 𝟑 𝒎 + 𝟐 𝒍 )
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 4𝑙 ( 10 𝑛 – 3 𝑚 + 2 𝑙 ) = (4𝑙 × 10𝑛) − (4𝑙 × 3𝑚) + (4𝑙 × 2𝑙)
= 40𝑙𝑛 − 12𝑙𝑚 + 8𝑙 2
3𝑙 (𝑙 – 4 𝑚 + 5 𝑛) = (3𝑙 × 𝑙) − (3𝑙 × 4𝑚) + (3𝑙 × 5𝑛)
= 3𝑙 2 − 12𝑙𝑚 + 15𝑙𝑛
𝑁𝑜𝑤 (40𝑙𝑛 − 12𝑙𝑚 + 8𝑙 2 ) − (3𝑙 2 − 12𝑙𝑚 + 15𝑙𝑛)
= 40𝑙𝑛 − 12𝑙𝑚 + 8𝑙 2 − 3𝑙 2 + 12𝑙𝑚 − 15𝑙𝑛
= 40𝑙𝑛 − 15𝑙𝑛 − 12𝑙𝑚 + 12𝑙𝑚 + 8𝑙 2 − 3𝑙 2
= 25𝑙𝑛 + 5𝑙 2
(𝒅) 𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕: 𝟑𝒂 (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 ) – 𝟐 𝒃 (𝒂 – 𝒃 + 𝒄) 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝟒𝒄 ( – 𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 )
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 4𝑐 ( – 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ) = (4𝑐 × −𝑎) + (4𝑐 × 𝑏) + (4𝑐 × 𝑐) = −4𝑎𝑐 + 4𝑏𝑐 + 4𝑐 2
3𝑎 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 )– 2 𝑏 (𝑎 – 𝑏 + 𝑐) = (3𝑎2 + 3𝑎𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑐) − (2𝑎𝑏 − 2𝑏 2 + 2𝑏𝑐)
= 3𝑎2 + 3𝑎𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑐 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑏 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 = 3𝑎2 + 2𝑏 2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑐 − 2𝑏𝑐
𝑁𝑜𝑤(−4𝑎𝑐 + 4𝑏𝑐 + 4𝑐 2 ) − (3𝑎2 + 2𝑏 2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑐 − 2𝑏𝑐)
= −4𝑎𝑐 + 4𝑏𝑐 + 4𝑐 2 − 3𝑎2 − 2𝑏 2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 3𝑎𝑐 + 2𝑏𝑐
= −3𝑎2 − 2𝑏 2 + 4𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 6𝑏𝑐 − 7𝑎𝑐

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 Multiplying a binomial by a binomial:
(𝑎 + 𝑏) × (𝑐 + 𝑑) = 𝑎 × (𝑐 + 𝑑) + 𝑏 × (𝑐 + 𝑑) = 𝑎 × 𝑐 + 𝑎 × 𝑑 + 𝑏 × 𝑐 + 𝑏 × 𝑑

𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
(𝑎 + 𝑏) × (𝑐 + 𝑑)
𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚

(In multiplication of polynomials with polynomials, we should always look for like terms, if any,
and combine them).
Example 8: Multiply
(i) (𝒙 – 𝟒) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑)
Sol: (𝑥 – 4) × (2𝑥 + 3)
= 𝑥 × (2𝑥 + 3) − 4 × (2𝑥 + 3)
= (𝑥 × 2𝑥) + (𝑥 × 3) − (4 × 2𝑥) − (4 × 3)
= 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 8𝑥 − 12
= 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 12
(ii) (𝒙 – 𝒚) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚)
Sol: (𝑥 – 𝑦) × (3𝑥 + 5𝑦) = 𝑥 × (3𝑥 + 5𝑦) − 𝑦 × (3𝑥 + 5𝑦)
= (𝑥 × 3𝑥) + (𝑥 × 5𝑦) − (𝑦 × 3𝑥) − (𝑦 × 5𝑦)
= 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑦 − 5𝑦 2
= 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 5𝑦 2
Example 9: Multiply
(i) (𝒂 + 𝟕)𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝒃 – 𝟓)

Sol: (𝑎 + 7) × (𝑏 – 5) = 𝑎 × (𝑏 – 5) + 7 × (𝑏 – 5)
=𝑎×𝑏−𝑎×5+7×𝑏−7×5
= 𝑎𝑏 − 5𝑎 + 7𝑏 − 35
(ii) (𝒂𝟐 + 𝟐𝒃𝟐 )𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟓𝒂 – 𝟑𝒃)

Sol: (𝑎2 + 2𝑏 2 ) × (5𝑎 – 3𝑏) = 𝑎2 × (5𝑎 – 3𝑏) + 2𝑏 2 × (5𝑎 – 3𝑏)

= 𝑎2 × 5𝑎 − 𝑎2 × 3𝑏 + 2𝑏 2 × 5𝑎 − 2𝑏 2 × 3𝑏
= 5𝑎3 − 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 10𝑎𝑏 2 − 6𝑏 3
Multiplying a binomial by a trinomial
(𝑎 + 𝑏) × (𝑝 + 𝑞 + 𝑟) = 𝑎 × 𝑝 + 𝑎 × 𝑞 + 𝑎 × 𝑟 + 𝑏 × 𝑝 + 𝑏 × 𝑞 + 𝑏 × 𝑟
Ex: ( 𝑎 + 7) × (𝑎2 + 3𝑎 + 5) = 𝑎 × (𝑎2 + 3𝑎 + 5) + 7 × (𝑎2 + 3𝑎 + 5)
= 𝑎 × 𝑎2 + 𝑎 × 3𝑎 + 𝑎 × 5 + 7 × 𝑎2 + 7 × 3𝑎 + 7 × 5
= 𝑎3 + 3𝑎2 + 5𝑎 + 7𝑎2 + 21𝑎 + 35

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 = 𝑎3 + 3𝑎2 + 7𝑎2 + 5𝑎 + 21𝑎 + 35
= 𝑎3 + 10𝑎2 + 26𝑎 + 35
Example 10: Simplify (𝒂 + 𝒃) (𝟐𝒂 – 𝟑𝒃 + 𝒄) – (𝟐𝒂 – 𝟑𝒃) 𝒄
Sol: (𝑎 + 𝑏)(2𝑎 – 3𝑏 + 𝑐) = (𝑎 × 2𝑎) − (𝑎 × 3𝑏) + (𝑎 × 𝑐) + (𝑏 × 2𝑎) − (𝑏 × 3𝑏) + (𝑏 × 𝑐)
= 2𝑎2 − 3𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐 + 2𝑎𝑏 − 3𝑏 2 + 𝑏𝑐
= 2𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐 − 3𝑏 2 + 𝑏𝑐
(2𝑎 – 3𝑏)𝑐 = 𝑐 × (2𝑎 – 3𝑏) = 𝑐 × 2𝑎 − 𝑐 × 3𝑏 = 2𝑎𝑐 − 3𝑏𝑐
Now (𝑎 + 𝑏)(2𝑎 – 3𝑏 + 𝑐)– (2𝑎 – 3𝑏)𝑐
= (2𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐 − 3𝑏 2 + 𝑏𝑐) − (2𝑎𝑐 − 3𝑏𝑐)
= 2𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐 − 3𝑏 2 + 𝑏𝑐 − 2𝑎𝑐 + 3𝑏𝑐
= 2𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐 − 2𝑎𝑐 − 3𝑏 2 + 𝑏𝑐 + 3𝑏𝑐
= 2𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑎𝑐 − 3𝑏 2 + 4𝑏𝑐

1. Multiply the binomials

(𝒊) (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓)𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟒𝒙 – 𝟑)
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (2𝑥 + 5) × (4𝑥 – 3) = 2𝑥 × (4𝑥 – 3) + 5 × (4𝑥 – 3)
= (2𝑥 × 4𝑥) − (2𝑥 × 3) + (5 × 4𝑥) + (5 × 3)
= 8𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 20𝑥 + 15
= 8𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 + 15
(𝒊𝒊) (𝒚 – 𝟖)𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟑𝒚 – 𝟒)
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑦 – 8) × (3𝑦 – 4) = 𝑦 × (3𝑦 – 4) − 8 × (3𝑦 – 4)
= (𝑦 × 3𝑦) − (𝑦 × 4) − (8 × 3𝑦) − (8 × −4)
= 3𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 − 24𝑦 + 32
= 3𝑦 2 − 28𝑦 + 32
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) (𝟐. 𝟓𝒍 – 𝟎. 𝟓𝒎) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟐. 𝟓𝒍 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝒎)
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (2.5𝑙 – 0.5𝑚) × (2.5𝑙 + 0.5𝑚) = 2.5𝑙 × (2.5𝑙 + 0.5𝑚) − 0.5𝑚 × (2.5𝑙 + 0.5𝑚)
= (2.5𝑙 × 2.5𝑙 ) + (2.5𝑙 × 0.5𝑚) − (0.5𝑚 × 2.5𝑙 ) − (0.5𝑚 × 0.5𝑚)
= 6.25𝑙 2 + 1.25𝑙𝑚 − 1.25𝑙𝑚 − 0.25𝑚2
= 6.25𝑙 2 − 0.25𝑚2
(𝒊𝒗) (𝒂 + 𝟑𝒃) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝒙 + 𝟓)
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑎 + 3𝑏) × (𝑥 + 5) = 𝑎 × (𝑥 + 5) + 3𝑏 × (𝑥 + 5)
= (𝑎 × 𝑥) + (𝑎 × 5) + (3𝑏 × 𝑥) + (3𝑏 × 5) = 𝑎𝑥 + 5𝑎 + 3𝑏𝑥 + 15𝑏
(𝒗)(𝟐𝒑𝒒 + 𝟑𝒒𝟐 )𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟑𝒑𝒒 – 𝟐𝒒𝟐 )
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (2𝑝𝑞 + 3𝑞 2 ) × (3𝑝𝑞 – 2𝑞 2 ) = 2𝑝𝑞 × (3𝑝𝑞 – 2𝑞 2 ) + 3𝑞 2 × (3𝑝𝑞 – 2𝑞 2 )

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 = (2𝑝𝑞 × 3𝑝𝑞) − (2𝑝𝑞 × 2𝑞 2 ) + (3𝑞 2 × 3𝑝𝑞) − (3𝑞 2 × 2𝑞 2 )
= 6𝑝2 𝑞 2 − 4𝑝𝑞 3 + 9𝑝𝑞 3 − 6𝑞 4
= 6𝑝2 𝑞 2 + 5𝑝𝑞 3 − 6𝑞 4
𝟑 𝟐
(𝒗𝒊) ( 𝒂𝟐 + 𝟑𝒃𝟐 ) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟒 (𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 )
𝟒 𝟑
3 2
𝑆𝑜𝑙: ( 𝑎2 + 3𝑏 2 ) × 4 (𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 )
4 3
3 8
= ( 𝑎2 + 3𝑏 2 ) × (4𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 )
4 3
3 8 8
= 𝑎2 × (4𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 ) + 3𝑏 2 × (4𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 )
4 3 3
3 3 8 8
= ( 𝑎2 × 4𝑎2 ) − ( 𝑎2 × 𝑏 2 ) + (3𝑏 2 × 4𝑎2 ) − (3𝑏 2 × 𝑏 2 )
4 4 3 3
= 3𝑎4 − 2𝑎2 𝑏 2 + 12𝑎2 𝑏 2 − 8𝑏 4
= 3𝑎4 + 10𝑎2 𝑏 2 − 8𝑏 4
2. Find the product.
(𝒊)(𝟓 – 𝟐𝒙)(𝟑 + 𝒙)
Sol: (5 – 2𝑥)(3 + 𝑥) = 5 × (3 + 𝑥) − 2𝑥 × (3 + 𝑥)
= (5 × 3) + (5 × 𝑥) − (2𝑥 × 3) − (2𝑥 × 𝑥)
= 15 + 5𝑥 − 6𝑥 − 2𝑥 2
= 15 − 𝑥 − 2𝑥 2
(𝒊𝒊)(𝒙 + 𝟕𝒚)(𝟕𝒙 – 𝒚)
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑥 + 7𝑦)(7𝑥 – 𝑦) = 𝑥 × (7𝑥 – 𝑦) + 7𝑦 × (7𝑥 – 𝑦)
= (𝑥 × 7𝑥) − (𝑥 × 𝑦) + (7𝑦 × 7𝑥) − (7𝑦 × 𝑦)
= 7𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 49𝑥𝑦 − 7𝑦 2
= 7𝑥 2 + 48𝑥𝑦 − 7𝑦 2
(𝒊𝒊𝒊)(𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃)(𝒂 + 𝒃𝟐 )
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑎2 + 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏 2 ) = 𝑎2 × (𝑎 + 𝑏 2 ) + 𝑏 × (𝑎 + 𝑏 2 )
= (𝑎2 × 𝑎) + (𝑎2 × 𝑏 2 ) + (𝑏 × 𝑎) + (𝑏 × 𝑏 2 )
= 𝑎3 + 𝑎2 𝑏 2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 3
(𝒊𝒗) (𝒑𝟐 – 𝒒𝟐 ) (𝟐𝒑 + 𝒒)
Sol: (𝑝2 – 𝑞 2 )(2𝑝 + 𝑞) = 𝑝2 × (2𝑝 + 𝑞) − 𝑞 2 × (2𝑝 + 𝑞)
= (𝑝2 × 2𝑝) + (𝑝2 × 𝑞) − (𝑞 2 × 2𝑝) − (𝑞 2 × 𝑞)
= 2𝑝3 + 𝑝2 𝑞 − 2𝑞 2 𝑝 − 𝑞 3
3. Simplify
(𝒊)(𝒙𝟐 – 𝟓)(𝒙 + 𝟓) + 𝟐𝟓
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑥 2 – 5)(𝑥 + 5) + 25 = 𝑥 2 × (𝑥 + 5) − 5 × (𝑥 + 5) + 25

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 = (𝑥 2 × 𝑥) + (𝑥 2 × 5) − (5 × 𝑥) − (5 × 5) + 25
= 𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 25 + 25
= 𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 5𝑥
(𝒊𝒊)(𝒂𝟐 + 𝟓)(𝒃𝟑 + 𝟑) + 𝟓
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑎2 + 5)(𝑏 3 + 3) + 5 = 𝑎2 × (𝑏 3 + 3) + 5 × (𝑏 3 + 3) + 5
= (𝑎2 × 𝑏 3 ) + (𝑎2 × 3) + (5 × 𝑏 3 ) + (5 × 3) + 5
= 𝑎2 𝑏 3 + 3𝑎2 + 5𝑏 3 + 15 + 5
= 𝑎2 𝑏 3 + 3𝑎2 + 5𝑏 3 + 20
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) (𝒕 + 𝒔𝟐 ) (𝒕𝟐 – 𝒔)
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑡 + 𝑠 2 )(𝑡 2 – 𝑠) = 𝑡 × (𝑡 2 – 𝑠) + 𝑠 2 × (𝑡 2 – 𝑠)
= (𝑡 × 𝑡 2 ) − (𝑡 × 𝑠) + (𝑠 2 × 𝑡 2 ) − (𝑠 2 × 𝑠)
= 𝑡 3 − 𝑡𝑠 + 𝑠 2 𝑡 2 − 𝑠 3
(𝒊𝒗)(𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒄 – 𝒅) + (𝒂 – 𝒃)(𝒄 + 𝒅) + 𝟐 (𝒂𝒄 + 𝒃𝒅)
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑐 – 𝑑) + (𝑎 – 𝑏)(𝑐 + 𝑑) + 2 (𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑)
= 𝑎 × (𝑐 – 𝑑) + 𝑏 × (𝑐 – 𝑑) + 𝑎 × (𝑐 + 𝑑) − 𝑏 × (𝑐 + 𝑑) + 2 (𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑)
= 𝑎𝑐 − 𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑 + 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑 + 2𝑎𝑐 + 2𝑏𝑑
= 2𝑎𝑐 − 2𝑏𝑑 + 2𝑎𝑐 + 2𝑏𝑑
= 4𝑎𝑐
(𝒗) (𝒙 + 𝒚)(𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚) + (𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚)(𝒙 – 𝒚)
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑥 + 𝑦)(2𝑥 + 𝑦) + (𝑥 + 2𝑦)(𝑥 – 𝑦)
= 𝑥 × (2𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑦 × (2𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑥 × (𝑥 – 𝑦) + 2𝑦 × (𝑥 – 𝑦)
= 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 2
= 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2
(𝒗𝒊)(𝒙 + 𝒚)(𝒙𝟐 – 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 )
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 2 – 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) = 𝑥 × (𝑥 2 – 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) + 𝑦 × (𝑥 2 – 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )
= (𝑥 × 𝑥 2 ) − (𝑥 × 𝑥𝑦) + (𝑥 × 𝑦 2 ) + (𝑦 × 𝑥 2 ) − (𝑦 × 𝑥𝑦) + (𝑦 × 𝑦 2 )
= 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3
= 𝑥3 − 𝑦3
(𝒗𝒊𝒊)(𝟏. 𝟓𝒙 – 𝟒𝒚)(𝟏. 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟑)– 𝟒. 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐𝒚
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (1.5𝑥 – 4𝑦)(1.5𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 3)– 4.5𝑥 + 12𝑦
= 1.5𝑥 × (1.5𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 3) − 4𝑦 × (1.5𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 3) − 4.5𝑥 + 12𝑦
= 2.25𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑦 + 4.5𝑥 − 6𝑥𝑦 − 16𝑦 2 − 12𝑦 − 4.5𝑥 + 12𝑦
= 2.25𝑥 2 − 16𝑦 2
(𝒗𝒊𝒊𝒊)(𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)(𝒂 + 𝒃 – 𝒄)
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)(𝑎 + 𝑏 – 𝑐)

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 = 𝑎 × (𝑎 + 𝑏 – 𝑐) + 𝑏 × (𝑎 + 𝑏 – 𝑐) + 𝑐 × (𝑎 + 𝑏 – 𝑐)
= 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 − 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐 2
= 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 𝑐 2 + 2𝑎𝑏

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 9

1.
Diagram Shape Area Perimeter

𝑏 𝑙×𝑏 2(𝑙 + 𝑏)
Length=l
𝑙 Breadth=b

𝑠
Side=s 𝑎 × 𝑎 = 𝑎2 4𝑎

𝑎 𝑐 Base=b , sides=𝑎 , 𝑐 1
ℎ 𝑏ℎ 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
Height=h 2

𝑏
𝑏
ℎ Base=b
𝑎 𝑎 𝑏×ℎ 2(𝑎 + 𝑏)
Corresponding height=h
𝑏

Radius=r 𝜋𝑟 2
2𝜋𝑟
r 22
𝜋= 𝑜𝑟 3.14
7
1 2
𝜋𝑟 36
2 𝜋𝑟 + 2𝑟 = 𝑟
Radius=r 7
𝑟

2. Area of shaded path

=Area of EFGH + Area of MNOP – (Area of IJKL)

3. Area of rectangular path

= Area of outer rectangle EFGH – Area of inner rectangle H G

D C
ABCD
𝑤
= 𝑙 × 𝑏 − (𝑙 − 2𝑤)(𝑏 − 2𝑤) 𝑏
A B
E 𝑙 F

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 4. Area of square path= Area of outer square EFGH – Area of inner square ABCD
H G
= 𝑠 2 − (𝑠 − 2𝑤)2
D C
= (2𝑠 − 2𝑤) × 2𝑤
𝑤 𝑠
= 4(𝑠 − 𝑤) × 𝑤
A B

E 𝑠 F

5. The area of circular pathway = Area of outer circle – Area of inner circle
= 𝜋𝑅 2 − 𝜋𝑟 2
= 𝜋(𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 )
= 𝜋(𝑅 + 𝑟)(𝑅 + 𝑟) 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

(𝒂+𝒃)
the area of trapezium WXYZ = 𝒉 𝟐
1
Sol: 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝑃𝑍𝑊 = 2 × 𝑐 × ℎ
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝑄𝑋𝑌 = ×𝑑×ℎ
2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑃𝑄𝑌𝑍 = 𝑏 × ℎ
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑊𝑋𝑌
= 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝑃𝑍𝑊 + 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝑄𝑋𝑌
+ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑃𝑄𝑌𝑍
1 1
= ×𝑐×ℎ+ ×𝑑×ℎ+𝑏×ℎ
2 2
𝑐 𝑑
= ℎ × ( + + 𝑏)
2 2
𝑐 + 𝑑 + 2𝑏
= ℎ( )
2
𝑐+𝑑+𝑏+𝑏
= ℎ( )
2
𝑎+𝑏
= ℎ( )
2

1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 = 𝑑(ℎ1 + ℎ2 )
2

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 1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠 = × 𝑑1 × 𝑑2
2

Area of a rhombus is half the product of its diagonals

(i) Divide the following polygons (Fig 11.17) into parts (triangles and trapezium) to find out its area

H P
G O

B
I B D
F A C Q
N A C

R
E
M

(ii) Polygon ABCDE is divided into parts as shown below (Fig 11.18). Find its area if AD = 8 cm, AH =
6 cm, AG = 4 cm, AF = 3 cm and perpendiculars BF = 2 cm, CH = 3 cm, EG = 2.5 cm.
Sol: 𝐹𝐻 = 𝐴𝐻 − 𝐴𝐹 = 6 − 3 = 3 𝑐𝑚, 𝐻𝐷 = 𝐴𝐷 − 𝐴𝐻 = 8 − 6 = 2 𝑐𝑚
1 1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐴𝐹𝐵 = 2 × 𝐴𝐹 × 𝐵𝐹 = 2
× 3 × 2 = 3 𝑐𝑚2
(BF + CH)
Area of trapeziumFBCH = FH ×
2
(2+3)
=3× 2

15 𝐹𝐻 = 𝐴𝐻 − 𝐴𝐹 = 6 − 3 = 3 𝑐𝑚
= = 7.5 𝑐𝑚2
2
1 1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐶𝐻𝐷 = × 𝐻𝐷 × 𝐶𝐻 = × 2 × 3 = 3 𝑐𝑚2
2 2
1 1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐴𝐷𝐸 = × 𝐴𝐷 × 𝐺𝐸 = × 8 × 2.5 = 10 𝑐𝑚2
2 2
The area of polygon 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐸
= 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐴𝐹𝐵 + Area of trapezium FBCH + Area of ∆𝐶𝐻𝐷 + Area of ∆𝐴𝐷𝐸

= 3 + 7.5 + 3 + 10 = 23.5 𝑐𝑚2

(iii) Find the area of polygon MNOPQR (Fig 11.19) if MP = 9 cm, MD = 7 cm, MC = 6 cm, MB = 4 cm,
MA = 2 cm NA, OC, QD and RB are perpendiculars to diagonal MP.
Sol: 𝐴𝐶 = 𝑀𝐶 − 𝑀𝐴 = 6 − 2 = 4 𝑐𝑚
𝐶𝑃 = 𝑀𝑃 − 𝑀𝐶 = 9 − 6 = 3 𝐶𝑀
𝐷𝑃 = 𝑀𝑃 − 𝑀𝐷 = 9 − 7 = 2𝑐𝑚
𝐵𝐷 = 𝑀𝐷 − 𝑀𝐵 = 7 − 4 = 3 𝑐𝑚
1 1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝑀𝐴𝑁 = × 𝑀𝐴 × 𝑁𝐴 = × 2 × 2.5 = 2.5 𝑐𝑚2
2 2

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 (AN + CO)
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑢𝑚 ACON = AC ×
2
(2.5 + 3)
=4× = 2 × 5.5 = 11𝑐𝑚2
2
1 1
Area of ∆OCP = 2 × 𝐶𝑃 × 𝐶𝑂 = 2
× 3 × 3 = 4.5 𝑐𝑚2
1 1
Area of ∆PDQ = × 𝑃𝐷 × 𝐷𝑄 = × 2 × 2 = 2 𝑐𝑚2
2 2

(𝐵𝑅 + 𝐷𝑄)
Area of trapezium BDQR = 𝐵𝐷 ×
2
(2.5 + 2)
=3× = 3 × 2.25 = 6.75𝑐𝑚2
2
1 1
Area of ∆MBR = × 𝑀𝐵 × 𝐵𝑅 = × 4 × 2.5 = 5 𝑐𝑚2
2 2

The area of polygon MNOPQR=2.5 + 11 + 4.5 + 2 + 6.75 + 5 = 31.75 𝑐𝑚2

Example 1: The area of a trapezium shaped field is 480 m2 , the distance between two parallel sides is
15 m and one of the parallel side is 20 m. Find the other parallel side.
Sol: ℎ = 15𝑚 , 𝑎 = 20 𝑚, 𝑏 =?
The given area of trapezium = 480 m2 .
1
× ℎ × (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 480
2
1
× 15 × (20 + 𝑏) = 480
2
480 × 2
20 + 𝑏 = = 32 × 2 = 64
15
20 + 𝑏 = 64
𝑏 = 64 − 20 = 44 𝑚
Hence the other parallel side of the trapezium is 44 m
Example 2: The area of a rhombus is 240 cm2 and one of the diagonals is 16 cm. Find the other diagonal.
Sol: The area of a rhombus = 240 cm2, 𝑑1 = 16𝑐𝑚, 𝑑2 =?
1
× 𝑑1 × 𝑑2 = 240
2
1
× 16 × 𝑑2 = 240
2
240 × 2
𝑑2 = = 30 𝑐𝑚
16
Hence the length of the second diagonal is 30 cm.
Example 3: There is a hexagon MNOPQR of side 5 cm (Fig 11.20). Aman and Ridhima divided it in two
different ways (Fig 11.21). Find the area of this hexagon using both ways
Solution: Aman’s method:

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 (𝑎+𝑏)
Area of trapezium MNQR = ℎ ×
2
5 𝑐𝑚
(11 + 5) 4 𝑐𝑚 4 𝑐𝑚
=4× = 2 × 16 = 32 𝑐𝑚2
2
Similarly Area of trapezium NQRO= 32 𝑐𝑚2
So, the area of hexagon MNOPQR = 2 × 32 = 64 cm2 .
Ridhima’s method:
 MNO and  RPQ are congruent triangles with altitude 3 cm and base 8cm
1 1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝑀𝑁𝑂 = × 𝑏 × ℎ = × 8 × 3 = 12 𝑐𝑚2
2 2
Also area of ∆MNO =12 cm2
Area of rectangle MOPR = 8 × 5 = 40 cm2 .
Now, area of hexagon MNOPQR = 40 + 12 + 12 = 64 cm2 .

1. The shape of the top surface of a table is a trapezium. Find its area if its parallel sides are 1 m and
1.2 m and perpendicular distance between them is 0.8 m.
Sol: Given 𝑎 = 1𝑚 , 𝑏 = 1.2 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ = 0.8 𝑚
(𝑎 + 𝑏) (1 + 1.2)
The area of table = ℎ × = 0.8 ×
2 2
= 0.4 × 2.2 = 0.88 𝑚2
2. The area of a trapezium is 34 cm2 and the length of one of the parallel sides is 10 cm and its height
is 4 cm. Find the length of the other parallel side.
Sol: Given 𝑎 = 10𝑐𝑚, ℎ = 4𝑐𝑚, 𝑏 =?
The area of a trapezium = 34 cm2
(𝑎 + 𝑏)
ℎ× = 34
2
(10 + 𝑏)
4× = 34
2
34
10 + 𝑏 = = 17
2
𝑏 = 17 − 10 = 7
Length of the other parallel side=7 cm
3. Length of the fence of a trapezium shaped field ABCD is 120 m. If BC = 48 m, CD = 17 m and AD =
40 m, find the area of this field. Side AB is perpendicular to the parallel
sides AD and BC.
Sol: Length of the fence of a trapezium shaped field ABCD = 120 m
AB+BC+CD+DA=120 m

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 AB+48+17+40=120
AB+105=120
AB=120-105
AB=15 m
Here 𝑎 = 𝐵𝐶 = 48 𝑚, 𝑏 = 𝐴𝐷 = 40𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ = 𝐴𝐵 = 15𝑚
(𝑎 + 𝑏)
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = ℎ ×
2
(48 + 40)
= 15 × = 15 × 44 = 660 𝑚2
2
4. The diagonal of a quadrilateral shaped field is 24 m and the perpendiculars dropped on it from the
remaining opposite vertices are 8 m and 13 m. Find the area of the field
Sol: Here 𝑑 = 24𝑚, ℎ1 = 13 𝑚, ℎ2 = 8 𝑚
1
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 𝑑(ℎ1 + ℎ2 )
2
1
= × 24 × (13 + 8) = 12 × 21 = 252 𝑚2
2
5. The diagonals of a rhombus are 7.5 cm and 12 cm. Find its area.
Sol: Here 𝑑1 = 7.5 𝑐𝑚, 𝑑2 = 12 𝑐𝑚
1 1
The area of rhombus = × 𝑑1 × 𝑑2 = × 7.5 × 12 = 7.5 × 6 = 45 𝑐𝑚2
2 2

6. Find the area of a rhombus whose side is 5 cm and whose altitude is 4.8 cm. If one of its diagonals
is 8 cm long, find the length of the other diagonal.
Sol: Side of rhombus(S)=5 cm
8 𝑐𝑚
4.8 𝑐𝑚
Altitude (h)=4.8 cm
We know that rhombus is also a parallelogram.
Area of rhombus(parallelogram) = Base × Height
5 𝑐𝑚
= 5 × 4.8 = 24 𝑐𝑚2
One of its diagonal(𝑑1 ) = 8 𝑐𝑚
Area of rhombus = 24 𝑐𝑚2
1 1
× 𝑑1 × 𝑑2 = 24 ⟹ × 84 × 𝑑2 = 24
2 21
24
𝑑2 = = 6 𝑐𝑚
4
The length of the other diagonal=6 cm
7. The floor of a building consists of 3000 tiles which are rhombus shaped and each of its diagonals
are 45 cm and 30 cm in length. Find the total cost of polishing the floor, if the cost per m2 is ₹ 4.
Sol: Diagonals of each tile 𝑑1 = 45 𝑐𝑚, 𝑑2 = 30 𝑐𝑚

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 1
Area of each tile = × 𝑑1 × 𝑑2
2
1
= × 45 × 30 = 45 × 15 = 675 𝑐𝑚2
2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 3000 𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 3000 × 675 𝑐𝑚2
= 2025000 𝑐𝑚2
2025000 2
= 𝑚 = 202.5 𝑚2
10000
Cost of polishing the floor per 1 𝑚2 =4
Cost of polishing 202.5 𝑚2 = 4 × 202.5 = 810
total cost of polishing the floor=810
8. Mohan wants to buy a trapezium shaped field. Its side along the river is parallel to and twice the
side along the road. If the area of this field is 10500 m2 and the perpendicular distance between
the two parallel sides is 100 m, find the length of the side along the river
Sol: Let side along the road(a)=𝑥 𝑚
Side along the river(b)=2𝑥 𝑚
Distance between two sides(h)=100 m
Area of trapezium=10500 m2
(𝑎 + 𝑏)
ℎ× = 10500
2
(𝑥 + 2𝑥)
100 × = 10500
2
3𝑥 10500
=
2 100
105 × 2
𝑥= = 35 × 2 = 70
3
Side along the road=x=70 m
The length of the side along the river=2 × 70 = 140 𝑚
9. Top surface of a raised platform is in the shape of a regular octagon as shown in the figure. Find
the area of the octagonal surface.
Sol: Given is a regular octagon . So, all sides are equal. B C
(𝑎 + 𝑏)
Area of trapezium ABCD = ℎ × D
2 A
(11 + 5)
=4× = 2 × 16 = 32 𝑚2 H E
2
Area of rectangle ADEH=𝐴𝐷 × 𝐷𝐸 = 11 × 5 = 55 𝑚2 G F
Area of octagonal surface = 2 × Area of trapezium + Area of rectangle

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 = 2 × 32 + 55 = 64 + 55 = 119𝑚2

10. There is a pentagonal shaped park as shown in the figure. For finding its area Jyoti and Kavita
divided it in two different ways. Find the area of this park using both ways. Can you suggest some
other way of finding its area?
Sol: Finding area by Jyothi’s diagram:
Area of trapezium ABFE
(AE + BF)
= EF ×
2
15 (15 + 30) 15 × 45 2
= × = 𝑚
2 2 4
Area of pentagon ABCDE = 2 × Area of trapezium ABFE
15 × 45 675
=2× = = 337.5 𝑚2
4 2
Finding area by Kavita’s diagram:
1
Area of ∆ABC = × 𝑏 × ℎ
2
1
= × 15 × 15
2
225
= = 112.5 𝑚2
2
Area of square ACDE = 𝑠 × 𝑠
= 15 × 15 = 225 𝑚2
Area of pentagon ABCDE = Area of ∆ABC + Area of square ACDE
= 112.5 + 225 = 337.5 𝑚2
11. Diagram of the adjacent picture frame has outer dimensions = 24 cm × 28 cm and inner
dimensions 16 cm × 20 cm. Find the area of each section of the frame, if the width of each section
is same
Sol: Outer dimentions 𝐿 = 28𝑐𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 24 𝑐𝑚
Inner dimentions 𝑙 = 20𝑐𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 16 𝑐𝑚 D C
𝑤
The width of each section is same G
H
𝐿 − 𝑙 28 − 20 8
Width = 𝑤 = = = = 4 𝑐𝑚 ⇒ ℎ = 4𝑐𝑚
2 2 2 𝑤 𝑤
(𝑎 + 𝑏) F
Area of trapezium ABFE = ℎ × E
2 𝑤
(24 + 16) 40 A B
=4× = 4× = 80 𝑐𝑚2
2 2
Similarly area of trapezium DCGH= 80 cm2

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 (𝑎 + 𝑏)
Area of trapezium BCGF = ℎ ×
2
(28 + 20)
=4× = 2 × 48 = 96 𝑐𝑚2
2
Similarly area of trapezium ADHE= 96 cm2

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝑙 , 𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑡ℎ = 𝑏, 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = ℎ

(i) Lateral surface area(LSA)=𝟐𝒍𝒉 + 𝟐𝒃𝒉 = 𝟐𝒉(𝒍 + 𝒃)
(ii) Toatl surface area(TSA)=𝟐(𝒍𝒃 + 𝒃𝒉 + 𝒉𝒍)

Find the total surface area of the following cuboids.

(i) 𝒍 = 𝟔𝒄𝒎, 𝒃 = 𝟒𝒄𝒎, 𝒉 = 𝟐𝒄𝒎
Toatl surface area (TSA) of cuboid=2(𝑙𝑏 + 𝑏ℎ + ℎ𝑙)
= 2(6 × 4 + 4 × 2 + 2 × 6)
= 2(24 + 8 + 12)
= 2 × 44 = 88 𝑐𝑚2
(ii) 𝒍 = 𝟒𝒄𝒎, 𝒃 = 𝟒𝒄𝒎, 𝒉 = 𝟏𝟎𝒄𝒎
Toatl surface area (TSA) of cuboid=2(𝑙𝑏 + 𝑏ℎ + ℎ𝑙)

= 2(4 × 4 + 4 × 10 + 10 × 4)

= 2(16 + 40 + 40)
= 2 × 96 = 88 𝑐𝑚2

1. Can we say that the total surface area of cuboid = lateral surface area + 2 × area of base?
Sol: Lateral surface area=2𝑙ℎ + 2𝑏ℎ = 2ℎ(𝑙 + 𝑏)
Area of base=𝑙𝑏
lateral surface area + 2 × area of base
= 2𝑙ℎ + 2𝑏ℎ + 2 × 𝑙𝑏
= 2(𝑙ℎ + 𝑏ℎ + 𝑙𝑏)
= 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑑
Yes, we can say that the total surface area of cuboid = lateral surface area + 2 × area of base.
2. If we interchange the lengths of the base and the height of a cuboid (Fig 11.33(i)) to get another
cuboid (Fig 11.33(ii)), will its lateral surface area change?

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Sol: LSA of cuboid (ii) =2𝑙𝑏 + 2𝑙ℎ) = 2𝑙(𝑏 + ℎ)
But LSA of cuboid (i)=2𝑙ℎ + 2𝑏ℎ = 2ℎ(𝑙 + 𝑏)
Hence the lateral surface area will change.

Side of cube= 𝑙
(i) Larerl surface area of cube=𝟒𝒍𝟐
(ii) Total surface area of cube=𝟔𝒍𝟐

Find the surface area of cube A and lateral surface area of cube B .
Sol: For cube A : 𝑙 = 10𝑐𝑚
The surface area of cube A = 6𝑙 2 = 6 × 102 = 6 × 100 = 600 𝑐𝑚2
For cube B : 𝑙 = 8 𝑐𝑚
The lateral surface area of cube B = 4𝑙 2 = 4 × 82 = 4 × 64 = 256𝑐𝑚2

(i) Two cubes each with side b are joined to form a cuboid (Fig 11.37). What is the surface area of this
cuboid? Is it 12b2 ? Is the surface area of cuboid formed by joining three such cubes, 18b2 ? Why?

Sol: Cube has six faces normally when two equal cubes are placed together, two side faces are not
visible.
We left with 12 − 2 = 10 squared faces
∴ 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 =10𝑏 2
When three equal cubes are placed together, four side faces are not visible.
We left with 18 − 4 = 14 squared faces
∴ 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 =14𝑏 2
(ii) How will you arrange 12 cubes of equal length to form a cuboid of smallest surface area?
Sol: Case 1: 12 = 12 × 1 × 1
𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2(𝑙𝑏 + 𝑏ℎ + ℎ𝑙)
= 2(12 × 1 + 1 × 1 + 1 × 12) = 2 × 25 = 50 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Case 2: 12 = 6 × 2 × 1

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 Surface area = 2(6 × 2 + 2 × 1 + 1 × 6) = 2(12 + 2 + 6) = 2 × 20 = 40 square units
Case 3: 12 = 4 × 3 × 1
𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2(4 × 3 + 3 × 1 + 1 × 4) = 2(12 + 3 + 4) = 2 × 19 = 38 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Case 4: 12 = 3 × 2 × 2
Surface area = 2(3 × 2 + 2 × 2 + 2 × 3) = 2(6 + 4 + 6) = 2 × 16 = 32 square units

The lateral (or curved) surface area of a cylinder = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ

The total surface area of a cylinder =𝜋𝑟 2 + 2𝜋𝑟ℎ + 𝜋𝑟 2
= 2𝜋𝑟 2 + 2𝜋𝑟ℎ = 2𝜋𝑟 (𝑟 + ℎ)

Find total surface area of the following cylinders

1) 𝒓 = 𝟏𝟒 𝒄𝒎, 𝒉 = 𝟖𝒄𝒎
Total surface area of the cylinder=2𝜋𝑟 (𝑟 + ℎ)
22
=2× × 14 × (14 + 8) 𝑐𝑚2
7
22
=2× × 14 × 22 𝑐𝑚2
7
= 2 × 22 × 2 × 22 = 1936 𝑐𝑚2
𝟐
𝟐) 𝒅 = 𝟐𝒎 ⇒ 𝒓 = = 𝟏 𝒄𝒎, 𝒉 = 𝟐𝒄𝒎
𝟐
Total surface area of the cylinder=2𝜋𝑟 (𝑟 + ℎ)
22
=2× × 1 × (1 + 2) 𝑐𝑚2
7
22
=2× × 3 𝑐𝑚2
7
132
= = 18.9 𝑐𝑚2
7
Example 4: An aquarium is in the form of a cuboid whose external measures are 80 cm × 30 cm × 40
cm. The base, side faces and back face are to be covered with a coloured paper. Find the area of the
paper needed?
Sol: The length of the aquarium = l = 80 cm

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 Width of the aquarium = b = 30 cm
Height of the aquarium = h = 40 cm
Area of the base = l × b = 80 × 30 = 2400 cm2
Area of the side face = b × h = 30 × 40 = 1200 cm2
Area of the back face = l × h = 80 × 40 = 3200 cm2
Required area = Area of the base + area of the back face + (2 × area of a side face)
= 2400 + 3200 + (2 × 1200) = 8000 cm2
Hence the area of the coloured paper required is 8000 cm2.
Example 5: The internal measures of a cuboidal room are 12 m × 8 m × 4 m. Find the total cost of
whitewashing all four walls of a room, if the cost of white washing is ₹ 5 per m2 . What will be the
cost of white washing if the ceiling of the room is also whitewashed.
Sol: 𝑙 = 12 𝑚, 𝑏 = 8 𝑚, ℎ = 4 𝑚
Area of the four walls of the room (LSA)=2ℎ(𝑙 + 𝑏)
= 2 × 4 × (12 + 8) = 8 × 20 = 160 𝑚2
Cost of white washing per m2 = ₹ 5
The total cost of white washing four walls of the room = ₹ (160 × 5) = ₹ 800
Area of ceiling= 𝑙 × 𝑏 = 12 × 8 = 96 𝑚2
Cost of white washing the ceiling = ₹ (96 × 5) = ₹ 480
So the total cost of white washing = ₹ (800 + 480) = ₹ 1280
Example 6: In a building there are 24 cylindrical pillars. The radius of each pillar is 28 cm and height is 4
m. Find the total cost of painting the curved surface area of all pillars at the rate of ₹ 8 per m2 .
Sol : Radius of cylindrical pillar, r = 28 cm = 0.28 m
Height, h = 4 m
curved surface area of a cylinder = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
22
Curved surface area of a pillar = 2 × × 0.280.04 × 4
7
= 2 × 22 × 0.04 × 4 = 7.04 𝑚2
Curved surface area of 24 such pillar = 7.04 × 24 = 168.96 m2
Cost of painting an area of 1 m2 = ₹ 8
Therefore, cost of painting 1689.6 m2 = 168.96 × 8 = ₹ 1351.68
Ex 7: Find the height of a cylinder whose radius is 7 cm and the total surface area is 968 cm2.
Sol: Let height of the cylinder = h, radius = r = 7cm
Total surface area = 968 𝑐𝑚2
2𝜋𝑟 (ℎ + 𝑟) = 968

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 22
2× × 7 × (ℎ + 7) = 968
7
968 484
ℎ+7= = = 22
2 × 22 22
ℎ = 22 − 7 = 15 𝑐𝑚
Hence, the height of the cylinder is 15 cm.

1. There are two cuboidal boxes as shown in the adjoining figure. Which box requires the lesser
amount of material to make?
Sol: (a) 𝒍 = 𝟔𝟎 𝒄𝒎, 𝒃 = 𝟒𝟎 𝒄𝒎, 𝒉 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒄𝒎.
TSA of box(𝑎) = 2(𝑙𝑏 + 𝑏ℎ + 𝑙ℎ)
= 2(60 × 40 + 40 × 50 + 60 × 50)
= 2(2400 + 2000 + 3000)
= 2 × 7400 = 14800 𝑐𝑚2
(b) 𝒍 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒄𝒎, 𝒃 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒄𝒎, 𝒉 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒄𝒎.
TSA of box(𝑏) = 6𝑎2
= 6 × 502 = 6 × 2500 = 15000 𝑐𝑚2
TSA of box(𝑎)is lesser than The TSA of box(b)
𝑆𝑜, box (𝑎)requires the lesser amount of material to make .
2. A suitcase with measures 80 cm × 48 cm × 24 cm is to be covered with a tarpaulin cloth. How
many metres of tarpaulin of width 96 cm is required to cover 100 such suitcases?
Sol: 𝑙 = 80 𝑐𝑚, 𝑏 = 48 𝑐𝑚, ℎ = 24 𝑐𝑚.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 2(𝑙𝑏 + 𝑏ℎ + 𝑙ℎ)
= 2(80 × 48 + 48 × 24 + 80 × 24)
= 2(3840 + 1152 + 1920)
= 2 × 6912 = 13824 𝑐𝑚2
Tarpaulin required for 1 suitcase=13824 𝑐𝑚2
Area of Tarpaulin required for 100 suitcase=100 × 13824 𝑐𝑚2 = 1382400 𝑐𝑚2
Width of given tarpaulin=96 cm.
Area of tarpaulin required
Length of required tarpaulin =
width of tarpaulin
1382400 𝑐𝑚2
= = 14400 𝑐𝑚 = 144 × 100 𝑐𝑚 = 144 𝑚
96 𝑐𝑚
3. Find the side of a cube whose surface area is 600 cm.
Sol: surface area of cube= 600 cm
6𝑙 2 = 600

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 600
𝑙2 = = 100
6
𝑙 = √100 = 10
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 = 10 𝑐𝑚.
4. Rukhsar painted the outside of the cabinet of measure 1 m × 2 m × 1.5 m. How much surface area
did she cover if she painted all except the bottom of the cabinet.
Sol: 𝑙 = 1 𝑚, 𝑏 = 2 𝑚, ℎ = 1.5 𝑚
Total surface area of cabine𝑡 = 2(𝑙𝑏 + 𝑏ℎ + 𝑙ℎ)
= 2(1 × 2 + 2 × 1.5 + 1 × 1.5)
= 2(2 + 3 + 1.5) = 2 × 6.5 = 13 𝑚2
The bottom area of the cabinet = 𝑙 × 𝑏 = 1 × 2 = 2 𝑚2
Painted area = Total surface area of cabinet − The bottom area of the cabinet
= 13 − 2 = 11𝑚2
5. Daniel is painting the walls and ceiling of a cuboidal hall with length, breadth and height of 15 m,
10 m and 7 m respectively. From each can of paint 100 m2 of area is painted. How many cans of
paint will she need to paint the room?
Sol: 𝑙 = 15 𝑚, 𝑏 = 10 𝑚, ℎ = 7 𝑚
Total surface area of hall = 2(𝑙𝑏 + 𝑏ℎ + 𝑙ℎ)
= 2(15 × 10 + 10 × 7 + 15 × 7)
= 2(150 + 70 + 105) = 2 × 325 = 650 𝑚2 .
The bottom area of hall = 𝑙 × 𝑏 = 15 × 10 = 150 𝑚2
Painted area = Total surface area of hall − The bottom area of hall
= 650 − 150 = 500 𝑚2 .
Area painted by 1 can = 100 𝑚2 .
Painted area 500
Number of cans required = = =5
Area painted by 1 can 100

6. Describe how the two figures at the right are alike and how they are different. Which box has
larger lateral surface area?
Sol: The two figures are like prisms with same height 7 cm.
First figure is cylinder it has curved surface area.
Second figure is cube it has only plan surfaces.
Cylinder:
Diameter=d=7 cm
7
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = 𝑟 = 𝑐𝑚
2

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 Height=h=7 cm.
Lateral surface area of cylinder = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
22 7
=2× × × 7 = 22 × 7 = 154 𝑐𝑚2
7 2
𝑪𝒖𝒃𝒆:
Side of cube = 𝑙 = 7 𝑐𝑚
Lateral surface area of cube = 4𝑙 2 = 4 × 7 × 7 = 196 𝑐𝑚2
So, cube has larger surface area.
7. A closed cylindrical tank of radius 7 m and height 3 m is made from a sheet of metal. How much
sheet of metal is required?
Sol: Radius of cylinder=r=7 m
Height of cylinder=h=3 m.
Total surface area of cylinder = 2𝜋𝑟(ℎ + 𝑟)
22
=2× × 7 × (3 + 7) = 44 × 10 = 440 𝑚2
7
Required sheet of metal=440 𝑚2
8. The lateral surface area of a hollow cylinder is 4224 cm2 . It is cut along its height and formed a
rectangular sheet of width 33 cm. Find the perimeter of rectangular sheet?
Sol: Area of rectangular sheet=curved surface area of cylinder
𝑙 × 𝑏 = 4224
𝑙 × 33 = 4224
4224 𝑏 = 33 𝑐𝑚
𝑙= = 128 𝑐𝑚
33
𝑙
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡 = 2(𝑙 + 𝑏)
= 2 × (128 + 33) = 2 × 161 = 322 𝑐𝑚
9. A road roller takes 750 complete revolutions to move once over to level a road. Find the area of
the road if the diameter of a road roller is 84 cm and length is 1 m.
Sol: Diameter of a road roller = 84 cm
84
Radius of road roller = 𝑟 = = 42 𝑐𝑚
2

Length = ℎ = 1 𝑚 = 100 𝑐𝑚
Curved surface area of roller = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ.
22
=2× × 426 × 100 = 44 × 600 = 26400 𝑐𝑚2
7
The area of road covered 𝑖𝑛 750 complete revolutions = 750 × Curved surface area of roller
= 750 × 26400 = 19800000 𝑐𝑚2 = 1980 × 10000 𝑐𝑚2 = 1980 𝑚2

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10. A company packages its milk powder in cylindrical container whose base has a diameter of 14 cm
and height 20 cm. Company places a label around the surface of the container (as shown in the
figure). If the label is placed 2 cm from top and bottom, what is the area of the label ?
Sol: Label is in cylinder shape
Diameter=d=14 cm
14
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = 𝑟 = = 7 𝑐𝑚
2
𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = ℎ = 20 − 2 × 2 = 20 − 4 = 16 𝑐𝑚.
Area of label=CSA of cylinder
= 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
22 𝒉
=2× × 7 × 16 = 44 × 16 = 704 𝑐𝑚2
7
𝒃
Volume of cuboid: 𝒍

𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒖𝒃𝒐𝒊𝒅 = 𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐚𝐬𝐞 × 𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 = (𝒍 × 𝒃) × 𝒉 = 𝒍𝒃𝒉

(i) Volume of cuboid = 𝑙𝑏ℎ

= 8 𝑐𝑚 × 3𝑐𝑚 × 2 𝑐𝑚
= 48 𝑐𝑚3
Volume of cuboid = area of the base × height
3
= 24 𝑚2 × 3 𝑐𝑚 = 24 𝑚2 × 𝑚
100
24 × 3 3 92
= 𝑚 = 𝑚3 = 0.92 𝑚3
100 100
Volume of cube:
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒖𝒃𝒆 = 𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐚𝐬𝐞 × 𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝑙

= (𝒍 × 𝒍) × 𝒍 = 𝒍𝟐 × 𝒍 = 𝒍𝟑 𝑙
𝑙

Find the volume of the following cubes.

(a) With a side 4 cm.
Sol: side (𝑙)=4 cm
Volume of cube = 𝑙 3 = 𝑙 × 𝑙 × 𝑙 = 4 × 4 × 4 = 64 𝑐𝑚3
(b) With a side 1.5 m
Sol: side (𝑙)=1.5 m
Volume of cube = 𝑙 3 = 𝑙 × 𝑙 × 𝑙 = 1.5 × 1.5 × 1.5 = 3.375 𝑚3

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Arrange 64 cubes of equal size in as many ways as you can to form a cuboid. Find the surface area of
each arrangement. Can solid shapes of same volume have same surface area?
Arrangement 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑙 × 𝑏 × ℎ 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2(𝑙𝑏 + 𝑏ℎ + 𝑙ℎ)
1 × 1 × 64 64 2(1 × 1 + 1 × 64 + 1 × 64) = 2(1 + 64 + 64) = 258
1 × 2 × 32 64 2(1 × 2 + 2 × 32 + 1 × 32) = 2(2 + 64 + 32) = 196
1 × 4 × 16 64 2(1 × 4 + 4 × 16 + 1 × 16) = 2(4 + 64 + 16) = 168
1×8×8 64 2(1 × 1 + 1 × 64 + 1 × 64) = 2(1 + 64 + 64) = 258
2 × 2 × 16 64 2(2 × 2 + 2 × 16 + 2 × 16) = 2(4 + 32 + 32) = 136
2×4×8 64 2(2 × 4 + 4 × 8 + 2 × 8) = 2(8 + 32 + 16) = 112
4×4×4 64 2(4 × 4 + 4 × 4 + 4 × 4) = 2(16 + 16 + 16) = 96
Here volume is same but surface area is different.
From above , we conclude that solid shapes of same volume does not have same surface area.

A company sells biscuits. For packing purpose they are using cuboidal boxes: box A →3 cm × 8
cm × 20 cm, box B → 4 cm × 12 cm × 10 cm. What size of the box will be economical for the
company? Why? Can you suggest any other size (dimensions) which has the same volume
but is more economical than these?
Sol: Box A:
𝑙 = 3 𝑐𝑚 , 𝑏 = 8 𝑐𝑚, ℎ = 20 𝑐𝑚
Total surface area of box A = 2(𝑙𝑏 + 𝑏ℎ + 𝑙ℎ) = 2(3 × 8 + 8 × 20 + 3 × 20)
= 2(24 + 160 + 60) = 2 × 244 = 488 𝑐𝑚2
Box B:
𝑙 = 4 𝑐𝑚 , 𝑏 = 12𝑐𝑚, ℎ = 10 𝑐𝑚
Total surface area of box A = 2(𝑙𝑏 + 𝑏ℎ + 𝑙ℎ) = 2(4 × 12 + 12 × 10 + 4 × 10)
= 2(48 + 120 + 40) = 2 × 208 = 416 𝑐𝑚2
Box B will be economical for the company.
Suggested Box:
𝑙 = 6 𝑐𝑚 , 𝑏 = 8 𝑐𝑚, ℎ = 10 𝑐𝑚
Total surface area of box A = 2(𝑙𝑏 + 𝑏ℎ + 𝑙ℎ) = 2(6 × 8 + 8 × 10 + 6 × 10)
= 2(48 + 80 + 60) = 2 × 188 = 376 𝑐𝑚2

Volume of cylinder = area of base × height

= 𝝅𝒓𝟐 × 𝒉 = 𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝒉

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Find the volume of the following cylinders.
(i) Radius(𝑟) = 7 𝑐𝑚.
Height (ℎ) = 10 𝑐𝑚.
Volume of cylinder = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
22
= × 7 × 7 × 10 = 440 𝑐𝑚3
7
(ii) Height (ℎ) = 2 𝑚.
Area of base (𝐴) = 250 𝑚2
Volume of cylinder = Area of base × height
= 250 𝑚2 × 2 𝑚 = 500 𝑚3

(a) Volume refers to the amount of space occupied by an object.

(b) Capacity refers to the quantity that a container holds.

1mL = 1 𝑐𝑚3
1 L = 1000 𝑐𝑚3
1𝑚3 = 1000000 𝑐𝑚3 = 1000L

Ex 8: Find the height of a cuboid whose volume is 275 cm3 and base area is 25 cm2.
Sol: Volume of a cuboid = 275 cm3
Base area × Height=275 cm3
25 × Height = 275
275
Height = = 11 𝑐𝑚
25
Height of the cuboid is 11 cm.
Ex 9: A godown is in the form of a cuboid of measures 60 m × 40 m × 30 m. How many cuboidal boxes
can be stored in it if the volume of one box is 0.8 m3 ?
8
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑥 = 0.8 = 𝑚3
10
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 = 60 × 40 × 30 𝑚3
Volume of godown 60 × 40 × 30 60 × 405 × 30 × 10
Required number of boxes = = =
Volume of one box 8 8
10
= 60 × 5 × 30 × 10 = 90,000

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Ex 10: A rectangular paper of width 14 cm is rolled along its width and a cylinder of radius 20 cm is
𝟐𝟐
formed. Find the volume of the cylinder (Take π= )
𝟕

Sol: Height(ℎ) = 14 𝑐𝑚
Radius(𝑟) = 20 𝑐𝑚
Volume of cylinder = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
22
= × 20 × 20 × 142 = 22 × 20 × 20 × 2
7
= 17600 𝑐𝑚3
Ex11: A rectangular piece of paper 11 cm × 4 cm is folded without overlapping to make a cylinder of
height 4 cm. Find the volume of the cylinder.
Sol: Let radius of the cylinder = 𝑟 and height = ℎ = 4 𝑐𝑚
Perimeter of the base of the cylinder=Length of paper
2𝜋𝑟 = 11
22
2× × 𝑟 = 11
7
11 × 7 7
𝑟= = 𝑐𝑚
2 × 22 4
22 7 7 2211 × 7 77
Volume of cylinder = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = × × ×4= = = 38.5 𝑐𝑚3
7 4 4 42 2

1. Given a cylindrical tank, in which situation will you find surface area and in which situation
volume.
(a) To find how much it can hold.
Sol: Volume
(b) Number of cement bags required to plaster it.
Sol: Surface area.
(c) To find the number of smaller tanks that can be filled with water from it.
Sol: Volume.
2. Diameter of cylinder A is 7 cm, and the height is 14 cm. Diameter of cylinder B is 14 cm and height
is 7 cm. Without doing any calculations can you suggest whose volume is greater? Verify it by
finding the volume of both the cylinders. Check whether the cylinder with greater volume also has
greater surface area?
Sol: The diameter of cylinder B is double to cylinder A. So, The cylinder B volume is greater.
Cylinder A:
7
Diamter(d) = 7cm; Radius(𝑟) = 𝑐𝑚.
2

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 Height(h) = 14 𝑐𝑚.
Volume of cylinder 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
22 7 7
= × × × 14 = 539 𝑐𝑚3
7 2 2
Surface area(TSA)𝑜𝑓 𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟(ℎ + 𝑟)
22 7 7 35
=2× × × (14 + ) = 22 × = 11 × 35 = 385 𝑐𝑚2
7 2 2 2
Cylinder B:
14
Diamter(d) = 14cm; Radius(r) = = 7 𝑐𝑚.
2
Height(ℎ) = 7 𝑐𝑚.
Volume of cylinder 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
22
= × 7 × 7 × 7 = 1078 𝑐𝑚3
7
Surface area(𝑇𝑆𝐴)𝑜𝑓 𝐵 = 2𝜋𝑟(ℎ + 𝑟)
22
=2× × 7 × (7 + 7) = 44 × 14 = 616 𝑐𝑚2
7
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝐵 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎.
Conclusion: The cylinder with greater volume has also greater surface area.
3. Find the height of a cuboid whose base area is 180 cm2 and volume is 900 cm3 ?
Sol: Base area of cuboid (A)=180 cm2
Volume of cuboid=900 cm3
Base area ×Height=900 cm3
180×h=900
900
ℎ= = 5 𝑐𝑚
180
 Height of cuboid=5 cm.
4. A cuboid is of dimensions 60 cm × 54 cm × 30 cm. How many small cubes with side 6 cm can be
placed in the given cuboid?
Sol: Volume of cuboid= 60 cm × 54 cm × 30 cm=60×54×30 cm3
Volume of cube=6 cm×6 cm×6 cm=6×6×6 cm3
Volume of cuboid 60 × 54 × 30
No. of cubes that can be placed in cuboid = =
Volume of cube 6×6×6
= 10 × 9 × 5 = 450
5. Find the height of the cylinder whose volume is 1.54 m3 and diameter of the base is 140 cm?
Sol: Diameter of the base of cylinder (d)= 140 cm
𝑑 140 70 7
Radius(𝑟) = = = 70 𝑐𝑚 = 𝑚= 𝑚.
2 2 100 10

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 Volume of cylinder=1.54 m3
𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 1.54
22 7 7 154
× × ×ℎ =
7 10 10 100
154 × 10 × 10 154
ℎ= = = 1𝑚
100 × 22 × 7 154
 The height of the cylinder=1 m.
6. A milk tank is in the form of cylinder whose radius is 1.5 m and length is 7 m. Find the quantity of
milk in litres that can be stored in the tank? 1 𝑚3 = 1000 𝐿
15 3
Sol: Milk tank (Cylinder)radius = 1.5 𝑚 = = 𝑚
10 2
Length (h)=7 m.
22 3 3 11 × 9 99
Volume of tank = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = × × ×7= = = 49.5 𝑚3
7 2 2 2 2
The quantity of milk in litres that can be stored in the tank=49.5 × 1000 𝐿 = 48500 𝐿
7. If each edge of a cube is doubled, (i) how many times will its surface area increase? (ii) how many
times will its volume increase?
Sol: Let side of cube=𝑙
Surface area=6 𝑙 2 , 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑙 3
If each edge of cube is doubled then side=2𝑙
Surface area of new cube =6 (2𝑙)2 = 6 × 4𝑙 2 = 24𝑙 2 = 4 × (6 𝑙 2 )
 Surface area of cube increased 4 times
Volume of new cube = (2𝑙)3 = 8 × 𝑙 3
 Volume of cube increased 8 times.
8. Water is pouring into a cuboidal reservoir at the rate of 60 litres per minute. If the volume of
reservoir is 108 m3 , find the number of hours it will take to fill the reservoir.
Sol: Volume of cuboidal reservoir=108 m3 =108×1000 L=108000 L
Rate of pouring the water per 1minute= 60 litres.
Volume of reservoir
Number of minutes take to fill the reservoir =
60 L
108000
= = 1800 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
60
It will take 1800 minutes = 30 hours to fill the reservoir.

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 CHAPTER

10

1. 𝑎 × 𝑎 = 𝑎2 ( '𝑎' squared)
2. 𝑎 × 𝑎 × 𝑎 = 𝑎3 ( 'a' cubed)
3. 𝑎 × 𝑎 × 𝑎 × 𝑎 = 𝑎4 (‘𝑎’ raised to the power of 4)
4. 𝑎 × 𝑎 × 𝑎 × 𝑎 × 𝑎 = 𝑎5 (‘𝑎’ raised to the power of 5)
5. 𝑎 × 𝑎 × 𝑎 × 𝑎 × 𝑎 × … .′ 𝑛′ = 𝑎𝑛 , Where ‘𝑎’ is the base and ‘n’ is the exponent. This is
said to be exponential form.
𝑛 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑎
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒

𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
6. For any nonzero integer ‘𝑎’ and integers ‘𝑚’ and ‘𝑛’
(i) 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 (vi) 𝑎0 = 1 (𝑎 ≠ 0)
(ii) (𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑎𝑚 𝑎 𝑚
(vii) = (𝑏 )
𝑎𝑛
(iii) 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑏 𝑚 = (𝑎 × 𝑏)𝑚
(viii) 1𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 1
𝑎𝑚
(iv) = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛 𝑖𝑓 𝑚 > 𝑛
𝑎𝑛 (ix) (−1)even number = 1
𝑎𝑚 1
(v) = 𝑎𝑛−𝑚 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 > 𝑚 (x) (−1)odd number = −1
𝑎𝑛
1
7. For any non-zero integer, 𝑎−𝑚 = , where m is a positive integer. 𝑎 −𝑚 is the multiplicative
𝑎𝑚
1
inverse of 𝑎𝑚 .Also = 𝑎𝑚 . (𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎−𝑚 = 1)
𝑎−𝑚
1 −1
1 𝑎 −𝑚 𝑏 𝑚 𝑎 −1 𝑏
(𝑖) = 𝑎 ; 𝑎 = (𝑖𝑖) ( ) = ( ) (𝑖𝑖𝑖) ( ) =
𝑎−1 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎
8.
22 = 4 210 = 1024 44 = 256 72 = 49
23 = 8 32 = 9 45 = 1024 73 = 343
24 = 16 33 = 27 52 = 25 82 = 64
25 = 32 34 = 81 53 = 125 83 = 512
26 = 64 35 = 243 54 = 625 92 = 81
27 = 128 36 = 729 62 = 36 93 = 729
28 = 256 42 = 16 63 = 216 102 = 100
29 = 512 43 = 64 64 = 1296 103 = 1000

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 Find the multiplicative inverse of the following
The multiplicative inverse of 𝑎 −𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚
(i) The multiplicative inverse of 2−4 =24
(ii) The multiplicative inverse of 10−5 =105
(iii) The multiplicative inverse of 7−2 =72
(iv) The multiplicative inverse of 5−3 =53
(v) The multiplicative inverse of 10−100 =10100
Expand the following numbers using exponents.
(i) 1025.63
6 3
Sol: 1025.63 = 1000 + 20 + 3 + +
10 100
1 1
= 1 × 1000 + 2 × 10 + 3 × 1 + 6 × +3×
10 100
1 1
= 1 × 103 + 2 × 101 + 3 × 100 + 6 × 1 + 3 × 2
10 10
1
= 1 × 103 + 2 × 101 + 3 × 100 + 6 × 10−1 + 3 × 10−2 = 𝑎−𝑚
𝑎𝑚
(ii) 1256.249
2 4 9
Sol: 1256.249 = 1000 + 200 + 50 + 6 + + +
10 100 1000
1 1 1
= 1 × 1000 + 2 × 100 + 5 × 10 + 6 × 1 + 2 × +4× +9×
10 100 1000
1 1 1
= 1 × 103 + 2 × 102 + 5 × 101 + 6 × 100 + 2 × 1 + 4 × 2 + 9 × 3
10 10 10
= 1 × 103 + 2 × 102 + 5 × 101 + 6 × 100 + 2 × 10−1 + 4 × 10−2 + 9 × 10−3
Simplify and write in exponential form.
(𝑖) (−2)−3 × (−2)−4 = (−2)−3+(−4) = (−2)−7
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑝3 × 𝑝−10 = 𝑝3+(−10) = 𝑝−7
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 32 × 3−5 × 36 = 32+(−5)+6 = 33
Example 1: Find the value of 1
1 1 1 𝑎−𝑚 =
𝑎𝑚
(𝑖)2−3 = 3= =
2 2×2×2 8 1
1 = 𝑎𝑚
𝑎−𝑚
(𝑖𝑖) −2 = 32 = 3 × 3 = 9
3
Example 2: Simplify
(𝑖) (−4)5 × (−4)−10

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 𝑆𝑜𝑙: (−4)5 × (−4)−10 = (−4)5+(−10) = (−4)−5 = (−4)5
1 (i) 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛
𝑎𝑚
2 5 (ii) = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛
𝑎𝑛
(𝑖𝑖) 25 ÷ 2−6 = −6 = 25−(−6) = 25+6 = 211
2
Example 3: Express 𝟒−𝟑 as a power with the base 2.
Sol: 4 = 2 × 2 = 22
4−3 = (22 )−3 = 22×(−3) = 2−6 (𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛
Example 4: Simplify and write the answer in the exponential form.
𝟓
(𝐢) (𝟐𝟓 ÷ 𝟐𝟖 ) × 𝟐−𝟓
Sol: (25 ÷ 28 )5 × 2−5
= (25−8 )5 × 2−5
= (2−3 )5 × 2−5
= 2−15 × 2−5 = 2−15−5
1
= 2−20 =
220

(𝐢𝐢)(−𝟒)−𝟑 × (𝟓)−𝟑 × (−𝟓)−𝟑 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑏 𝑚 = (𝑎 × 𝑏)𝑚

1
Sol: (−4)−3 × (5)−3 × (−5)−3 = [(−4) × 5 × (−5)]−3 = 100−3 =
1003
𝟏
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) × (𝟑)−𝟑
𝟖
1 1 1
Sol: × (3)−3 = 3 × (3)−3 = (2)−3 × (3)−3 = [2 × 3]−3 = 6−3 = 3
8 2 6
𝟓 𝟒
(𝒊𝒗) (−𝟑)𝟒 × ( )
𝟑
(−𝑎)𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
5 4 54
4
Sol: (−3) × ( ) = 3 × 4 = 54
4
(−𝑎)𝑛 = −𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
3 3
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟓: 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐦 𝐬𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 (−𝟑)𝒎+𝟏 × (−𝟑)𝟓 = (−𝟑)𝟕
Sol: (−3)𝑚+1 × (−3)5 = (−3)7
(−3)𝑚+1+5 = (−3)7
(−3)𝑚+6 = (−3)7
If bases(≠ 0, ±1) are equal, then their exponents must be equal.
𝑚+6=7
𝑚 =7−6=1
𝟐 −𝟐
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟔: 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 ( ) .
𝟑
2 −2 3 2 32 9
Sol: ( ) = ( ) = 2 =
3 2 2 4

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 𝟏 −𝟐 𝟏 −𝟑 𝟏 −𝟐
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟕: 𝐒𝐢𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐲 (𝐢) {( ) − ( ) } ÷ ( )
𝟑 𝟐 𝟒
1 −2 1 −3 1 −2 3 2 2 3 4 2
Sol: {( ) − ( ) } ÷ ( ) = {( ) − ( ) } ÷ ( )
3 2 4 1 1 1
1
= (32 − 23 ) ÷ 43 = (9 − 8) ÷ 16 =
16
𝟓 −𝟕 𝟖 −𝟓
(𝒊𝒊) ( ) × ( )
𝟖 𝟓
5 −7 8 −5 8 7 5 5 87 55 87−5 82 16
Sol: ( ) × ( ) = ( ) × ( ) = 7 × 5 = 7−5 = 2 =
8 5 5 8 5 8 5 5 25

1. Evaluate
1 1
(𝒊) 𝟑−𝟐 = 2
=
3 9
1 1 1
(𝒊𝒊) (−𝟒)−𝟐 = = =
(−4)2 (−4)(−4) 16
𝟏 −𝟓 2 5
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) ( ) = ( ) = 25 = 32
𝟐 1
2. Simplify and express the result in power notation with positive exponent.
1
(𝐢) (−𝟒)𝟓 ÷ (−𝟒)𝟖 = (−4)5−8 = (−4)−3 =
(−4)3
𝟏 𝟐 12 1 1 6
(𝐢𝐢) ( 𝟑 ) = 3 2 = 6 = ( )
𝟐 (2 ) 2 2
𝟓 𝟒 54
(𝐢𝐢𝐢) (−𝟑)𝟒 × ( ) = 34 × 4 = 54
𝟑 3
3−7 310 1 310 1 1 1 2
(𝐢𝐯) (𝟑−𝟕 ÷𝟑 −𝟏𝟎 )
×𝟑 −𝟓 −5
= −10 × 3 = 7 × 5 = 12 = 12−10 = 2 = ( )
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 3
(𝐯) 𝟐−𝟑 × (−𝟕)−𝟑 = (2 × −7)−3 = (−14)−3 = = ( )
(−14)3 −14
3. Find the value of
1 5
(𝐢) (𝟑𝟎 + 𝟒−𝟏 ) × 𝟐𝟐 = (1 + ) × 4 = × 4 = 5
4 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1
(𝐢𝐢) (𝟐−𝟏 × 𝟒−𝟏 ) ÷ 𝟐−𝟐 = ( × ) ÷ 2 = ÷ = × =
2 4 2 8 4 8 1 2
𝟏 −𝟐 𝟏 −𝟐 𝟏 −𝟐
(𝐢𝐢𝐢) ( ) + ( ) + ( ) = 22 + 32 + 42 = 4 + 9 + 16 = 29
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
(𝒊𝒗) (𝟑−𝟏 + 𝟒−𝟏 + 𝟓−𝟏 )𝟎 = 1

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 𝟐
−𝟐 −𝟐 −𝟐 −𝟐×𝟐 −2 −4 −3 4 (−3)4 81
(𝒗) {( ) } = ( ) =( ) =( ) = =
𝟑 𝟑 3 2 24 16
4. Evaluate
8−1 × 53 24 × 53 16 × 125
(𝑖) = = = 2 × 125 = 250
2−4 81 8
1 1 1 1 1 1
(𝑖𝑖) (5−1 × 2−1 ) × 6−1 = ( × ) × = × =
5 2 6 10 6 60
5. Find the value of m for which 𝟓𝒎 ÷ 𝟓−𝟑 = 𝟓𝟓
Sol: 5𝑚 ÷ 5−3 = 55
5𝑚−(−3) = 55
5𝑚+3 = 55
Bases (0,+1,-1) same, so their exponents must be equal.
𝑚+3=5
𝑚 =5−3
𝑚=2
6. Evaluate
−1
1 −1 1 −1 1
(i) {( ) − ( ) } = (3 − 4)−1 = (−1)−1 = = −1
3 4 (−1)
5 −7 8 −4 8 7 5 4 87 54 87−4 83 512
(𝑖𝑖) ( ) × ( ) = ( ) × ( ) = 7 × 4 = 7−4 = 3 =
8 5 5 8 5 8 5 5 125
7. Simplify
𝟐𝟓 × 𝒕−𝟒
(𝒊) (𝒕 ≠ 𝟎)
𝟓−𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎 × 𝒕−𝟖
25 × 𝑡 −4
Sol:
5−3 × 10 × 𝑡 −8
51 × 𝑡 −4
=
5−3 × 2 × 𝑡 −8
51+3 × 𝑡 −4+8
=
2
54 × 𝑡 4 625 4
= = 𝑡
2 2
𝟑−𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 × 𝟏𝟐𝟓
(𝒊𝒊)
𝟓−𝟕 × 𝟔−𝟓
3−5 × 10−5 × 125 3−5 × (2 × 5)−5 × 53
Sol: =
5−7 × 6−5 5−7 × (2 × 3)−5
3−5 × (2 × 5)−5 × 53
=
5−7 × (2 × 3)−5

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 3−5 × 2−5 × 5−5 × 53
=
5−7 × 2−5 × 3−5
= 5−5+3+7 = 55

Use of Exponents to Express Small Numbers and large Numbers in Standard Form
1. The distance from the Earth to the Sun is 149,600,000,000 m.=1.496×1011m
2. The speed of light is 300,000,000 m/sec=3×108 m/sec.
3. Thickness of Class VII Mathematics book is 20 mm
4. The average diameter of a Red Blood Cell is 0.000007 mm=7×𝟏𝟎−𝟔 mm
5. The thickness of human hair is in the range of 0.005 cm to 0.01 cm=𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒄𝒎 𝒕𝒐 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝒄𝒎
6. The distance of moon from the Earth is 384, 467, 000 m = 𝟑. 𝟖𝟒𝟒𝟔𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎.
7. The size of a plant cell is 0.00001275 m= 𝟏. 𝟐𝟕𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒎
8. Average radius of the Sun is 695000 km= 𝟔. 𝟗𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝒌𝒎
9. Mass of propellant in a space shuttle solid rocket booster is 503600 kg= 𝟓. 𝟎𝟑𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝒌𝒈
10. Thickness of a piece of paper is 0.0016 cm= 𝟏. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒄𝒎
11. Diameter of a wire on a computer chip is 0.000003 m= 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒎
12. The height of Mount Everest is 8848 m=8.848×103m.

1. Write the following numbers in standard form

(𝒊)𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟔𝟒 = 5.64 × 10−7
(𝐢𝐢)𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟏 = 2.1 × 10−6
(𝐢𝐢𝐢)𝟐𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 2.16 × 108
(𝐢𝐯)𝟏𝟓𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 1.524 × 107
Comparing very large and very small numbers
(𝑖) Diameter of the Sun = 1.4 × 109 m
(𝑖𝑖) Diameter of the earth = 1.2756 × 107 m
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) Size of Red Blood cell = 0.000007 m = 7 × 10−6 m
(𝑖𝑣) Size of plant cell = 0.00001275 = 1.275 × 10−5 m
(𝑣) Mass of earth is 5.97 × 1024 kg
(𝑣𝑖) Mass of moon is 7.35 × 1022 kg
(𝑣𝑖𝑖) Total mass of earth and moon = 5.97 × 1024 kg + 7.35 × 1022 kg.
= 5.97 × 102 × 1022 𝑘𝑔 + 7.35 × 1022 𝑘𝑔.
= 5.97 × 100 × 1022 kg + 7.35 × 1022 kg.
= 597 × 1022 kg + 7.35 × 1022 kg.

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 = (597 + 7.35 ) × 1022 kg.
= 604.35 × 1022 𝑘𝑔.
(𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖) Distance between Sun and Earth = 1.496 × 1011 m
(𝑖𝑥) Distance between Earth and Moon = 3.84 × 108 m
(𝑥) Distance between Sun and Moon = 1.496 × 1011 m – 3.84 × 108 m
= 1.496 × 103 × 108 𝑚 – 3.84 × 108 𝑚
= 1.496 × 1000 × 108 𝑚 – 3.84 × 108 m
= 1496 × 108 𝑚 – 3.84 × 108 𝑚
= ( 1496 – 3.84) × 108 𝑚
= 1492.16 × 108 𝑚
Example 8: Express the following numbers in standard form.
(𝒊)𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟓 = 3.5 × 10−5
(𝒊𝒊)𝟒𝟎𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 4.05 × 106
Example 9: Express the following numbers in usual form
(𝒊)𝟑. 𝟓𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 = 352000
(𝒊𝒊)𝟕. 𝟓𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 = 0.000754
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 = 0.00003

1. Express the following numbers in standard form

(𝒊) 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟓 = 8.5 × 10−12
(𝒊𝒊) 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟒𝟐 = 9.42 × 10−12
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝟔𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 6.02 × 1015
(𝒊𝒗) 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟑𝟕 = 8.37 × 10−9
(𝒗) 𝟑𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 3.186 × 1010
2. Express the following numbers in usual form.
(𝒊) 𝟑. 𝟎𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 = 0.00000302
(𝒊𝒊) 𝟒. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟒 = 45000
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 = 0.00000003
(𝒊𝒗) 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 = 1000100000
(𝒗) 𝟓. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 = 5800000000000
(𝒗𝒊)𝟑. 𝟔𝟏𝟒𝟗𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 = 3614920
3. Express the number appearing in the following statements in standard form.
1 1
(i) 1 micron is equal to m = 6 = 1 × 10−6 𝑚
1000000 10

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 (𝑖𝑖) Charge of an electron is 0.000,000,000,000,000,000,16 coulomb = 1.6 × 10−19 coulomb
(iii) Size of a bacteria is 0.0000005 m = 5 × 10−7 𝑚
(iv) Size of a plant cell is 0.00001275 m = 1.275 × 10−5 𝑚
(v) Thickness of a thick paper is 0.07 mm = 7 × 10−2 𝑚𝑚
4. In a stack there are 5 books each of thickness 20mm and 5 paper sheets each of thickness 0.016
mm. What is the total thickness of the stack?
Sol: Thickness of book=20mm
Thickness of paper sheet=0.016 mm
Number of books=5 and Number of paper sheets=5
The total thickness of the stack=5×20+5×0.016
=100+0.08=100.08
=1.0008×102 mm

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 CHAPTER
11

If x and y are any two quantities such that both of them increase or decrease together and
𝑥
is constant (say k), then we say that x and y are in direct proportion. This is written as x  y
𝑦

and read as 𝑥 is directly proportional to 𝑦.

𝑥
𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 are in direct proportion, if = 𝑘 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑦 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑦
If y1 and y2 are the values of y corresponding to the values of x1 and x2 of x respectively,
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥1 𝑦1
then = (𝑜𝑟) =
𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
TRY THESE
1. Observe the following tables and find if x and y are directly proportional.
(i)
𝑥 20 17 14 11 8 5 2
𝑦 40 34 28 22 16 10 4

𝑥1 20 1 𝑥2 17 1 𝑥3 14 1 𝑥4 11 1 𝑥5 8 1
= = ; = = ; = = ; = = ; = = ;
𝑦1 40 2 𝑦2 34 2 𝑦3 28 2 𝑦4 22 2 𝑦5 16 2

𝑥6 5 1 𝑥7 2 1
= = ; = =
𝑦6 10 2 𝑦7 4 2

𝑥 1
∴ = = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 ⇒ 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 are directly proportional
𝑦 2

(ii)
𝑥 6 10 14 18 22 26 30
𝑦 4 8 12 16 20 24 28

𝑥1 6 3 𝑥2 10 5 𝑥3 14 7 𝑥4 18 9
= = ; = = ; = = ; = = ;
𝑦1 4 2 𝑦2 8 4 𝑦3 12 6 𝑦4 16 8

𝑥5 22 11 𝑥6 26 13 𝑥7 30 15
= = ; = = ; = =
𝑦5 20 10 𝑦6 24 12 𝑦7 28 14

𝑥
∴ 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 ⇒ 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
𝑦

(iii)

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 𝑥 5 8 12 15 18 20
𝑦 15 24 36 60 72 100

𝑥1 5 1 𝑥2 8 1 𝑥3 12 1
= = ; = = ; = = ;
𝑦1 15 3 𝑦2 24 3 𝑦3 36 3
𝑥4 15 1 𝑥5 18 1 𝑥6 20 1
= = ; = = ; = =
𝑦4 60 4 𝑦5 72 4 𝑦6 10 5
𝑥
∴ 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 ⇒ 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
𝑦
2. Principal = ₹ 1000, Rate = 8% per annum. Fill in the following table and find which type of
interest (simple or compound) changes in direct proportion with time period.
Sol: P=1000; R=8%
(i) T=1 y
𝑃 × 𝑅 × 𝑇 1000 × 8 × 1
𝑆. 𝐼 = = = ₹80
100 100
𝑅 𝑇 8 1
𝐶. 𝐼 = 𝑃 (1 + ) − 𝑃 = 1000 (1 + ) − 1000
100 100
108
= 1000 × − 1000
100
= 1080 − 1000 = ₹80
(ii) T=2 y
𝑃 × 𝑅 × 𝑇 1000 × 8 × 2
𝑆. 𝐼 = = = ₹160
100 100
𝑅 𝑇 8 2
𝐶. 𝐼 = 𝑃 (1 + ) − 𝑃 = 1000 (1 + ) − 1000
100 100
108 108
= 1000 × × − 1000
100 100
= 1166.40 − 1000 = ₹166.40
(iii) T=3 y
𝑃 × 𝑅 × 𝑇 1000 × 8 × 3
𝑆. 𝐼 = = = ₹240
100 100
𝑅 𝑇 8 3
𝐶. 𝐼 = 𝑃 (1 + ) − 𝑃 = 1000 (1 + ) − 1000
100 100
108 108 108
= 1000 × × × − 1000
100 100 100
= 1259.70 − 1000 = ₹259.70
𝑆. 𝐼 80
𝐹𝑜𝑟 1𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 = = 80
𝑇 1
𝑆. 𝐼 160
𝐹𝑜𝑟 2𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 = = 80
𝑇 2

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 𝑆. 𝐼 240
𝐹𝑜𝑟 3𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 = = 80
𝑇 3
𝑆. 𝐼
𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑇
Simple interest (S.I) and time period (T) are in direct proportion.
𝐶. 𝐼 80
𝐹𝑜𝑟 1𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 = = 80
𝑇 1
𝐶. 𝐼 166.40
𝐹𝑜𝑟 2𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 = = 83.20
𝑇 2
𝐶. 𝐼 259.70
𝐹𝑜𝑟 3𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 = = 80
𝑇 3
C.I and time period (T) are not in direct proportion.
Example 1: The cost of 5 metres of a particular quality of cloth is ₹ 210. Tabulate the cost of 2, 4,
10 and 13 metres of cloth of the same type.
Solution: .
Length of cloth∶ 𝑥 (m) 5(𝑥1 ) 2(𝑥2 ) 4(𝑥3 ) 10(𝑥4 ) 13(𝑥5 )
Cost∶ 𝑦( ₹) 210(𝑦1 ) 𝑦2 𝑦3 𝑦4 𝑦5
Length of cloth is directly proportional to cost of cloth.
𝑥1 𝑥2 5 2 2 × 210
(𝑖) = ⇒ = ⇒ 𝑦2 = = 2 × 42 = 84
𝑦1 𝑦2 210 𝑦2 5
𝑥1 𝑥3 5 4 4 × 210
(𝑖)𝑖 = ⇒ = ⇒ 𝑦3 = = 4 × 42 = 168
𝑦1 𝑦3 210 𝑦3 5
𝑥1 𝑥4 5 10 10 × 210
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) = ⇒ = ⇒ 𝑦4 = = 10 × 42 = 420
𝑦1 𝑦4 210 𝑦4 5
𝑥1 𝑥5 5 13 13 × 210
(𝑣𝑖) = ⇒ = ⇒ 𝑦5 = = 13 × 42 = 546
𝑦1 𝑦5 210 𝑦5 5
Example 2: An electric pole, 14 metres high, casts a shadow of 10 metres. Find the height of a
tree that casts a shadow of 15 metres under similar conditions.
Sol:
height of the object (in metres) 14(𝑥1 ) 𝑥(𝑥2 )
length of the shadow (in metres) 10(𝑦1 ) 15(𝑦1 )
Length of the shadow is directly proportional to height of the object
𝑥1 𝑥2 14 𝑥
= ⇒ =
𝑦1 𝑦2 10 15
⇒ 𝑥 × 10 = 14 × 15
14 × 15
⇒𝑥= = 21
10
Height of the tree is 21 metres.

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Example 3: If the weight of 12 sheets of thick paper is 40 grams, how many sheets of the same
𝟏
paper would weigh 𝟐 kilograms?
𝟐

Sol:
Number of sheets 12(𝑥1 ) 𝑥(𝑥2 )
Weight of sheets (in grams) 40(𝑦1 ) 2500(𝑦2 )

Number of sheets is directly proportional to Weight of sheets.

𝑥1 𝑥2 12 𝑥
= ⇒ =
𝑦1 𝑦2 40 2500
⇒ 𝑥 × 40 = 12 × 2500
12 × 2500
⇒𝑥= = 750
40
Thus, the required number of sheets of paper = 750
Example 4: A train is moving at a uniform speed of 75 km/hour. (i) How far will it travel in 20
minutes? (ii) Find the time required to cover a distance of 250 km.
Sol:
Distance travelled (in km) 75(𝑥1 ) 𝑥(𝑥2 ) 250(𝑥3 )
Time taken (in minutes) 60(𝑦1 ) 20(𝑦2 ) 𝑦(𝑦5 )
The distance covered would be directly proportional to time. (Speed is uniform)
75 𝑥
(𝑖) = ⇒ 𝑥 × 60 = 75 × 20
60 20
75 × 20
⇒𝑥= = 25
60
So, the train will cover a distance of 25 km in 20 minutes.
75 250
(𝑖𝑖) = ⇒ 𝑦 × 75 = 250 × 60
60 𝑦
250 × 60
⇒𝑦= = 200
75
The time required to cover a distance of 250 km is 200 minutes=3 hours 20 minutes.
Example 5: The scale of a map is given as 1:30000000. Two cities are 4 cm apart on the map.
Find the actual distance between them.
Sol:
Distance on map (in cm) 1 4
Actual distance(in cm) 30000000 𝑦
Distance on map is directly proportional to Actual distance.
1 4 1 𝑘𝑚 = 100 𝑚
=
30000000 𝑦 1 𝑘𝑚 = 100 × 100𝑐𝑚

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 12000000
⇒ 𝑦 = 12000000𝑐𝑚 = 𝑘𝑚 = 1200 𝑘𝑚
100 × 100
The actual distance between two cities=1200km
EXERCISE 11.1
1. Following are the car parking charges near a railway station up to
parking time(x)(hours) 4(𝑥1 ) 8(𝑥2 ) 12(𝑥3 ) 24(𝑥4 )
parking charges(y) 60(𝑦1 ) 100(𝑦1 ) 140(𝑦1 ) 180(𝑦1 )
𝑥1 4 1 𝑥2 8 2 𝑥3 12 3 𝑥4 24 2
= = ; = = ; = = ; = =
𝑦1 60 15 𝑦2 100 25 𝑦3 140 35 𝑦4 180 15
𝑥
∴ 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 ⇒ 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
𝑦
The parking charges are not in direct proportion to the parking time.
2. A mixture of paint is prepared by mixing 1 part of red pigments with 8 parts of base. In the
following table, find the parts of base that need to be added.
Parts of red pigment(𝑥) 1(𝑥1 ) 4(𝑥2 ) 7(𝑥3 ) 12(𝑥4 ) 20(𝑥5 )
Parts of base(𝑦) 8 (𝑦1 ) 𝑦2 𝑦3 𝑦4 𝑦5
𝑥, 𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑦2 𝑦1 𝑦2 8
= ⇒ = ⇒ 𝑦2 = 4 × 8 = 32
𝑥2 𝑥1 4 1
𝑦3 𝑦1 𝑦3 8
= ⇒ = ⇒ 𝑦3 = 7 × 8 = 56
𝑥3 𝑥1 7 1
𝑦4 𝑦1 𝑦4 8
= ⇒ = ⇒ 𝑦4 = 12 × 8 = 96
𝑥4 𝑥1 12 1
𝑦5 𝑦1 𝑦5 8
= ⇒ = ⇒ 𝑦5 = 20 × 8 = 160
𝑥5 𝑥1 20 1
3. In Question 2 above, if 1 part of a red pigment requires 75 mL of base, how much red
pigment should we mix with 1800 mL of base?
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑥1 = 1 , 𝑦1 = 75 𝑚𝑙
𝐼𝑓 𝑥2 =? , 𝑦2 = 1800 𝑚𝑙
𝑥, 𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑥2 𝑥1 𝑥2 1 1800
= ⇒ = ⇒ 𝑥2 = = 24
𝑦2 𝑦1 1800 75 75
4. A machine in a soft drink factory fills 840 bottles in six hours. How many bottles will it fill
in five hours?
Sol:
Number of bottles(𝑥) 840(𝑥1 ) 𝑥(𝑥2 )
Time(hours)(𝑦) 6(𝑦1 ) 5(𝑦2 )

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 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑥2 𝑥1 𝑥 840 840 × 5
= ⇒ = ⇒𝑥= = 140 × 5 = 700
𝑦2 𝑦1 5 6 6
700 bottles will it fill in five hours.
5. A photograph of a bacteria enlarged 50,000 times attains a length of 5 cm as shown in the
diagram. What is the actual length of the bacteria? If the photograph is enlarged 20,000
times only, what would be its enlarged length?
Sol:
Enlarged length(cm) (𝑥) 5(𝑥1 ) 𝑥(𝑥2 )
Enlarged times(𝑦) 50,000(𝑦1 ) 20,000(𝑦2 )
𝑥, 𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑥2 𝑥1 𝑥 5 20000 × 5
= ⇒ = ⇒𝑥= =2
𝑦2 𝑦1 20000 50000 50000
Required length=2cm
6. In a model of a ship, the mast is 9 cm high, while the mast of the actual ship is 12 m high. If the
length of the ship is 28 m, how long is the model ship?
Sol:
Length of modal ship(𝑥) (cm) 9(𝑥1 ) 𝑥(𝑥2 )
Length of original ship(𝑦)(m) 12(𝑦1 ) 28(𝑦2 )
𝑥, 𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑥2 𝑥1 𝑥 9 9 × 28
= ⇒ = ⇒𝑥= = 21
𝑦2 𝑦1 28 12 12
Required length of model ship =21 cm
7. Suppose 2 kg of sugar contains 9 × 106 crystals. How many sugar crystals are there in (i) 5 kg
of sugar? (ii) 1.2 kg of sugar?
Sol:
Number of Crystals(𝑥) 9 × 106(𝑥1 ) 𝑥2 𝑥3
Weight of sugar(kg) (𝑦) 2(𝑦1 ) 5(𝑦2 ) 1.2(𝑦3 )
𝑥, 𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑥2 𝑥1 𝑥2 9 × 106 9 × 106 × 5
= ⇒ = ⇒ 𝑥2 = = 22.5 × 106
𝑦2 𝑦1 5 2 2
𝑥3 𝑥1 𝑥3 9 × 106 9 × 106 × 1.2
= ⇒ = ⇒ 𝑥3 = = 5.4 × 106
𝑦3 𝑦1 1.2 2 2
(i) 5 kg of sugar contains 22.5 × 106 =225×105crystals
(ii) 1.2 kg of sugar contains 5.4× 106 =54×105 crystals

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8. Rashmi has a road map with a scale of 1 cm representing 18 km. She drives on a road for 72
km. What would be her distance covered in the map?
Sol:
Distance in the map(cm) (𝑥) 1 𝑥
Distance on road(km) (𝑦) 18 72
𝑥, 𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑥2 𝑥1 𝑥 1 72
= ⇒ = ⇒𝑥= =4
𝑦2 𝑦1 72 18 18
Required distance=4cm
9. A 5 m 60 cm high vertical pole casts a shadow 3 m 20 cm long. Find at the same time (i) the
length of the shadow cast by another pole 10 m 50 cm high (ii) the height of a pole which
casts a shadow 5m long.
Sol:
Length of pole(m) 5.60 10.50 𝑥
Length of shadow(m) 3.20 𝑦 5
𝑥, 𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑥2 𝑥1 10.50 5.60 10.50 × 3.20
= ⇒ = ⇒𝑦= =6
𝑦2 𝑦1 𝑦 3.20 5.60
If the height of the pole is 10.5 m, then length of the shadow is 6 m
𝑥3 𝑥1 𝑥 5.60 5 × 5.60
= ⇒ = ⇒𝑦= = 8.75
𝑦3 𝑦1 5 3.20 3.20
If the height of the pole is 5 m, then length of the shadow is 8.75 m.
10. A loaded truck travels 14 km in 25 minutes. If the speed remains the same, how far can it
travel in 5 hours?
Sol:
Distance(km) 14(𝑥1 ) 𝑥(𝑥2 )
Time(Minutes) 25(𝑦1 ) 300(𝑦2 )
𝑥, 𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 5 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
𝑥2 𝑥1 𝑥 14 300 × 14 = 300 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
= ⇒ = ⇒𝑥= = 12 × 14 = 166 𝑘𝑚
𝑦2 𝑦1 300 25 25
The truck travels 166 km in 5 hours.
:

Two quantities x and y are said to be in inverse proportion if an increase in x causes a

proportional decrease in y (and vice-versa) in such a manner that the product of their
corresponding values remains constant.

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That is, if xy = k, then x and y are said to vary inversely
(𝑥 varies inversely with 𝑦 and 𝑦 varies inversely with 𝑥. Thus two quantities 𝑥 and 𝑦 are said
to vary in inverse proportion.)
1
𝐼𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 ∝
𝑦
⇒ 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑘 (𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦)
If 𝑦1 , 𝑦2 are the values of 𝑦 corresponding to the values 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 of 𝑥 respectively then
𝑥1 𝑦
𝑥1 𝑦1 = 𝑥2 𝑦2 (= 𝑘), 𝑜𝑟 𝑥2
= 𝑦2
1

Take a squared paper and arrange 48 counters on it in different number of rows.

Number of rows(R) (𝑅1 ) (𝑅2 ) (𝑅3 ) (𝑅4 ) (𝑅5 )
2 3 4 6 8
Number of Columns(C) (𝐶1 ) (𝐶2 ) (𝐶3 ) (𝐶4 ) (𝐶5 )
24 16 12 8 6
(𝒊) 𝑰𝒔 𝑹𝟏 : 𝑹𝟐 = 𝑪𝟐 : 𝑪𝟏 ?
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑅1 : 𝑅2 = 2: 3 ; 𝐶2 : 𝐶1 = 16: 24 = 2: 3
𝑌𝑒𝑠 𝑅1 : 𝑅2 = 𝐶2 : 𝐶1
(𝒊𝒊) 𝑰𝒔 𝑹𝟑 : 𝑹𝟒 = 𝑪𝟒 : 𝑪𝟑 ?
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑅3 : 𝑅4 = 4: 6 = 2: 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶4 : 𝐶3 = 8: 12 = 2: 3
𝑌𝑒𝑠 𝑅3 : 𝑅4 = 𝐶4 : 𝐶3
(iii) Are R and C inversely proportional to each other?
Sol: 𝑅 × 𝐶 = 48(𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡). 𝑆𝑜, 𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟.
TRY THESE
Observe the following tables and find which pair of variables (here x and y) are in inverse
proportion.
(i)
𝑥 50(𝑥1 ) 40(𝑥2 ) 30(𝑥3 ) 20(𝑥4 )
𝑦 5(𝑦1 ) 6(𝑦2 ) 7(𝑦3 ) 8(𝑦4 )
Sol:
𝑥1 𝑦1 = 50 × 5 = 250
𝑥2 𝑦2 = 40 × 6 = 240
𝑥1 𝑦1 ≠ 𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑥, 𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.

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(ii)
𝑥 100(𝑥1 ) 200(𝑥2 ) 300(𝑥3 ) 400(𝑥4 )
𝑦 60(𝑦1 ) 30(𝑦2 ) 20(𝑦3 ) 15(𝑦4 )
Sol:
𝑥1 𝑦1 = 100 × 60 = 6000
𝑥2 𝑦2 = 200 × 30 = 6000
𝑥3 𝑦3 = 300 × 20 = 6000
𝑥4 𝑦4 = 400 × 15 = 6000
𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑆𝑜, 𝑥, 𝑦 are in inverse proportion.
(iii)
𝑥 90(𝑥1 ) 60(𝑥2 ) 45(𝑥3 ) 30(𝑥4 ) 20(𝑥5 ) 5(𝑥6 )
𝑦 10(𝑦1 ) 15(𝑦2 ) 20(𝑦3 ) 25(𝑦4 ) 30(𝑦5 ) 35(𝑦6 )
Sol:
𝑥1 𝑦1 = 90 × 10 = 900
𝑥2 𝑦2 = 60 × 15 = 900
𝑥3 𝑦3 = 45 × 20 = 900
𝑥4 𝑦4 = 20 × 30 = 600
𝑥3 𝑦3 ≠ 𝑥4 𝑦4
𝑆𝑜, 𝑥, 𝑦 are not in inverse proportion.
Example 7: 6 pipes are required to fill a tank in 1 hour 20 minutes. How long will it take if only 5
pipes of the same type are used?
Sol:
Number of pipes 6(𝑥1 ) 5(𝑥1 )
Time (in minutes) 80(𝑦1 ) 𝑦(𝑦2 )
Numbers of pipes inversely proportional to time takes fill the tank.
𝑥2 𝑦2 = 𝑥1 𝑦1 ⇒ 5 × 𝑦 = 6 × 80
6 × 80
⇒𝑦= = 6 × 16 = 96
5
Thus, time taken to fill the tank by 5 pipes is 96 minutes or 1 hour 36 minutes.
Example 8: There are 100 students in a hostel. Food provision for them is for 20 days. How long
will these provisions last, if 25 more students join the group?
Sol:
Number of students 100(𝑥1 ) 125(𝑥1 )
Number of days 20(𝑦1 ) 𝑦(𝑦2 )

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 Food provision for number of students is inversely proportional to number of days.
𝑥2 𝑦2 = 𝑥1 𝑦1 ⇒ 125 × 𝑦 = 100 × 20
100 × 20
⇒𝑦= = 16
125
Thus, the provisions will last for 16 days, if 25 more students join the hostel.
Example 9: If 15 workers can build a wall in 48 hours, how many workers will be required to do
the same work in 30 hours?
Sol:
Number of hours 48(𝑥1 ) 30(𝑥1 )
Number of workers 15(𝑦1 ) 𝑦(𝑦2 )
The number of hours and number of workers vary in inverse proportion.
30 × 𝑦 = 48 × 15
48 × 15
⇒𝑦= = 24
30
To finish the work in 30 hours, 24 workers are required.
EXERCISE 11.2
1. Which of the following are in inverse proportion?
(i) The number of workers on a job and the time to complete the job.
Sol: If the number of workers decreases, the time to complete the job increases in the same
proportion.
So, number of workers varies inversely to the number of days.
(ii) The time taken for a journey and the distance travelled in a uniform speed.
Sol: If distance increases then the time taken for a journey is also increase.
So, time and distance are in direct proportion.
(iii) Area of cultivated land and the crop harvested.
Sol: If the area increases then the crop harvested also increase.
So, cultivated land and crop harvested are in direct proportion.
(iv) The time taken for a fixed journey and the speed of the vehicle.
Sol: As speed increases, time taken decreases in same proportion.
So the time taken varies inversely to the speed of the vehicle ,for the same distance
(v) The population of a country and the area of land per person.
Sol: If the population of a country increases then the area of land per person decrease.
So, the population of a country varies inversely the area of land per person.
2. In a Television game show, the prize money of ` 1,00,000 is to be divided equally amongst the
winners. Complete the following table and find whether the prize money given to an

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 individual winner is directly or inversely proportional to the number of winners?
Number of winners 1 2 3 4 5 8 10 20
Prize for each winner(in ₹) 1,00,000 50,000 … …. … …. …. ….

Sol: Number of winners varies inversely to the prize for each winner.
𝑥1 𝑦1 = 1 × 1,00,000 = 1,00,000 = 𝑘
𝑥2 𝑦2 = 2 × 50,000 = 1,00,000 = 𝑘
𝑥3 𝑦3 = 1,00,000

1,00,000 1,00,000
∴ 𝑦3 = = = 25,000
𝑥3 4
𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦
1,00,000 1,00,000
𝑦4 = = = 20,000
𝑥4 5
1,00,000 1,00,000
𝑦5 = = = 12,500
𝑥5 8
1,00,000 1,00,000
𝑦6 = = = 10,000
𝑥6 10
1,00,000 1,00,000
𝑦7 = = = 5,000
𝑥7 20
3. Rehman is making a wheel using spokes. He wants to fix equal spokes in such a way that
the angles between any pair of consecutive spokes are equal. Help him by completing the
following table.
Number of spokes(𝑥) 4(𝑥1 ) 6(𝑥2 ) 8(𝑥3 ) 10(𝑥4 ) 12(𝑥5 )
Angle between a pair of 90°(𝑦1 ) 60°(𝑦2 ) 𝑦3 𝑦4 𝑦5
consecutive spokes(𝑦)
(i) Are the number of spokes and the angles formed between the pairs of consecutive spokes in
inverse proportion?
Sol:
𝑥1 𝑦1 = 4 × 90° = 360°
𝑥2 𝑦2 = 6 × 60° = 360°
𝑥1 𝑦1 = 𝑥2 𝑦2 → 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
(ii) Calculate the angle between a pair of consecutive spokes on a wheel with 15 spokes
360°
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = = 24°
15
(iii) How many spokes would be needed, if the angle between a pair of consecutive spokes is

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 40°?
360°
Sol: Required number of spokes = =9
400
4. If a box of sweets is divided among 24 children, they will get 5 sweets each. How many
would each get, if the number of the children is reduced by 4?
Sol: 𝑥1 = 24 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦1 = 5
𝑥2 = 20 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦2 =?
𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑥2 𝑦2 = 𝑥1 𝑦1
20 × 𝑦2 = 24 × 5
24 × 5
𝑦2 = =6
20
Hence, 20 children will get 6 sweets each
5. A farmer has enough food to feed 20 animals in his cattle for 6 days. How long the food last
if would there were 10 more animals in his cattle?
Sol:
Number of animals(𝑥) 20(𝑥1 ) 30(𝑥2 )
Enough food for days(𝑦) 6(𝑦1 ) 𝑦2
Number of animals is inversely proportional to enough food for days
𝑥2 𝑦2 = 𝑥1 𝑦1
30 × 𝑦2 = 20 × 6
20 × 6
𝑦2 = =4
30
If there were 10 more animals in cattle the food last for 4 days.
6. A contractor estimates that 3 persons could rewire Jasminder’s house in 4 days. If, he uses
4 persons instead of three, how long should they take to complete the job?
Sol:
Number of persons(𝑥) 3 4
Number of days(𝑦) 4 𝑦2
Number of persons is inversely proportional to number of days.
𝑥2 𝑦2 = 𝑥1 𝑦1
4 × 𝑦2 = 3 × 4
3×4
𝑦2 = =3
4
4 persons will take 3 days to complete the job
7. A batch of bottles were packed in 25 boxes with 12 bottles in each box. If the same batch is

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 packed using 20 bottles in each box, how many boxes would be filled?
Sol:
Number of bottles in each box (𝑥) 12(𝑥1 ) 20(𝑥2 )
Number of boxes(𝑦) 25(𝑦1 ) 𝑦2

𝑥2 𝑦2 = 𝑥1 𝑦1
20 × 𝑦2 = 12 × 25
12 × 25
𝑦2 = = 15
20
Hence 15 boxes will be filled with 20 bottles in each box.
8. A factory requires 42 machines to produce a given number of articles in 63 days. How
many machines would be required to produce the same number of articles in 54 days?
Sol:
Number of days 63 54
Number of machines required 42 𝑦
54 × 𝑦 = 63 × 42
63 × 42
𝑦= = 49
54
49 machines will be required to produce the same number of articles in 54 days.
9. A car takes 2 hours to reach a destination by travelling at the speed of 60 km/h. How long
will it take when the car travels at the speed of 80 km/h?
Sol:
Speed of the car(km/h) 60 80
Time taken(h) 2 𝑦
80 × 𝑦 = 60 × 2
60 × 2 1
𝑦= =1
80 2
1
1 2 hours will it take when the car travels at the speed of 80 km/h.

10. Two persons could fit new windows in a house in 3 days.

(i) One of the persons fell ill before the work started. How long would the job take now?
Number of persons 2 1
Number of days 3 𝑦
Number of persons is inversely proportional to number of days
1×𝑦=2×3
𝑦=6

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 The job will be completed in 6 days.
(ii) How many persons would be needed to fit the windows in one day?
Number of persons 2 𝑥
Number of days 3 1
Number of persons is inversely proportional to number of days
𝑥×1= 2×3
𝑥=6
6 persons will need to fix the window in one day.
11. A school has 8 periods a day each of 45 minutes duration. How long would each period be, if
the school has 9 periods a day, assuming the number of school hours to be the same?
Sol:
Number of periods 8 9
Duration for each 45 𝑦
period(minutes)
Number of periods is inversely proportional to duration for each period.
9 × 𝑦 = 8 × 45
8 × 45
𝑦= = 40
9
Hence, each period would be 40 minutes long.

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 CHAPTER
14

1. 5𝑥𝑦 = 5 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ′𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 ′ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 5𝑥𝑦

Since 5, 𝑥, 𝑦 are cannot be expressed as a product of factors .
Distributive laws
( 𝑖 ) 𝑎 × 𝑏 + 𝑎 × 𝑐 = 𝑎 × (𝑏 + 𝑐 )
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑎 × 𝑏 − 𝑎 × 𝑐 = 𝑎 × (𝑏 − 𝑐 )
Factorisation of an algebraic expression
Factorisation of an algebraic expression means writing the given expression as a product of
its factors. These factors can be numbers, variables, or an algebraic expression
Method of common factors:
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏: 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐞 𝟏𝟐𝒂𝟐 𝒃 + 𝟏𝟓𝒂𝒃𝟐
Sol: 12𝑎2 𝑏 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 𝑎 × 𝑎 × 𝑏 = (3 × 𝑎 × 𝑏) × (2 × 2 × 𝑎) = 3𝑎𝑏 × 4𝑎
15𝑎𝑏2 = 3 × 5 × 𝑎 × 𝑏 × 𝑏 = (3 × 𝑎 × 𝑏) × (5 × 𝑏) = 3𝑎𝑏 × 5𝑏
12𝑎2 𝑏 + 15𝑎𝑏2 = 3𝑎𝑏 × 4𝑎 + 3𝑎𝑏 × 5𝑏
= 3𝑎𝑏(4𝑎 + 5𝑏)
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟐: 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐞 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟖𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏𝟒𝒙𝟒
Sol: 10𝑥 2 = 2 × 5 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 = (2 × 𝑥 × 𝑥) × (5) = 2𝑥 2 × 5
18𝑥 3 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 = (2 × 𝑥 × 𝑥) × (3 × 3 × 𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 × 9𝑥
14𝑥 4 = 2 × 7 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 = (2 × 𝑥 × 𝑥) × (7 × 𝑥 × 𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 × 7𝑥 2
10𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 3 + 14𝑥 4 = (2𝑥 2 × 5) − (2𝑥 2 × 9𝑥) + (2𝑥 2 × 7𝑥 2 )
= 2𝑥 2 (5 − 9𝑥 + 7𝑥 2 )
= 2𝑥 2 (7𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 5)
TRY THESE
(𝒊) 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐞 𝟏𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝟔
Sol: 12𝑥 + 36 = (2 × 2 × 3 × 𝑥) + (2 × 2 × 3 × 3)
= 12 × 𝑥 + 12 × 3
= 12(𝑥 + 3)

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(𝑖𝑖) Factorise 22𝑦 − 33𝑧
Sol ∶ 22𝑦 − 33𝑧 = 2 × 11 × 𝑦 − 3 × 11 × 𝑧
= 11 × 2𝑦 − 11 × 3𝑧
= 11(2𝑦 − 3𝑧)
(𝑖𝑖) Factorise 14𝑝𝑞 + 35𝑝𝑞𝑟

Sol: 14𝑝𝑞 + 35𝑝𝑞𝑟 = (2 × 7 × 𝑝 × 𝑞) + (5 × 7 × 𝑝 × 𝑞 × 𝑟)

= 7𝑝𝑞 × 2 + 7𝑝𝑞 × 5𝑟
= 7𝑝𝑞 (2 + 5𝑟)
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟑: 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐞 𝟔𝒙𝒚 – 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟔 – 𝟗𝒙.
Sol: 6𝑥𝑦 – 4𝑦 + 6 – 9𝑥
= 6𝑥𝑦 – 4𝑦 – 9𝑥 + 6
= 2𝑦 × 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 × 2 − 3 × 3𝑥 + 3 × 2

= 2𝑦(3𝑥 − 2) − 3(3𝑥 − 2)
= (3𝑥 − 2)(2𝑦 − 3)
EXERCISE 12.1
1. Find the common factors of the given terms.
(𝒊) 𝟏𝟐𝒙, 𝟑𝟔
Sol: 12𝑥 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 𝑥
36 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3
Common factors of 12𝑥 ,36 are
2,2 × 2,2 × 2 × 3 ⇒ 2,4,6
2. Factorise the following expressions.
(𝒊) 𝟕𝒙 – 𝟒𝟐
Sol: 7𝑥 – 42 = 7 × 𝑥 − 7 × 6 = 7(𝑥 − 6)
(𝒊𝒊) 𝟔𝒑 – 𝟏𝟐𝒒
Sol: 6𝑝 – 12𝑞 = 6 × 𝑝 − 6 × 2𝑞 = 6(𝑝 − 2𝑞)
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝟕𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏𝟒𝒂
Sol: 7𝑎2 + 14𝑎 = 7𝑎 × 𝑎 + 7𝑎 × 2 = 7𝑎(𝑎 + 2)
(𝒊𝒗) − 𝟏𝟔 𝒛 + 𝟐𝟎 𝒛𝟑
Sol: − 16 𝑧 + 20 𝑧 3 = 4𝑧 × (−4) + 4𝑧 × 5𝑧 2 = 4𝑧(−4 + 5𝑧 2 )
(𝒗) 𝟐𝟎 𝒍𝟐 𝒎 + 𝟑𝟎 𝒂 𝒍 𝒎

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Sol: 20 𝑙2 𝑚 + 30 𝑎 𝑙 𝑚 = 10𝑙𝑚 × 2𝑙 + 10𝑙𝑚 × 3𝑎 = 10𝑙𝑚(2𝑙 + 3𝑎)
(𝒗𝒊) 𝟓 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 – 𝟏𝟓 𝒙𝒚𝟐
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 5 𝑥 2 𝑦 – 15 𝑥𝑦 2 = 5𝑥𝑦 × 𝑥 − 5𝑥𝑦 × 3𝑦 = 5𝑥𝑦(𝑥 − 3𝑦)
(𝒗𝒊𝒊) 𝟏𝟎 𝒂𝟐 – 𝟏𝟓 𝒃𝟐 + 𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝟐
Sol: 10 𝑎2 – 15 𝑏2 + 20 𝑐 2 = 5 × 2𝑎2 – 5 × 3𝑏2 + 5 × 4𝑐 2
= 5(2𝑎2 – 3𝑏2 + 4𝑐 2 )
(𝒗𝒊𝒊𝒊) − 𝟒 𝒂𝟐 + 𝟒 𝒂𝒃 – 𝟒 𝒄𝒂
𝑆𝑜𝑙: − 4 𝑎2 + 4 𝑎𝑏 – 4 𝑐𝑎 = 4𝑎 × (−𝑎) + 4𝑎 × 𝑏 + 4𝑎 × (−𝑐 )
= 4𝑎(−𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑐 )
(𝒊𝒙) 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝒛 + 𝒙 𝒚𝟐 𝒛 + 𝒙 𝒚 𝒛𝟐
Sol: 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑧 + 𝑥 𝑦 2 𝑧 + 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 2 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 × 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 × 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 × 𝑧
= 𝑥𝑦𝑧 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)
(𝒙) 𝒂𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝒃𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝒄 𝒙 𝒚 𝒛
Sol: 𝑎𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑏𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑐 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 × 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 × 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 × 𝑐𝑧
= 𝑥𝑦(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧)
3. Factorise.
(𝒊) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 𝒚 + 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟖𝒚
Sol: 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑦 + 8𝑥 + 8𝑦 = (𝑥 × 𝑥 + 𝑥 × 𝑦) + (8 × 𝑥 + 8 × 𝑦)
= 𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑦 ) + 8(𝑥 + 𝑦 )
= (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 + 8)
(𝒊𝒊) 𝟏𝟓 𝒙𝒚 – 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 – 𝟐
Sol: 15 𝑥𝑦 – 6𝑥 + 5𝑦 – 2 = 3𝑥 × 5𝑦 − 3𝑥 × 2 + 1 × 5𝑦 − 1 × 2
= 3𝑥(5𝑦 − 2) + 1(5𝑦 − 2)
= (5𝑦 − 2)(3𝑥 + 1)
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 – 𝒂𝒚 – 𝒃𝒚
Sol: 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 – 𝑎𝑦 – 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑥 × 𝑎 + 𝑥 × 𝑏 − 𝑦 × 𝑎 − 𝑦 × 𝑏
= 𝑥 (𝑎 + 𝑏 ) − 𝑦 (𝑎 + 𝑏 )
= (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑥 − 𝑦)
(𝒊𝒗) 𝟏𝟓 𝒑𝒒 + 𝟏𝟓 + 𝟗𝒒 + 𝟐𝟓𝒑
Sol: 15 𝑝𝑞 + 15 + 9𝑞 + 25𝑝 = 15 𝑝𝑞 + 25𝑝 + 9𝑞 + 15
= 5𝑝 × 3𝑞 + 5𝑝 × 5 + 3 × 3𝑞 + 3 × 5
= 5𝑝(3𝑞 + 5) + 3(3𝑞 + 5)

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 = (3𝑞 + 5)(5𝑝 + 3)
( 𝒗) 𝒛 – 𝟕 + 𝟕 𝒙 𝒚 – 𝒙 𝒚 𝒛
Sol: 𝑧 – 7 + 7 𝑥 𝑦 – 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
= 𝑧– 7– 𝑥𝑦𝑧+ 7𝑥𝑦
= 1 × 𝑧 − 1 × 7 − 𝑥𝑦 × 𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦 × 7
= 1(𝑧 − 7) − 𝑥𝑦(𝑧 − 7)
= (𝑧 − 7)(1 − 𝑥𝑦)
Factorisation using identities
I. 𝑎 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏) 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏)
II. 𝑎 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏)
III. 𝑎 2  𝑏2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎  𝑏)
IV. 𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏 = (𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏)
Example 4: Factorise 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔
Sol: 𝑎 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏) 2
𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 16
= 𝑥 2 + 2 × 𝑥 × 4 + 42
= (𝑥 + 4)2
Example 5: Factorise 𝟒𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝒚 + 𝟗
Sol: 𝑎 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 − 𝑏) 2
4𝑦 2 − 12𝑦 + 9
= (2𝑦)2 − 2 × 2𝑦 × 3 + (3)2
= (2𝑦 − 3)2
Example 6: Factorise 𝟒𝟗𝒑𝟐 − 𝟑𝟔
Sol: 𝑎 2  𝑏2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎  𝑏)
49𝑝2 − 36 = (7𝑝)2 − (6)2
= (7𝑝 + 6)(7𝑝 − 6)
Example 7: Factorise 𝒂 𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃 𝟐 – 𝒄𝟐
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑎 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 – 𝑐 2
= (𝑎 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 ) – 𝑐 2
= (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 – 𝑐 2 ( 𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐼𝐼)
= [(𝑎 − 𝑏) + 𝑐 ][(𝑎 − 𝑏) − 𝑐 ] (𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐼𝐼𝐼)
= (𝑎 − 𝑏 + 𝑐 )(𝑎 − 𝑏 − 𝑐 )

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Example 8: Factorise 𝒎𝟒 – 𝟐𝟓𝟔
Sol: 𝑎 2  𝑏2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎  𝑏)
𝑚4 – 256 = (𝑚2 )2 − (16)2
= (𝑚2 + 16)(𝑚2 − 16)
= (𝑚2 + 16)[𝑚2 − 42 ]
= (𝑚2 + 16)(𝑚 + 4)(𝑚 − 4)
Example 9: Factorise 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔
𝑎+𝑏 = 2+3= 5
Sol: 𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏 = (𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑎×𝑏 = 2×3= 6
𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6
= 𝑥 2 + (2 + 3) 𝑥 + 2 × 3
= (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3)
Example 10: Find the factors of 𝒚𝟐 – 𝟕𝒚 + 𝟏𝟐
Sol: 𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏 = (𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏)
𝑦 2 – 7𝑦 + 12
= 𝑦 2 + (– 3 − 4)𝑦 + (−3)(−4)
= (𝑦 − 3)(𝑦 − 4)
(OR)
𝑦 2 – 7𝑦 + 12 = 𝑦 2 – 3𝑦 − 4𝑦 + 12 𝑎 + 𝑏 = −3 − 4 = −7
= 𝑦 (𝑦 − 3) − 4(𝑦 − 3) 𝑎 × 𝑏 = (−3)(−4) = −12

= (𝑦 − 3)(𝑦 − 4)
Example 11: Obtain the factors of 𝒛𝟐 – 𝟒𝒛 – 𝟏𝟐
Sol: 𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏 = (𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏)
𝑧 2 – 4𝑧 – 12 = 𝑧 2 + (– 6 + 2)𝑧 + (−6)(2)
= (𝑧 − 6)(𝑧 + 2)
Example 12: Find the factors of 𝟑𝒎𝟐 + 𝟗𝒎 + 𝟔.
Sol: 3𝑚2 + 9𝑚 + 6
= 3[𝑚2 + 3𝑚 + 2]
= 3[ 𝑚 2 + ( 1 + 2 ) 𝑚 + 1 × 2]
= 3(𝑚 + 1)(𝑚 + 2)

1. Factorise the following expressions.

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(𝐢) 𝒂𝟐 + 𝟖𝒂 + 𝟏𝟔
Sol: a 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏) 2
𝑎2 + 8𝑎 + 16
= 𝑎 2 + 2 × 𝑎 × 4 + 42
= (𝑎 + 4)2
(𝒊𝒊)𝒑 𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎 𝒑 + 𝟐𝟓
Sol: 𝑎 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)2
𝑝 2 − 10 𝑝 + 25
= 𝑝 2 − 2 × 𝑝 × 5 + 52
= (𝑝 − 5)2
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝟐𝟓𝒎𝟐 + 𝟑𝟎𝒎 + 𝟗
Sol: 𝑎 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏) 2
25𝑚2 + 30𝑚 + 9
= (5𝑚)2 + 2 × 5𝑚 × 3 + (3)2
= (5𝑚 + 3)2
(𝒊𝒗) 𝟒𝟗𝒚𝟐 + 𝟖𝟒𝒚𝒛 + 𝟑𝟔𝒛𝟐
Sol: 𝑎 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏) 2
49𝑦 2 + 84𝑦𝑧 + 36𝑧 2
= (7𝑦)2 + 2 × 7𝑦 × 6𝑧 + (6𝑧)2
= (7𝑦 + 6𝑧)2
(𝒗) 𝟒𝒙𝟐 – 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟒
Sol: 𝑎 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)2
4𝑥 2 – 8𝑥 + 4
= 4[𝑥 2 – 2𝑥 + 1]
= 4[ 𝑥 2 – 2 × 𝑥 × 1 + 12 ]
= 4( 𝑥 − 1) 2
(𝒗𝒊) 𝟏𝟐𝟏𝒃𝟐 – 𝟖𝟖𝒃𝒄 + 𝟏𝟔𝒄𝟐
Sol: 𝑎 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)2
121𝑏2 – 88𝑏𝑐 + 16𝑐 2
= (11𝑏)2 − 2 × 11𝑏 × 4𝑐 + (4𝑐 )2
= (11𝑏)2 − 2 × 11𝑏 × 4𝑐 + (4𝑐 )2
= (11𝑏 − 4𝑐 )2

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(𝒗𝒊𝒊) (𝒍 + 𝒎)𝟐 − 𝟒𝒍𝒎
Sol: (𝑙 + 𝑚)2 − 4𝑙𝑚
= (𝑙2 + 2𝑙𝑚 + 𝑚2 ) − 4𝑙𝑚
= 𝑙2 + 2𝑙𝑚 − 4𝑙𝑚 + 𝑚2
= 𝑙2 − 2𝑙𝑚 + 𝑚2
= (𝑙 − 𝑚 )2
(𝒗𝒊𝒊𝒊)𝒂𝟒 + 𝟐𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒃𝟒
Sol: 𝑎4 + 2𝑎2 𝑏2 + 𝑏4
= (𝑎 2 )2 + 2 × 𝑎 2 × 𝑏 2 + (𝑏 2 )2
= (𝑎 2 + 𝑏 2 )2
2. Factorise.
(𝑖)4𝑝2 – 9𝑞2
Sol: 𝑎 2  𝑏2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎  𝑏)
4𝑝2 – 9𝑞2 = (2𝑝)2 − (3𝑞)2
= (2𝑝 + 3𝑞)(2𝑝 − 3𝑞)
(𝒊𝒊) 𝟔𝟑𝒂 𝟐 – 𝟏𝟏𝟐𝒃𝟐
Sol: 𝑎 2  𝑏2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎  𝑏)
63𝑎 2 – 112𝑏2 = 7 × 9𝑎2 − 7 × 16𝑏2
= 7[9𝑎2 − 16𝑏2 ]
= 7[(3𝑎)2 − (4𝑏)2 ]
= 7(3𝑎 + 4𝑏)(3𝑎 − 4𝑏)
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝟒𝟗𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝟔
Sol: 𝑎 2  𝑏2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎  𝑏)
49𝑥 2 − 36 = (7𝑥)2 − (6)2
= (7𝑥 + 6)(7𝑥 − 6)
(𝒊𝒗) 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟓 − 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝒙𝟑
Sol: 𝑎 2  𝑏2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎  𝑏)
16𝑥 5 − 144𝑥 3 = 16𝑥 3 × 𝑥 2 − 16𝑥 3 × 9
= 16𝑥 3 [𝑥 2 − 9]
= 16𝑥 3 [𝑥 2 − 32 ]
= 16𝑥 3 (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 3)
(𝒗) (𝒍 + 𝒎)𝟐 – (𝒍 – 𝒎)𝟐

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Sol: 𝑎 2  𝑏2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎  𝑏)
(𝑙 + 𝑚 )2 – (𝑙 – 𝑚 )2
= [(𝑙 + 𝑚) + (𝑙 – 𝑚)][(𝑙 + 𝑚) − (𝑙 – 𝑚)]
= [𝑙 + 𝑚 + 𝑙 − 𝑚][𝑙 + 𝑚 − 𝑙 + 𝑚]
= (2𝑙)(2𝑚)
= 4𝑙𝑚
(𝒗𝒊) 𝟗𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 – 𝟏𝟔
Sol: 𝑎 2  𝑏2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎  𝑏)
9𝑥 2 𝑦 2 – 16 = (3𝑥𝑦)2 − (4)2
= (3𝑥𝑦 + 4)(3𝑥𝑦 − 4)
(𝒗𝒊𝒊)(𝒙𝟐 – 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 )– 𝒛𝟐
Sol: (𝑥 2 – 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )– 𝑧 2
= (𝑥 − 𝑦 )2 − (𝑧 ) 2
= [(𝑥 − 𝑦) + 𝑧][(𝑥 − 𝑦) − 𝑧]
= (𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧)(𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧)
(𝒗𝒊𝒊𝒊)𝟐𝟓𝒂𝟐 – 𝟒𝒃𝟐 + 𝟐𝟖𝒃𝒄 – 𝟒𝟗𝒄𝟐
Sol: 25𝑎2 – 4𝑏2 + 28𝑏𝑐 – 49𝑐 2
= 25𝑎2 – (4𝑏2 − 28𝑏𝑐 + 49𝑐 2 )
= 25𝑎2 – [(2𝑏)2 − 2 × 2𝑏 × 7𝑐 + (7𝑐 )2 ]
= (5𝑎)2 − (2𝑏 − 7𝑐 )2
= [5𝑎 + (2𝑏 − 7𝑐 )][5𝑎 − (2𝑏 − 7𝑐 )]
= (5𝑎 + 2𝑏 − 7𝑐 )(5𝑎 − 2𝑏 + 7𝑐 )
3. Factorise the expressions.
(𝒊)𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙
Sol: 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 × 𝑥 + 𝑏 × 𝑥
= 𝑥(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
(ii) 7𝒑𝟐 + 21𝒒𝟐
Sol: 7𝑝2 + 21𝑞2 = 7 × 𝑝2 + 7 × 3𝑞2
= 7(𝑝2 + 3𝑞2 )
(𝒊𝒊𝒊)𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒛𝟐
Sol: 2𝑥 3 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑧 2
= 2𝑥 × 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 × 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 × 𝑧 2

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 = 2𝑥(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )
(𝒊𝒗)𝒂𝒎𝟐 + 𝒃𝒎𝟐 + 𝒃𝒏𝟐 + 𝒂𝒏𝟐
Sol: 𝑎𝑚2 + 𝑏𝑚2 + 𝑏𝑛2 + 𝑎𝑛2
= 𝑚 2 (𝑎 + 𝑏 ) + 𝑛 2 (𝑎 + 𝑏 )
= (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑚2 + 𝑛2 )
(𝒗) (𝒍𝒎 + 𝒍) + 𝒎 + 𝟏
Sol: (𝑙𝑚 + 𝑙) + 𝑚 + 1
= 𝑙 × (𝑚 + 1) + 1 × (𝑚 + 1)
= (𝑚 + 1)(𝑙 + 1)
(𝒗𝒊) 𝒚 (𝒚 + 𝒛) + 𝟗 (𝒚 + 𝒛)
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑦 (𝑦 + 𝑧) + 9 (𝑦 + 𝑧)
= (𝑦 + 𝑧)(𝑦 + 9)
(𝒗𝒊𝒊) 𝟓𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝟎𝒚 – 𝟖𝒛 + 𝟐𝒚𝒛
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 5𝑦 2 − 20𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧– 8𝑧
= (5𝑦 × 𝑦 − 5𝑦 × 4) + (2𝑧 × 𝑦 − 2𝑧 × 4)
= 5𝑦(𝑦 − 4) + 2𝑧(𝑦 − 4)
= (𝑦 − 4)(5𝑦 + 2𝑧)
(𝒗𝒊𝒊𝒊)𝟏𝟎𝒂𝒃 + 𝟒𝒂 + 𝟓𝒃 + 𝟐
Sol: 10𝑎𝑏 + 4𝑎 + 5𝑏 + 2
= 2𝑎 × 5𝑏 + 2𝑎 × 2 + 1 × 5𝑏 + 1 × 2
= 2𝑎(5𝑏 + 2) + 1(5𝑏 + 2)
= (5𝑏 + 2)(2𝑎 + 1)
(𝒊𝒙)𝟔𝒙𝒚 – 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟔 – 𝟗𝒙
Sol: 6𝑥𝑦 – 4𝑦 + 6 – 9𝑥
= 6𝑥𝑦 − 9𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 6
= 3𝑥 × 2𝑦 − 3𝑥 × 3 − 2 × 2𝑦 + 2 × 3
= 3𝑥 (2𝑦 − 3) − 2(2𝑦 − 3)
= (2𝑦 − 3)(3𝑥 − 2)
4. Factorise.
(𝑖 ) 𝑎 4 − 𝑏 4
Sol: 𝑎4 − 𝑏4 = (𝑎2 )2 − (𝑏2 )2
= (𝑎2 + 𝑏2 )(𝑎2 − 𝑏2 )

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 = (𝑎2 + 𝑏2 )(𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏)
(𝒊𝒊) 𝒑𝟒 − 𝟖𝟏
Sol: 𝑝4 − 81 = (𝑝2 )2 − (9)2
= (𝑝2 + 9)(𝑝2 − 9)
= (𝑝2 + 9)(𝑝2 − 32 )
= (𝑝2 + 9)(𝑝 + 3)(𝑝 − 3)
(𝒊𝒊𝒊)𝒙 𝟒 – (𝒚 + 𝒛)𝟒
Sol: 𝑥 4 – (𝑦 + 𝑧)4
= (𝑥 2 )2 − [(𝑦 + 𝑧)2 ]2
= [𝑥 2 + (𝑦 + 𝑧)2 ][𝑥 2 − (𝑦 + 𝑧)2 ]
= [𝑥 2 + (𝑦 + 𝑧)2 ][𝑥 + (𝑦 + 𝑧)][𝑥 − (𝑦 + 𝑧)]
= [𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 2𝑦𝑧](𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)(𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧)
(𝒗) 𝒂𝟒 − 𝟐𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒃𝟒
Sol: 𝑎4 − 2𝑎2 𝑏2 + 𝑏4
= (𝑎 2 )2 + 2 × 𝑎 2 × 𝑏 2 + (𝑏 2 )2
= (𝑎 2 − 𝑏 2 )2
= [(𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏)]2
= (𝑎 + 𝑏 ) 2 (𝑎 − 𝑏 ) 2
= (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏)
5. Factorise the following expressions.
(𝒊) 𝒑𝟐 + 𝟔𝒑 + 𝟖
Sol: 𝑝2 + 6𝑝 + 8
= 𝑝 2 + (2 + 4)𝑝 + 2 × 4 𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏
= (𝑝 + 2)(𝑝 + 4) = (𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏)
(𝒊𝒊) 𝒒𝟐 – 𝟏𝟎𝒒 + 𝟐𝟏
Sol: 𝑞2 – 10𝑞 + 21
= 𝑞2 + (−3 − 7)𝑞 + (−3)(−7) 𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏
= (𝑞 − 3)(𝑞 − 7) = (𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏)
(𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑝2 + 6𝑝 – 16
Sol: 𝑝2 + 6𝑝 – 16
𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏
= 𝑝2 + (8 − 2)𝑝 + (8)(−2)
= (𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏)
= (𝑝 + 8)(𝑝 − 2)

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Example 13: Do the following divisions.
(𝒊)– 𝟐𝟎𝒙𝟒 ÷ 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟐
– 20𝑥 4 −2 × 2 × 5 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑥
Sol: =
10𝑥 2 2×5×𝑥×𝑥
= −2 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 = −2𝑥 2
(𝒊𝒊)𝟕𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝟐 𝒛𝟐 ÷ 𝟏𝟒𝒙𝒚𝒛
7𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 7 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑦 × 𝑧 × 𝑧
Sol: =
14𝑥𝑦𝑧 2×7×𝑥×𝑦×𝑧
𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑧 𝑥𝑦𝑧
= =
2 2

(𝐢)𝐃𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝟐𝟒𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟑 𝒃𝒚 𝟔𝒚𝒛𝟐

24𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 3 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑦 × 𝑧 × 𝑧 × 𝑧
Sol: =
6𝑦𝑧 2 2×3×𝑦×𝑧×𝑧
= 2 × 2 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑧 = 4𝑥𝑦𝑧
(𝐢𝐢)𝐃𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝟔𝟑𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟒 𝒄𝟔 𝒃𝒚 𝟕𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟑
63𝑎2 𝑏4 𝑐 6 7 × 9 × 𝑎2 × 𝑏2 × 𝑏2 × 𝑐 3 × 𝑐 3
Sol: =
7𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐 3 7 × 𝑎2 × 𝑏2 × 𝑐 3
= 9 × 𝑏2 × 𝑐 3 = 9𝑏2 𝑐 3
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏𝟒: 𝐃𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝟐𝟒(𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝒛 + 𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒛 + 𝒙𝒚𝒛𝟐 )𝒃𝒚 𝟖𝒙𝒚𝒛 𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒅𝒔
Sol: 24(𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 )
= 3 × 8 × (𝑥𝑦𝑧 × 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 × 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 × 𝑧)
= 3 × 8 × 𝑥𝑦𝑧 × (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)
24(𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 )
8𝑥𝑦𝑧
3 × 8 × 𝑥𝑦𝑧 × (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)
=
8 × 𝑥𝑦𝑧
= 3( 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 )
Method-II
24(𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 )
8𝑥𝑦𝑧
24𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 24𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 24𝑥𝑦𝑧 2
= + +
8𝑥𝑦𝑧 8𝑥𝑦𝑧 8𝑥𝑦𝑧

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 = 3𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 3(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏𝟓: 𝐃𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝟒𝟒(𝒙𝟒 – 𝟓𝒙𝟑 – 𝟐𝟒𝒙𝟐 )𝒃𝒚 𝟏𝟏𝒙 (𝒙 – 𝟖)
Sol: 44(𝑥 4 – 5𝑥 3 – 24𝑥 2 ) = 44[𝑥 2 × 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 × 𝑥 2 − 24 × 𝑥 2 ]
= 44 × 𝑥 2 [𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 24]
= 44 × 𝑥 2 [𝑥 2 + (−8 + 3)𝑥 + (−8)(3)]
= 44 × 𝑥 2 [(𝑥 − 8)(𝑥 + 3)]
= 4 × 11 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 × (𝑥 − 8) × (𝑥 + 3)
44(𝑥 4 – 5𝑥 3 – 24𝑥 2 )
11𝑥 (𝑥 – 8)
4 × 11 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 × (𝑥 − 8) × (𝑥 + 3)
= = 4𝑥(𝑥 + 3)
11 × 𝑥 × (𝑥 – 8)
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏𝟔: 𝐃𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝒛(𝟓𝒛𝟐 – 𝟖𝟎)𝒃𝒚 𝟓𝒛(𝒛 + 𝟒)
Sol: 𝑧(5𝑧 2 – 80) = 𝑧 × [5 × 𝑧 2 − 5 × 16]
= 𝑧 × 5 × [𝑧 2 − 16]
= 𝑧 × 5 × [𝑧 2 − 4 2 ]
= 𝑧 × 5 × (𝑧 + 4) × (𝑧 − 4)
𝑧(5𝑧 2 – 80) 𝑧 × 5 × (𝑧 + 4) × (𝑧 − 4)
= = (𝑧 − 4)
5𝑧(𝑧 + 4) 5 × 𝑧 × (𝑧 + 4)

1. Carry out the following divisions.

(𝒊)𝟐𝟖𝒙𝟒 ÷ 𝟓𝟔𝒙
28𝑥 4 28 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 𝑥 × 𝑥 𝑥 2
Sol: = = =
56𝑥 2 × 28 × 𝑥 2 2
(𝒊𝒊)– 𝟑𝟔𝒚𝟑 ÷ 𝟗𝒚𝟐
– 36𝑦 3 −4 × 9 × 𝑦 × 𝑦 × 𝑦
Sol: = = −4𝑦
9𝑦 2 9×𝑦×𝑦
(𝒊𝒊𝒊)𝟔𝟔𝒑𝒒𝟐 𝒓𝟑 ÷ 𝟏𝟏𝒒𝒓𝟐
66𝑝𝑞2 𝑟 3 6 × 11 × 𝑝 × 𝑞 × 𝑞 × 𝑟 × 𝑟 × 𝑟
Sol: =
11𝑞𝑟 2 11 × 𝑞 × 𝑟 × 𝑟
= 6 × 𝑝 × 𝑞 × 𝑟 = 6𝑝𝑞𝑟
(𝒊𝒗)𝟑𝟒𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟑 𝒛𝟑 ÷ 𝟓𝟏𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟑
34𝑥 3 𝑦 3 𝑧 3 2 × 17 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑦 × 𝑦 × 𝑧 × 𝑧 × 2𝑥 2 𝑦
Sol: = =
51𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 3 3 × 17 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑦 × 𝑧 × 𝑧 × 𝑧 3

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(𝒗)𝟏𝟐𝒂𝟖 𝒃𝟖 ÷ (– 𝟔𝒂𝟔 𝒃𝟒 )
12𝑎8 𝑏8 2 × 6 × 𝑎6 × 𝑎2 × 𝑏4 × 𝑏4
Sol: = = −2𝑎2 𝑏4
– 6𝑎6 𝑏4 – 6 × 𝑎6 × 𝑏4
2. Divide the given polynomial by the given monomial.
(𝒊)(𝟓𝒙 𝟐 – 𝟔𝒙) ÷ 𝟑𝒙
5𝑥 2 – 6𝑥 5𝑥 2 6𝑥 5𝑥
Sol: = − = −2
3𝑥 3𝑥 3𝑥 3
(𝒊𝒊)(𝟑𝒚𝟖 – 𝟒𝒚 𝟔 + 𝟓𝒚𝟒 ) ÷ 𝒚𝟒
3𝑦 8 – 4𝑦 6 + 5𝑦 4 3𝑦 8 4𝑦 6 5𝑦 4
Sol: = 4 − 4 + 4
𝑦4 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
3𝑦 4 × 𝑦 4 4𝑦 2 × 𝑦 4 5 × 𝑦 4
= − +
𝑦4 𝑦4 𝑦4
= 3𝑦 4 − 4𝑦 2 + 5
(𝒊𝒊𝒊)𝟖(𝒙 𝟑 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟑 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟑 ) ÷ 𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟐
8(𝑥 3 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 𝑧 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 3 )
Sol:
4𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 2
8𝑥 3 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 8𝑥 2 𝑦 3 𝑧 2 8𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 3
= + +
4𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 4𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 4𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 2
= 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)
(𝒊𝒗)(𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙) ÷ 𝟐𝒙
𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 𝑥 3 2𝑥 2 3𝑥 𝑥 2 3
Sol: = + + = +𝑥+
2𝑥 2𝑥 2𝑥 2𝑥 2 2
(𝒗) (𝒑𝟑 𝒒𝟔 – 𝒑𝟔 𝒒𝟑 ) ÷ 𝒑𝟑 𝒒𝟑
𝑝3 𝑞 6 – 𝑝6 𝑞 3 𝑝3 𝑞 3 × 𝑞 3 𝑝3 𝑞 3 × 𝑝3
Sol: 3 3
= 3 3
− 3 3
= 𝑞 3 − 𝑝3
𝑝 𝑞 𝑝 𝑞 𝑝 𝑞
3. Work out the following divisions.
(𝒊) (𝟏𝟎𝒙 – 𝟐𝟓) ÷ 𝟓
10𝑥 – 25 10𝑥 25
Sol: = − = 2𝑥 − 5
5 5 5
(𝒊𝒊) (𝟏𝟎𝒙 – 𝟐𝟓) ÷ (𝟐𝒙 – 𝟓)
Sol: (10𝑥 – 25) = (5 × 2𝑥 − 5 × 5) = 5 × (2𝑥 – 5)
(10𝑥 – 25) 5 × (2𝑥 – 5)
= =5
(2𝑥 – 5) (2𝑥 – 5)
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝟏𝟎𝒚(𝟔𝒚 + 𝟐𝟏) ÷ 𝟓(𝟐𝒚 + 𝟕)

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Sol: 10𝑦(6𝑦 + 21) = 2 × 5 × 𝑦 × [3 × 2𝑦 + 3 × 7]
= 2 × 5 × 𝑦 × 3 × (2𝑦 + 7)
10𝑦(6𝑦 + 21) 2 × 5 × 𝑦 × 3 × (2𝑦 + 7)
= = 2 × 𝑦 × 3 = 6𝑦
5(2𝑦 + 7) 5 × (2𝑦 + 7)

(𝒊𝒗) 𝟗𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 (𝟑𝒛 – 𝟐𝟒) ÷ 𝟐𝟕𝒙𝒚(𝒛 – 𝟖)

Sol: 9𝑥 2 𝑦 2 (3𝑧 – 24) = : 9𝑥 2 𝑦 2 × [3 × 𝑧 − 3 × 8] = 9 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑦 × 3 × (𝑧 – 8)

9𝑥 2 𝑦 2 (3𝑧 – 24) 9 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑦 × 3 × (𝑧 – 8)
= = 𝑥𝑦
27𝑥𝑦(𝑧 – 8) 3 × 9 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 × (𝑧 – 8)

(𝒗) 𝟗𝟔𝒂𝒃𝒄(𝟑𝒂 – 𝟏𝟐) (𝟓𝒃 – 𝟑𝟎) ÷ 𝟏𝟒𝟒(𝒂 – 𝟒) (𝒃 – 𝟔)

Sol: (3𝑎 – 12)(5𝑏 – 30) = [3 × 𝑎 − 3 × 4][5 × 𝑏 − 5 × 6] = 3 × (𝑎 − 4) × 5 × (𝑏 − 6)

96𝑎𝑏𝑐 (3𝑎 – 12)(5𝑏 – 30) 2 × 48 × 𝑎𝑏𝑐 × 3 × (𝑎 − 4) × 5 × (𝑏 − 6)

=
144(𝑎 – 4)(𝑏 – 6) 3 × 48 × (𝑎 – 4) × (𝑏 – 6)

= 2 × 5 × 𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 10𝑎𝑏𝑐

4. Divide as directed.

(𝒊)𝟓(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓) ÷ (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏)

5(2𝑥 + 1)(3𝑥 + 5)
Sol: = 5(3𝑥 + 5)
(2𝑥 + 1)

(𝒊𝒊) 𝟐𝟔𝒙𝒚(𝒙 + 𝟓)(𝒚 – 𝟒) ÷ 𝟏𝟑𝒙(𝒚 – 𝟒)

26𝑥𝑦(𝑥 + 5)(𝑦 – 4) 2 × 13 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 × (𝑥 + 5) × (𝑦 – 4)
Sol: =
13𝑥 (𝑦 – 4) 13 × 𝑥 × (𝑦 – 4)

= 2 × 𝑦 × (𝑥 + 5 )

= 2𝑦(𝑥 + 5)

(𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝟓𝟐𝒑𝒒𝒓 (𝒑 + 𝒒) (𝒒 + 𝒓) (𝒓 + 𝒑) ÷ 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝒑𝒒(𝒒 + 𝒓) (𝒓 + 𝒑)

52𝑝𝑞𝑟 (𝑝 + 𝑞)(𝑞 + 𝑟)(𝑟 + 𝑝)
Sol:
104𝑝𝑞 (𝑞 + 𝑟)(𝑟 + 𝑝)
52 × 𝑝𝑞 × 𝑟 × (𝑝 + 𝑞)(𝑞 + 𝑟)(𝑟 + 𝑝)
=
2 × 52 × 𝑝𝑞 × (𝑞 + 𝑟)(𝑟 + 𝑝)
𝑟 (𝑝 + 𝑞 ) 1
= = 𝑟 (𝑝 + 𝑞 )
2 2

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(𝒊𝒗) 𝟐𝟎(𝒚 + 𝟒)(𝒚𝟐 + 𝟓𝒚 + 𝟑) ÷ 𝟓(𝒚 + 𝟒)
20(𝑦 + 4)(𝑦 2 + 5𝑦 + 3)
Sol:
5(𝑦 + 4 )
4 × 5 × (𝑦 + 4)(𝑦 2 + 5𝑦 + 3)
=
5 × (𝑦 + 4)
= 4(𝑦 2 + 5𝑦 + 3)
(𝒗) 𝒙(𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟐)(𝒙 + 𝟑) ÷ 𝒙(𝒙 + 𝟏)
𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3)
Sol: = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3)
𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)
5. Factorise the expressions and divide them as directed.
(𝒊) (𝒚𝟐 + 𝟕𝒚 + 𝟏𝟎) ÷ (𝒚 + 𝟓)
Sol: 𝑦 2 + 7𝑦 + 10 = 𝑦 2 + (2 + 5)𝑦 + 2 × 5
= (𝑦 + 2)(𝑦 + 5)
(𝑦 2 + 7𝑦 + 10) (𝑦 + 2)(𝑦 + 5)
= = ( 𝑦 + 2)
(𝑦 + 5) (𝑦 + 5)
(𝒊𝒊) (𝒎𝟐 – 𝟏𝟒𝒎 – 𝟑𝟐) ÷ (𝒎 + 𝟐)
Sol: 𝑚2 – 14𝑚 – 32 = 𝑚2 + (−16 + 2)𝑚 + (−16) × (2)
= (𝑚 − 16)(𝑚 + 2)
(𝑚2 – 14𝑚 – 32) (𝑚 − 16)(𝑚 + 2)
= = (𝑚 − 16)
(𝑚 + 2) (𝑚 + 2)
(𝒊𝒊𝒊)(𝟓𝒑𝟐 – 𝟐𝟓𝒑 + 𝟐𝟎) ÷ (𝒑 – 𝟏)
Sol: 5𝑝2 – 25𝑝 + 20 = 5[𝑝2 – 5𝑝 + 4]
= 5[𝑝2 + (−1 − 4)𝑝 + (−1)(−4)]
= 5(𝑝 − 1)(𝑝 − 4)
(5𝑝2 – 25𝑝 + 20) 5(𝑝 − 1)(𝑝 − 4)
= = 5(𝑝 − 4)
(𝑝 – 1) (𝑝 – 1)
(𝒊𝒗)𝟒𝒚𝒛(𝒛𝟐 + 𝟔𝒛 – 𝟏𝟔) ÷ 𝟐𝒚(𝒛 + 𝟖)
Sol: 𝑧 2 + 6𝑧 – 16 = 𝑧 2 + (8 − 2)𝑧 + 8 × (−2)
= (𝑧 + 8)(𝑧 − 2)
4𝑦𝑧(𝑧 2 + 6𝑧 – 16) 2𝑦 × 2𝑧 × (𝑧 + 8)(𝑧 − 2)
= = 2𝑧(𝑧 − 2)
2𝑦(𝑧 + 8) 2𝑦 × (𝑧 + 8)
(𝒗) 𝟓𝒑𝒒(𝒑𝟐 – 𝒒𝟐 ) ÷ 𝟐𝒑(𝒑 + 𝒒)

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 5𝑝𝑞 (𝑝2 – 𝑞2 ) 5 × 𝑝 × 𝑞 × (𝑝 + 𝑞)(𝑝 − 𝑞) 5𝑞 (𝑝 − 𝑞) 5
Sol: = = = 𝑞 (𝑝 − 𝑞 )
2𝑝(𝑝 + 𝑞) 2 × 𝑝 × (𝑝 + 𝑞 ) 2 2
(𝒗𝒊) 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝒚(𝟗𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔𝒚𝟐 ) ÷ 𝟒𝒙𝒚(𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚)
Sol: 9𝑥 2 − 16𝑦 2 = (3𝑥)2 − (4𝑦)2 = (3𝑥 + 4𝑦)(3𝑥 − 4𝑦)
12𝑥𝑦(9𝑥 2 − 16𝑦 2 ) 3 × 4𝑥𝑦 × (3𝑥 + 4𝑦) × (3𝑥 − 4𝑦)
=
4𝑥𝑦(3𝑥 + 4𝑦) 4𝑥𝑦 × (3𝑥 + 4𝑦)
= 3(3𝑥 − 4𝑦)
(𝒗𝒊𝒊)𝟑𝟗𝒚𝟑 (𝟓𝟎𝒚𝟐 − 𝟗𝟖) ÷ 𝟐𝟔𝒚𝟐 (𝟓𝒚 + 𝟕)
Sol: 50𝑦 2 − 98 = 2 × 25𝑦 2 − 2 × 49 = 2[25𝑦 2 − 49]
= 2[(5𝑦)2 − (7)2 ] = 2(5𝑦 + 7)(5𝑦 − 7)
39𝑦 3 (50𝑦 2 − 98) 3 × 13 × 𝑦 2 × 𝑦 × 2 × (5𝑦 + 7) × (5𝑦 − 7)
=
26𝑦 2 (5𝑦 + 7) 2 × 13 × 𝑦 2 × (5𝑦 + 7)
= 3𝑦(5𝑦 − 7)

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 CHAPTER
13

1. A Bar graph:
A bar graph is used to show comparison among categories. It may consist of two or more
parallel vertical (or horizontal) bars (rectangles).

Bar graphs can also have double bars. This graph gives
a comparative.
2. A Pie graph (or a circle-graph) :
A pie-graph is used to compare parts of a whole. The
circle represents the whole

3. A line graph:
A line graph displays data that changes continuously over
periods of time.

Example 1: (A graph on “performance”) The given graph (Fig 15.7) represents the total runs scored
by two batsmen A and B, during each of the ten different matches in the year 2007. Study the
graph and answer the following questions.
(i) What information is given on the two axes?

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 VIII CLASS 13.INTRODUCTION TO GRAPHS NCERT(2023-24)
Sol: On X-axis: The matches played during the year 2007
On Y-axis: The total runs scored in each match.
(ii) Which line shows the runs scored by batsman A?
Sol: The dotted line shows the runs scored by Batsman A.
(iii) Were the run scored by them same in any match in 2007?
If so, in which match ?
Sol: During the 4th match, both have scored the same
number of 60 runs (Graphs intersecting point)
(iii) Among the two batsmen, who is steadier? How do you
judge it?
Sol: Batsman A has one great “peak” but many deep “valleys”. He does not appear to be
consistent. B, on the other hand has never scored below a total of 40 runs, even though his
highest score is only 100 in comparison to 115 of A. Also A has scored a zero in two matches
and in a total of 5 matches he has scored less than 40 runs. Since A has a lot of ups and
downs, B is a more consistent and reliable batsman.
Example 2: The given graph describes the distances of a car from a city P at different times when it is
travelling from City P to City Q, which are 350 km apart. Study the graph and answer the
following:
(i) What information is given on the two axes?
Sol: On X-axis: Time
On Y axis: The distance of the car from City P.
(ii) From where and when did the car begin its
journey?
Sol: The car started from City P at 8 a.m
(iii) How far did the car go in the first hour?
Sol: The car travelled 50 km during the first hour.
(iv) How far did the car go during
(a) The 2nd hour?
Sol: 150 − 50 = 100𝑘𝑚
(ii) The 3rd hour?
Sol: 200 − 150 = 50𝑘𝑚
(v) Was the speed same during the first three hours? How do you know it?
50 Distance
Sol: Speed in 1st hour = = 50𝑘𝑚/ℎ Speed =
1
Time
100
Speed in 2nd hour = = 100𝑘𝑚/ℎ
1

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 VIII CLASS 13.INTRODUCTION TO GRAPHS NCERT(2023-24)
50
Speed in 3rd hour = = 50𝑘𝑚/ℎ
1
We find that the speed of the car was not the same all the time.
(vi) Did the car stop for some duration at any place? Justify your answer.
Sol: No distance covered during the period 11a.m to 12 noon .
This shows that the car did not travel during the interval 11 a.m. to 12 noon.
(vii) When did the car reach City Q?
Sol: The car reached City Q at 2 p.m.

1. The following graph shows the temperature of a

patient in a hospital, recorded every hour.
(a) What was the patient’s temperature at 1 p.m. ?
Sol: 36.50C
(b) When was the patient’s temperature 38.5° C?
Sol: 12 noon.
(c) The patient’s temperature was the same two times
during the period given. What were these two times?
Sol: 1 pm and 2 pm (36.50C)
(d) What was the temperature at 1.30 p.m.? How did you arrive at your answer?
Sol: The temperature from 1 pm to 2 pm is 36.50C.
So, the temperature at 1:30 pm is 36.50C .
(e) During which periods did the patients’ temperature showed an upward trend?
Sol: During 9 am to 10 am, 10 am to 11 am and 2 pm to 3 pm, the patient’s temperature showed
an upward trend.
2. The following line graph shows the yearly sales figures for a manufacturing company.
(a) What were the sales in (i) 2002 (ii) 2006?
Sol: (i) The sales in 2002 is Rs 4 crores
(ii) The sales in 2006 is Rs 8 crores
(b) What were the sales in (i) 2003 (ii) 2005?
Sol: (i) The sales in 2003 is Rs 7 crores
(ii) The sales in 2005 is Rs 10 crores
(c) Compute the difference between the sales in 2002
and 2006.
Sol: Difference between the sales in 2002 and 2006
=8 crores−4 crores= Rs 4 crores
(d) In which year was there the greatest difference between the sales as compared to its previous

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 VIII CLASS 13.INTRODUCTION TO GRAPHS NCERT(2023-24)
year?
Sol: Difference between the sales of the year
2002 and 2003 = Rs (7 − 4) crores= Rs 3 crores
2003 and 2004 = Rs (7 − 6) crores= Rs 1 crore
2004 and 2005 = Rs (10 − 6) crores= Rs 4 crores
2005 and 2006 = Rs (10 − 8) crores= Rs 2 crores
The difference was the maximum in the year 2005 as compared to its previous year 2004 .
3. For an experiment in Botany, two different plants, plant A and plant B were grown under
similar laboratory conditions. Their heights were measured at the end of each week for 3
weeks. The results are shown by the following
graph.
(a) How high was Plant A after (i) 2 weeks (ii) 3
weeks?
Sol: (i) The height of Plant A after 2 weeks= 7cm
(ii) The height of Plant A after 3 weeks= 9cm
(b) How high was Plant B after (i) 2 weeks (ii) 3
weeks?
Sol: (i) The height of Plant B after 2 weeks= 7cm
(ii) The height of Plant B after 3 weeks= 10cm
(c) How much did Plant A grow during the 3rd week?
Sol: Growth of plant A during the third week=9cm−7cm=2cm.
(d) How much did Plant B grow from the end of the 2nd week to the end of the 3rd week?
Sol: Growth of plant B from the end of the 2nd week to the end of the 3rd week
= 10 cm − 7 cm = 3 cm
(e) During which week did Plant A grow most?
Sol: Growth of plant A during
1st week=2cm−0=2cm
2nd week=7cm−2cm=5cm
3rd week=9cm−7cm=2cm
Therefore, plant A grew the most is 5 cm, during the 2nd week.
(f) During which week did Plant B grow least?
Sol: Growth of plant B during
1st week=1cm−0=1cm
2nd week=7cm−1cm=6cm
3rd week=10cm−7cm=3cm
Therefore, plant B grew the least is 1 cm, during the 1st week

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 VIII CLASS 13.INTRODUCTION TO GRAPHS NCERT(2023-24)
(g) Were the two plants of the same height during any week shown here? Specify
Sol: At the end of the 2nd week, the heights of both plants were same i.e. 7 cm.
4. The following graph shows the temperature forecast and the actual temperature for each day
of a week.
(a) On which days was the forecast temperature
the same as the actual temperature?
Sol: Tuesday, Friday and Sunday.
(b) What was the maximum forecast temperature
during the week?
Sol: 350C
(c) What was the minimum actual temperature
during the week?
Sol: 150C
(d) On which day did the actual temperature differ the most from the forecast temperature?
Sol: On Thursday.
5. Use the tables below to draw linear graphs.
(a) The number of days a hill side city received snow in different years.
Year 2003 2004 2005 2006
Days 8 10 5 12

(b) Population (in thousands) of men and women in a village in different years.
Year 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Number of Men 12 12.5 13 13.2 13.5
Number of Women 11.3 11.9 13 13.6 12.8

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 VIII CLASS 13.INTRODUCTION TO GRAPHS NCERT(2023-24)

6. A courier-person cycles from a town to a neighbouring suburban area to deliver a parcel to a

merchant. His distance from the town at different times is shown by the following graph.
(a) What is the scale taken for the time axis?
Sol: On time axis( X-axis) : 4Units=1 hour.
(b) How much time did the person take for the travel?
1
Sol: 8 a.m to 11.30 a.m=11.30 − 8 = 3.30 = 3 2 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠

(c) How far is the place of the merchant from the town?
Sol: 22 km
(d) Did the person stop on his way? Explain.
Sol: Yes, the person stopped on his way from 10 a.m. to 10: 30 a.m
(e) During which period did he ride fastest?
Sol: The person maximum distance travelled in time period 8 a.m to 9 a.m.
Thus, the person’s ride was the fastest between 8 a.m. and 9 a.m.
7. Can there be a time-temperature graph as follows? Justify your answer

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 VIII CLASS 13.INTRODUCTION TO GRAPHS NCERT(2023-24)

(i) The temperature can increase with the increase in time. (Direct proportional)
(ii) The temperature can decrease with the decrease in time. (Direct proportional)
(iii) Temperature changes at the same time. The graph is not possible.
(iv) Same temperature in different times. (Temperature is constant)
THINK, DISCUSS AND WRITE:
The number of litres of petrol you buy to fill a car’s petrol tank will decide the amount you have to
pay. Which is the independent variable here? Think about it
Sol: The amount money linked with the quantity of petrol.
So, the number of litres of petrol is independent variable.
Example 3: (Quantity and Cost) The following table gives the quantity of petrol and its cost.
No. of Litres of petrol 10 15 20 25
Cost of petrol in ` 500 750 1000 1250
Plot a graph to show the data.

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 VIII CLASS 13.INTRODUCTION TO GRAPHS NCERT(2023-24)

TRY THESE
In the above example, use the graph to find how much petrol can be purchased for ₹800.
Sol: 16 litres
Example 4: (Principal and Simple Interest)
A bank gives 10% Simple Interest (S.I.) on deposits by senior citizens. Draw a graph to illustrate the
relation between the sum deposited and simple interest earned. Find from your graph
(a) The annual interest obtainable for an investment of ₹ 250.
(b) The investment one has to make to get an annual simple interest of ₹70.

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 VIII CLASS 13.INTRODUCTION TO GRAPHS NCERT(2023-24)
Sol:
Sum deposited(P) 𝑃×𝑇×𝑅 Point (P, I)(In ₹)
Simple interest for a year(𝐼 = )
100
₹100 100 × 1 × 10 (100,10)
= 10
100
₹ 200 200 × 1 × 10 (200,20)
= 20
100
₹ 300 300 × 1 × 10 (300,30)
= 30
100
₹ 500 500 × 1 × 10 (500,50)
= 50
100
₹ 1000 1000 × 1 × 10 (1000,100)
= 100
100
Scale : 1 unit = ₹ 100 on horizontal axis; 1 unit = ₹ 10 on vertical axis.
𝑨𝒏𝒏𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕(𝒊𝒏 𝑹𝒔)

(a) Corresponding to₹ 250 on horizontal axis, we get the interest to be ₹ 25 on vertical axis.
(b) Corresponding to ₹ 70 on the vertical axis, we get the sum to be ₹700 on the horizontal axis
Example 5: (Time and Distance) Ajit can ride a scooter constantly at a speed of 30 kms/hour. Draw a
time-distance graph for this situation. Use it to find (i) the time taken by Ajit to ride 75 km. (ii) the
𝟏
distance covered by Ajit in 3 hours.
𝟐

Sol:

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 VIII CLASS 13.INTRODUCTION TO GRAPHS NCERT(2023-24)
Hours of ride Distance covered (d=t×s) Point(t,d)
1 hour 30 km (1,30)
2 hour 2×30 km=60 km (2,60)
3 hour 3×30 km=90 km (3,90)
4 hour 4×30 km=120 km (4,120)
Scale: On X-axis (Horizontal): 2 units=1 hour
On Y-axis (Vertical): 1 unit=10 km
(a) Corresponding to 75 km on the vertical axis, we get the time to be 2.5 hours on the horizontal
axis. Thus 2.5 hours are needed to cover 75 km.
1
(b) Corresponding to 3 hours on the horizontal axis, the distance covered is 105 km on the
2

vertical axis.
𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒅(𝒊𝒏 𝒌𝒎)

𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 (𝒊𝒏 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒔)

1. Draw the graphs for the following tables of values, with suitable scales on the axes
(a) Cost of apples

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 VIII CLASS 13.INTRODUCTION TO GRAPHS NCERT(2023-24)
Number of apples 1 2 3 4 5
Cost (in ₹) 5 10 15 20 25
Scale: On X-axis 1 cm=1 apple and on Y-axis 1 cm=₹5
𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕(𝒊𝒏 𝑹𝒔)

(b) Distance travelled by a car

Time (in hours) 6 a.m 7 a.m 8 a.m 9 a.m
Distances (in km) 40 80 120 160
.
Y axis
𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒅(𝒊𝒏 𝒌𝒎)

X axis

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 VIII CLASS 13.INTRODUCTION TO GRAPHS NCERT(2023-24)
Scale: (In regular graph 1 unit=1 cm)
On X-axis (Horizontal): 1 units=1 hour
On Y-axis (Vertical): 1 unit=20 km
(a) During the period 7:30 am to 8 am, the car covered a distance of 20 km.(120-100)
(b) Corresponding to 100 km on the vertical axis 7.30 am hours on the horizontal axis .
So, the car covered a distance of 100 km at 7:30 am since its start.

(c) Interest on deposits for a year

Deposit (in `) 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Simple Interest (in `) 80 160 240 320 400

Scale :
On X-axis (Horizontal): 1 units= ₹1000
On Y-axis (Vertical): 1 unit= ₹50
(i) Does the graph pass through the origin?
Sol: Yes
(ii) Use the graph to find the interest on ₹ 2500 for a year.
Sol: From the graph the interest on ₹ 2500 for a year is 200

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 VIII CLASS 13.INTRODUCTION TO GRAPHS NCERT(2023-24)
(iii) To get an interest of ₹280 per year, how much money should be deposited?
Sol: To get an interest of ₹ 280 per year, ₹ 3500 should be deposited.
2. Draw a graph for the following
(i)
Side of square (in cm) 2 3 3.5 5 6
Perimeter (in cm) 8 12 14 20 24

Given graph is a linear graph.

(ii)Area=side×side
Side of square (in cm) 2 3 4 5 6
Area (in cm2 ) 4 9 16 25 36

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40 Y-axis

(6, 36)
35

30

25 (5, 25)
Area (in cm2)

20

15 (4, 16)

10
(3, 9)

5
(2, 4)
0
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 X- axis8
-5
Side of square (in cm) ->

Given graph not a linear graph.

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