Report: COE_GRAM_Agcaoili_April24_2025

COE_GRAM_Agcaoili_April24_2025
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COE_GRAM_Agcaoili_April24_2025
DEVELOPMENT OF A SOLAR-POWERED CHARGING STATION

WITH ARDUINO-BASED SECURITY AND TIME-BASED SOLAR

TRACKING SYSTEM

A Design Project Presented to

The College of Engineering

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University of Perpetual Help System – DALTA - Molino Campus

Molino 3, Bacoor City, Cavite

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In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

MARK STEPHEN R. AGCAOILI

JOHN LEVI J. PASAO

GABRIEL P. RUFO

December 2024

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………….………………… i

APPROVAL SHEET ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iii

LIST OF TABLES iv

LIST OF FIGURES v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi

DISCLAIMER vii

ABSTRACT viii

CHAPTER 1: THE PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

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1.1 Background of the Study……………………………………………….… 6

1.2 Review of Related Literature………………………………………….…. 7

1.3 Synthesis…………………………………………………………….……13

1.4 Statement of the Problem……………………………………………..…. 14

1.5 Objectives of The Study……………………………………………….… 15

1.6 Theoretical Framework………………………………………………...... 15

1.7 Hypothesis……………………………………………………………..… 15

1.8 Significance of the Study………………………………………………... 16

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1.9 Scope and Limitation……………………………………………….…… 18

1.0.1 Definition of Terms……………………………………………………..20 CHAPTER 2:

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METHODOLOGY

2.1 Research Design…………………………………………………………..22

2.2 Workflow………………………………………………………………….23

2.3 Input-Process-Output of the System………………………………………24

2.4 Block Diagram for Electronic Charging System……………………….…26

2.5 Schematic Diagram…………...……………………………………….…..27

2.6 Wiring Diagram……………………………………………………………27

2.7 Research Instrument……………………………………………………….31

2.8 Data Gathering Procedure……………………………………………..…..31

2.9 Data Analysis Table………………………………………………..……...34

CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Prototype ActualStructure……………………………………..………….35

3.2 Lead-Acid Battery State of Charge and Discharge……………..………...36

3.3 Load Computation and Sizing…………………………………..……..….37

3.4 Data for Stationary Solar Panel………………………………..…….……41

3.5 Data for Solar Tracking System…………………………………...…….. 42

3.6 Statistical Analysis……………………………………………..…………44

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3.7 Data for 12V Sealed Lead Acid Battery Voltage Data……………..……. 46

CHAPTER 4: SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary……………………………………………………………..……….50

Conclusion…………………………………………………………..………..51

Recommendation………………………………………………………..……51

REFERENCES APPENDICES

Letter of Permission……………………………………………..

Grammar/Editing Certification…………………………………..
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Anti-plagiarism Certification………………………………….

Financial Statement including Receipts……………………….

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Certificate Of Authorization of Use by The University……….

Curriculum Vitae………………………………………………

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Generation of Solar Panel…………………………………………………..38

Table 2. Load Computation………………………………………………………….42

Table 3. Sizing of Inverter..………………………………………………………….43

Table 4. Shows the recorded Generation of Solar Tracking

System………………...46

Table 5. Shows the recorded Generation of Stationary Solar Panel

System………...47

Table 6. Legend and Descriptions Used for Modelling of Battery…………………..51

Table 7. 12V Sealed Lead Acid Battery Voltage Data gathered……………………..56

Table 8. Comparison between existing and our research

prototype...……………….61

Table 9. Bill of Materials…………………………………………………………….64

Table 10. Daily Cost Savings Per Day……………………………………..………...65

Table 11. Expected Return of Investments…………………………………………...65

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. PV panels……………………………………………………………...……..9

Figure 2. Solar Tracking System (Single Axis).....……………………..…..…...……..10

Figure 3. Allowable Ampacities of Insulated Conductors from

PEC……..…...……..16

Figure 4. Process Design Flow Chart………………………………………...….……26

Figure 5.Conceptual Framework of the System………………………………..……..27

Figure 6. Block Diagram for the System………………………………………..…….29

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Figure 7.Wiring Diagram of the Security System…….. ………………………...…...30

Figure 8.Wiring Diagram of the Solar Tracking System ………………………...…...31

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Figure 9. 3D Model of the System…………………………………………….……. ..32

Figure 10. Blynk - Solar Tracking Interface.……………………………..….………..33

Figure 11. Shows the Temperature forecast in December 2024..…….... 36

Figure 12. Extreme Temperature Data in November 2024…….…….…..37

Figure 13. Actual Prototype and its Main Circuit…………………………....…….….39

Figure 14.Survey Results: Role in the School of

Respondents………………………..40 Figure 15. Survey Results: Preferred Charger

Wattage for

Phones……………………40

Figure 16. Survey Results: Preferred Charger Wattage for Laptop……………………

41 Figure 17. Comparison of Solar Tracking System and Stationary in Terms of

Power per

hour………………………………………………………………………………….....48

Figure 18. 12V Lead Acid Battery Voltage Chart

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……………………………………..50

Figure 19. 12V Sealed Lead-acid Battery Voltage Capacity graph for days 1 and

2…...58

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Figure 20. Students and Staff using the researcher's

prototype…………………...…..59

Figure 21. User Satisfaction Results………………………….…………………...…...62

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to begin by expressing their deepest gratitude to

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God, whose guidance, strength, and wisdom have been the foundation of this

endeavor. His blessings and unwavering support enabled the researchers to

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overcome numerous challenges and obstacles encountered throughout this

study.
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The researchers extend their sincere appreciation to Engr. Wilfredo Leano, their
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research adviser, for his steadfast guidance, insightful feedback, and

encouragement, which greatly contributed to the success of this Capstone

Design Project. Heartfelt thanks are also due to Engr. Norman Avery Santos,
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Engr. Dexrey John Quizan and Dr. Cyd Laurence Santos provided invaluable

mentorship and constructive advice, helping the researchers navigate the

intricacies of this project. Their dedication and support have been instrumental

in ensuring the study's credibility and excellence.

The researchers are also profoundly grateful to their families and friends,
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whose moral and financial support played a critical role in making this study

possible. Lastly, the researchers extend their heartfelt appreciation to each

member of the group for their hard work, perseverance, and collaboration. The

dedication, sacrifice, and shared commitment of every team member were

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essential in achieving the study's objectives. This accomplishment is a test
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ament to their collective effort. To God be all the glory!

A.P.R

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DISCLAIMER

The study has been made the product of the hard work of the researchers. It

has been approved and accepted by the panel of reviewers. Hence, no part of

this paper may be used without proper citation or approval from the author.

ABSTRACT

The increasing demand for sustainable energy solutions and secure charging
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options has driven the development of an innovative solar-powered charging

station. This research presents a prototype system integrating Arduino-based

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security features and a time-based solar tracking mechanism. The charging

station utilizes three 100W photovoltaic panels paired with a 200mm linear
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actuator and controlled by ESP32 microcontroller to optimize energy capture,
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achieving a 34.99% efficiency improvement compared to fixed-panel systems.

An Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller manages an RFID-based security

system, enhancing user safety by preventing unauthorized access. The system

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is equipped with a 100Ah sealed lead-acid battery, a 500W inverter, a 30A

charge controller, and 30A circuit breakers to meet the daily energy demand of

486.864Wh. Conducted tests demonstrate consistent performance under

variable conditions, ensuring reliable energy storage and delivery. The station

also provides an eco-friendly solution tailored to the needs of students and

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staff at the University of Perpetual Help System Dalta - Molino Campus,

addressing the limitations of conventional charging systems. This study

underscores the potential of integrating renewable energy technologies with

automation to create efficient, secure, and sustainable solutions for modern

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energy challenges.
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Keywords - Photovoltaic (PV) System, RFID-based security system, Time-based

solar tracking mechanism, Linear Actuator, ESP32 microcontroller, Arduino

Mega 2560.

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CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

Introduction

Background of the Study

The growing need for energy worldwide, caused by more people and new
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technology, creates a big challenge for sustainable development. The

International Energy Outlook from the U.S. Energy Information Administration

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(EIA) estimates that global energy consumption will grow by 28% between 2015

and 2040, as the EIA's latest 2024 report reaffirmed. This rising demand,
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combined with the fast decline of fossil fuel reserves and their detrimental
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environmental impacts, underscores the urgent need for alternative energy

solutions (IEA, 2016). Because of this, renewable energy, especially solar power,

has become a popular and practical alternative.

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Solar energy is an attractive alternative because of its plentiful supply and

long-term sustainability. The sun provides approximately 120,000 terawatt-

years (TWy) of energy to the Earth's surface annually, vastly exceeding the

energy requirements of human activities, according to Lewis et al. (2005). Solar

thermal systems harness the sun's heat to generate energy, whereas

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photovoltaic systems directly convert sunlight into electricity (Psomopoulos,
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2013). Harnessing this renewable resource effectively can significantly reduce

reliance on fossil fuels and mitigate environmental degradation (IREA 2018).

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Mobile phones have become the most widely used devices worldwide, with over
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7.2 billion users (Howarth, 2024). As technological advancements and declining
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production costs make mobile phones more affordable, they have evolved into

multifunctional devices capable of photography, email processing, and data

management (Papadakis et al., 2018). However, this reliance on mobile phones

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necessitates frequent charging, creating a demand for innovative charging

solutions. Solar-powered charging stations can fulfill this need while promoting

energy sustainability.

For example, the research conducted by Maroma (2014) highlights the potential

of solar-powered Charging Stations to address the need for accessible and

efficient charging solutions. Such systems are particularly relevant in academic

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institutions where students are often prohibited from charging devices inside
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classrooms. The proposed design of a solar-powered charging station at the
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University of Perpetual Help System Dalta - Molino Campus, incorporating a

microcontroller-based security system and solar tracking, addresses this

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challenge. It aims to provide a secure and efficient means for students and
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staff to charge their devices while maximizing energy capture through solar

tracking technology.

Review of Related Literature

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Renewable energy is an important energy that has become an important part of
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fighting climate change while reducing gas emissions from greenhouse gasses

while also making sure that it is a sustainable energy supply. Among the various
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renewable energy sources, solar energy stands out as one of the most well-

known and widely adopted technologies. With the continuous advancements in

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photovoltaic (PV) systems, solar energy has become more efficient and cost-
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effective, making it an essential component of the transition towards cleaner

energy systems.
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Various factors, including declining costs of solar panels, advancements in
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battery storage technologies, and supportive government policies, such as tax
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incentives and subsidies, have driven the rapid adoption of solar energy. For

instance, research shows that the global levelized cost of solar electricity
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decreased by more than 80% between 2010 and 2020, making it one of the

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cheapest sources of power in many regions (International Renewable Energy

Agency [IRENA], 2020). Moreover, solar power installations contribute

significantly to energy access in remote and underserved regions, helping to

bridge energy inequality.

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The concept of solar-powered charging stations has garnered significant

attention due to the rising need for renewable energy solutions and the global
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push towards sustainability. These systems primarily rely on photovoltaic (PV)
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panels to convert solar energy into electricity, which is then stored in batteries
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for later use. Various studies highlight the advantages of integrating solar

tracking systems into these setups to enhance their efficiency.

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Solar Tracker
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A solar tracker is a device that moves solar panels to follow the sun's path
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across the sky. This helps the panels capture more sunlight throughout the day,

making them more efficient at generating electricity. Solar trackers can be

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single-axis, which moves in one direction, or dual-axis, which adjusts both
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vertically and horizontally for better accuracy. They are commonly used in solar

power systems to maximize energy production (Bhuvaneswari & Anand, 2011).

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Solar trackers can be classified based on their control system, driving system,

and degree of freedom. Control systems include closed-loop trackers, which

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use sensors and feedback mechanisms to align panels with the Sun, and open-
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loop trackers, which rely on pre-programmed algorithms and are more

straightforward but less precise. Driving systems are either passive, utilizing
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thermal expansion or pressure imbalances to adjust panel orientation, or
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active, which use motors, sensors, and microprocessors for higher accuracy
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and efficiency. Lastly, trackers can have varying degrees of freedom, such as

single-axis systems, which move in one direction, or dual-axis systems, which

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adjust both vertically and horizontally to follow the Sun more accurately. Each

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type has its advantages and trade-offs in terms of cost, complexity, and

performance (Júnior et al., 2019).

Application of Solar Tracker

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Solar tracking has been established as an effective technique to enhance solar

energy collection compared to fixed-panel systems. According to Salsabila

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(2013), Various sun-tracking methods have been developed, which can be
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broadly categorized into three main types: closed-loop, open-loop, and hybrid
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systems. Closed-loop systems typically rely on photosensors to adjust the

tracking mechanism, while open-loop systems use mathematical calculations

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to determine the sun's position without relying on sensors. Hybrid systems
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combine the features of both closed- and open-loop systems. An advantage of
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open-loop systems is their ability to function effectively under cloudy

conditions, whereas traditional closed-loop systems often struggle due to

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inconsistent sunlight. However, closed-loop systems require additional
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hardware, complex controls, and actuators, making them less cost-effective. In

regions with frequent cloud cover, such as tropical climates, open-loop systems
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are more efficient as they minimize unnecessary actuator movement caused by

photo sensor readings. Furthermore, open-loop systems are a more economical

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option compared to hybrid or closed-loop systems, making them well-suited for
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such climates.

For instance, the study by Auwal et al. (2024) on the Design and Development of
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Single-Axis Automatic Solar Tracking System demonstrated how solar trackers
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enhance energy capture by maintaining the optimal orientation of solar panels
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throughout the day. Auwal's findings indicated a 25% increase in energy

capture compared to fixed systems, with an accompanying decrease in energy

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losses due to shading and suboptimal panel angles. This principle directly

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supports the development of solar-powered charging stations by ensuring

maximum energy availability.

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Rufai Hassan et al. (2020). Discussed a system where an Arduino

microcontroller adjusts solar panel positioning using LDRs and a servo motor to
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follow the optimal sunlight angle. Such dynamic adjustments are essential for

maximizing solar energy capture throughout the day, compared to static panels
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that lose efficiency with the sun's movement. The LDRs enable precise light
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intensity detection, ensuring panels remain optimally oriented to capture the
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most sunlight.

Arduino microcontrollers have been extensively utilized in solar tracking

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systems due to their affordability, versatility, and ease of programming. Rufai
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Hassan et al. (2020) developed an Arduino-based automatic Solar Tracking
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System that is paired with light-dependent resistors and servo motors to adjust

the solar panels' position throughout the day dynamically. Their research
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highlighted that the tracking system increased solar energy capture by over 2
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5% compared to fixed panels. This improvement underscores the practical

benefits of integrating Arduino for energy efficiency and enhanced performance

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in solar-powered systems.

Similarly, Auwal et al. (2024) demonstrated the effectiveness of a single-axis

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solar tracker controlled by an Arduino. The study achieved a significant
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increase in energy capture and noted the reliability of the microcontroller in

maintaining precise panel orientation based on sunlight intensity. These

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findings provide a strong foundation for utilizing Arduino in standalone or
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hybrid solar energy solutions.
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In the paper published by Ali (2021), solar power has consistently ranked as one

of the leading renewable energy resources. However, traditional systems utilize

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fixed solar panels, which are limited in efficiency. They created a new design of

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an automatic tracking system to track the position of the sun. Although the
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solar panels are positioned vertically to maximize energy conversion, their
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movement ensures optimal alignment with the sun. In this tracking system,

Light Dependent Resistors (LDR) are used as sensors. The system comprises a
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microcontroller, LDRs, a gear motor system, and solar panels, and it is designed

as a dual-axis tracking system for enhanced efficiency. They add an RTC module
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and a limit switch to reset the position of the solar panels at the end of the day.
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By utilizing the tracking system implemented in their project, the efficiency of
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the solar panels and the overall power output can be significantly enhanced.

The article by Anusha et al. (2013) describes the design and development of an
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Advanced RISC Machine (ARM) processor-based solar tracking system
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incorporating a real-time clock. The proposed system effectively provides
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variable indications of the Sun's relative angle by comparing predefined

measured readings. Using this approach, the solar tracker successfully kept the
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solar array at an optimal perpendicular angle to the Sun. This resulted in a
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power increase of over 40% compared to a fixed horizontal array. The design

was demonstrated to have a low power consumption with high accuracy while
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being cost-effective.

The article titled "Solar Panel and Battery Maintenance Using IoT" explores the
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integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in the maintenance of solar
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panels and batteries. The article underscores the significance of leveraging IoT

technologies in the maintenance of solar energy systems, highlighting the

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advantages of real-time monitoring and data-driven management in extending
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the lifespan and efficiency of solar panels and batteries.
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Sun Trajectory
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The Earth's axis is tilted at an angle of approximately 23.5 degrees relative to
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the plane of its orbit around the Sun. This axial tilt, along with the Earth's

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orbital motion, results in a 47° variation in the Sun's declination between the
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solstices. Consequently, the Sun's position changes throughout the day and
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across seasons due to the Earth's continuous rotation and revolution.

Therefore, it is important to track and locate the Sun's specific position at

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moments for optimal solar energy capture (Júnior et al., 2019).

Sun Peak hours In the Philippines

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The demand for solar energy in the Philippines is primarily driven by the high
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cost of electricity and frequent power shortages due to insufficient investment
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in power generation infrastructure. According to the Institute for Energy
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Economics, Japan (IEEFA), the relatively high electricity costs coupled with
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unreliable power supply create a compelling case for the adoption of solar
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energy in the country. The Philippines has a considerable natural advantage for
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solar power development owing to its high number of peak sun hours, which

average between 4.5 and 5 hours per day. This advantageous solar resource
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makes the country an ideal candidate for increased investment in solar
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technology, particularly in areas such as residential and commercial rooftops

(IEEFA, 2018).
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Battery Charging/Discharging Application

The critical role of batteries in aerospace, automotive, and other industries

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necessitates precise control over charging and discharging. While consumer-
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grade chargers often suffice, their limitations demand more sophisticated

solutions for demanding applications, ranging from satellite design to battery

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testing. DC power supplies offer superior accuracy, stability, and regulation,
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exceeding the capabilities of conventional chargers. This application note
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explores various battery charging and discharging techniques employing
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Hewlett-Packard DC power supplies, demonstrating their versatility and
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effectiveness in achieving optimal battery performance. These techniques can

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be readily implemented with minimal modifications to the base unit, ensuring

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efficient and reliable battery management in critical settings.
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Right Battery sizing

As to the instructions provided by SimpliPhi Power in 2022, an essential

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measure in ascertaining the Choosing the right battery system size depends on

the needed or desired amount of energy storage. Typically, this is accomplished

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by estimating the minimum required daily kWh use and daily kWh value
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determined by the system's running duration and wattage of all possible loads
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is meant to help.
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Where: DOD = 50 % level before the battery capacity drops (sealed lead-acid
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battery).
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Battery Capacity = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝑊/𝐻)
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𝐷𝑜𝐷∗𝐸𝑓𝑓∗𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

The Importance of Fast Charging

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Fast charging has emerged as a critical feature in contemporary smartphones,
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offering unparalleled convenience and efficiency. Its ability to rapidly replenish

device batteries has transformed user experience, particularly for individuals

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with demanding lifestyles. The technology's impact extends beyond timesaving,

as it also contributes to improved battery health and potential cost reductions

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in the long run. However, it is crucial to recognize the diversity of fast-charging
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technologies employed by different manufacturers. These variations influence

charging speed, battery life, and overall device performance. Consequently,

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consumers must carefully evaluate their specific needs and preferences when
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selecting devices equipped with fast charging capabilities (Zamanov, Nick.
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2023).
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Modeling of Charge Controller
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The researchers built a model of a charge controller using MATLAB/SIMULINK.

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They then tested this model thoroughly under different conditions to see how
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well it worked. Their results showed that the controller charges the battery

when it is low (around 20% charge) and stops charging to protect the battery
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when the load gets high (around 80% of capacity). They looked closely at the

voltage and current going into the battery during these charging and
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discharging cycles. The study also included simulations with both series and
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parallel-connected charge controllers, and these simulations showed how the
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current and voltage change under different load conditions in both high and low
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(M. Lokesh Reddy et al., 2019).
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Inverter Power Sizing
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As a general guideline, the inverter's capacity should closely match the DC
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rating of the solar panel system. For example, for a 6000W system, it is

recommended to use an inverter with a capacity of around 6000W, with minor

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deviations being acceptable. According to Kerry Thoubboron (2019), when
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calculating the load, motor loads should be multiplied by 2 or 3, whereas non-

motor loads should be multiplied by 1.3.

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Off-Grid Load Calculation

To design an off-grid photovoltaic (PV) system, it is essential to estimate the

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total daily energy consumption accurately. This involves identifying all
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electrical appliances to be used, excluding those typically fueled by propane,

such as cooktops, water heaters, and electric heaters. Determine the rated
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wattage for each appliance, usually found on the label or in the user manual,
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and estimate the average number of hours it runs per day. Multiply the rated
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wattage by the daily usage hours to calculate the total watthours per day for
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each appliance and sum these values to find the total daily watthours needed
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(SEPCO, 2016).

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Wire Sizing Computation

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The wire sizing chart helps determine the right size of wire for any AC or DC
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circuit by keeping the voltage drop to 3% or less, especially in DC circuits

between PV modules and batteries. After calculating the VDI, you compare it to
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the nearest number in the VDI column and then read across to the

corresponding wire gauge size. Ensure the circuit amperage does not exceed
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the wire's ampacity. To find the appropriate wire gauge, you calculate the
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Voltage Drop Index (VDI) using the formula:
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𝑉𝐷𝐼 = (𝐴𝑀𝑃𝑆 𝑥 𝐹𝐸𝐸𝑇) ÷ (% 𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑇 𝐷𝑅𝑂𝑃 𝑥 𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑇𝐴𝐺𝐸)
52
Solar Panel Sizing Computation
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15
Sizing a solar system involves calculating the total energy needs and matching
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43
them with the appropriate solar panel capacity. According to Unbound Solar,
39
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the process begins with determining daily energy consumption using the

formula:
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Total Daily Energy Consumption = Power Rating (W) × Hours of Use (h)
30
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Where the power rating is the wattage of each appliance, and hours of use is
6
the number of hours it operates daily. This helps in assessing the total energy
31
60
required to be generated by solar panels. Next, the solar panel capacity

required is calculated by dividing the total daily energy consumption by the

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average solar irradiance, measured in peak sun hours, using the formula:
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Required Solar Panel Capacity (W) = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑊ℎ)

𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑆𝑢𝑛 ??𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 (ℎ)

27
Calculation of Circuit Breakers for Solar PV System
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To ensure the safety and efficiency of solar power systems, selecting the
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41
appropriate breaker size is crucial. The maximum nominal current of the solar
50
panels, which represents the typical operating current under standard
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conditions, serves as a key parameter in this selection process. According to

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industry standards, it is recommended to size the breaker at 1.2 times the

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maximum nominal current of the system. This safety margin accounts for
42
potential current surges and ensures that the breaker can handle the system's

maximum load without tripping under normal operating conditions. By applying

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this multiplier, the breaker not only protects the system components from

overcurrent situations but also contributes to the overall reliability and

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longevity of the solar power installation.
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Properly sizing the breaker is essential to prevent potential hazards such as
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overheating or electrical fires, which can arise from undersized breakers that
52
are unable to manage the current effectively. Moreover, adhering to this sizing
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guideline aligns with best practices and regulatory requirements for electrical
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installations. It ensures that the solar power system operates safely and
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efficiently, minimizing risks and maintaining compliance with electrical codes

and standards.
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Solar battery charging station with automated switching systems
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Batteries used in solar PV systems typically release small amounts of current

over a long time, such as during the night or power outages, while they are
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charged during the day. This study aims to calculate the electrical power output

of batteries by analyzing each component and improving their efficiency based

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on ampere-hours. This is achieved by connecting the components in a series
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circuit. The total power output of the battery and how to compute the charging

and discharging state of the battery based on how much load it is connected is
27
determined using the following formula:
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Battery Power Rating per Hour = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
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𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝐴ℎ
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Charge time in full sun with zero load =
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𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑃𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒

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𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑊ℎ
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Discharge time in no sun with zero load =
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𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑊ℎ

Discharge time in full sun with full load = 𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝐴ℎ

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𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑊ℎ − 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑃𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑊ℎ

Synthesis
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As the need for renewable energy grows, it is important to find new ways to use
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solar power effectively. Many existing systems focus on generating and storing
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solar energy but do not combine energy efficiency and security in one system.
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Solar tracking and security features are often used separately, but their
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combined use is still uncommon.
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This study, conducted at the University of Perpetual Help System Dalta Molino
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Campus, aims to create a solar-powered charging station. The station will use a

linear actuator for solar tracking to collect more energy and an Arduino-based
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system with micro servo motors to secure charging boxes for electronic
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devices. The project is designed to provide students and staff with a safe and

efficient way to charge their devices while using renewable energy.

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Statement of the Problem

The increasing reliance on mobile devices and the global shift towards
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renewable energy underscore the importance of innovative charging solutions.
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However, many existing solar-powered charging stations face critical
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limitations that hinder their effectiveness. Fixed-position solar panels fail to
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adjust to the sun's movement, resulting in reduced energy capture and
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inefficiency. This limitation is particularly problematic in areas with high energy
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demands and limited access to conventional power sources.
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Furthermore, these systems often lack security measures, which makes them
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prone to unauthorized access, theft, or tampering. Such vulnerabilities

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compromise the functionality and safety of charging stations, deterring users

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and undermining the broader adoption of renewable energy technologies.
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To address these challenges, this study proposes the development of a solar-
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powered charging station featuring an Arduino-based security system and a
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solar tracking mechanism. The solar tracking system will enhance energy

efficiency by continuously adjusting the solar panel's orientation to maximize

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sunlight exposure throughout the day. Concurrently, the Arduino-based security
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system will safeguard the station by detecting and preventing unauthorized
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access or tampering. By integrating these advanced features, the proposed
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solution aims to offer a reliable, efficient, and secure solar-powered charging
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station that aligns with contemporary energy and security demands.
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Objectives of the Study
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The primary goal of this research is to design and implement a solar-powered

charging station for the campus areas, integrating solar tracking technology
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with a Microcontroller-based security system. This project aims to achieve the
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following objectives:

To develop a charging system that effectively combines solar panels with

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microcontrollers to optimize energy collection and storage.

To enhance both energy efficiency and security by employing a solar tracking

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mechanism and an Arduino-based security system.
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To improve the utility and functionality of the campus area by offering an eco-
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friendly and convenient charging solution for students and staff at the Univers
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ity of Perpetual Help System Dalta-Molino Campus.
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Theoretical Framework
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The theoretical foundation of this study is grounded in the principles of
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renewable energy systems, automation technology, and Arduino-based security
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systems. The Law of Conservation of Energy forms the basis for understanding

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how solar energy is captured, converted, and stored for efficient use in the
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charging station. The Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) theory explains
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the importance of optimizing solar panel output by adjusting to the sun's
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changing position.
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For the security aspect, the study draws on the Authentication and Access

Control Theory, which focuses on ensuring secure system operations by

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verifying user credentials. RFID technology is based on electromagnetic
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induction principles and is widely used in authentication systems to provide
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secure access control. These theories collectively guide the development and
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integration of the solar-powered charging station, ensuring it is energy-
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efficient and user-friendly.
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Hypothesis Solar Tracking
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H0: The integration of a solar tracking mechanism does not significantly
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enhance energy efficiency compared to a fixed-panel system.
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H1: The integration of a solar tracking mechanism significantly enhances
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energy efficiency by increasing the amount of solar energy captured compared

to a fixed-panel system. Security System

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H0: The implementation of a security system with servo motors and RFID

modules does not significantly improve the security of the solar-powered

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charging station compared to traditional security measures.
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H1: The implementation of a security system with servo motors and RFID
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modules significantly improves the overall security of the solar-powered
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charging station by reducing the incidence of unauthorized access and
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tampering compared to traditional security measures.
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Significance of the Study
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The outcome of this study will be beneficial to the following:
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Community

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The project offers significant advantages to students by providing a convenient
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place to charge their devices, such as phones and tablets while waiting for
42 9
between classes. This makes their wait more comfortable and ensures they
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stay connected and productive. The efficient operation of the charging station
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37
enhances the overall campus experience. Additionally, students benefit from

using an environmentally friendly solution that helps reduce pollution.

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Future Researchers
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This project offers a substantial opportunity to develop innovative renewable
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14
energy solutions through real-world applications. By testing and analyzing
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system performance, researchers can gather valuable data to refine their
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15
concepts. Additionally, the project encourages collaboration among experts
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from various fields to tackle complex challenges and create more sustainable
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outcomes.
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Scope and Delimitation
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Scope
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This project focuses on the design, development, and testing of a renewable

energy charging system specifically for the campus environment. Solar panels
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serve as the primary energy source, and the system incorporates an Arduino

microcontroller to manage energy and enhance security. The study includes the
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conceptualization of the system, the integration of solar panels for electricity
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generation, and the implementation of Arduino-based technologies to optimize
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functionality and secure access.
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The charging station features solar tracking technology to maximize energy
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capture and utilizes RFID modules with servo motors to ensure controlled and
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41
authorized usage. The project emphasizes single-axis solar tracking to enhance
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energy efficiency while maintaining simplicity and cost-effectiveness. The
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system is constructed using readily available components, making it practical

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for localized use. The scope extends to the design, implementation, and
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evaluation of the system's overall performance, focusing on its reliability,
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efficiency, and effectiveness within the University of Perpetual Help System
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Dalta Molino Campus.
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Limitation

The study is limited to the scope of developing and testing the solar-powered
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charging station within the campus premises. It does not include the large-
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scale commercialization or deployment of the system outside the academic
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14
setting. The solar tracking system is restricted to single-axis tracking,
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74
excluding dual-axis or other advanced tracking methods. Furthermore, the
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15
device's solar tracking functionality is based on a time-based setup rather than
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real-time position adjustments. The security system is limited to RFID-based
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access control and servo motor mechanisms without incorporating more
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sophisticated security technologies like biometrics or surveillance systems.
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Additionally, the study does not explore the integration of advanced energy
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storage systems and instead focuses on basic battery management through a

charge controller. Also, the system's monitoring capability does not include
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real-time tracking of energy production, storage, and consumption. The

evaluation of system performance is conducted under specific campus

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conditions, and results may differ in other environments or scenarios.
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Definition of Terms
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Renewable Energy – A type of energy that is considered to be an infinite source
27
of energy, meaning it is replenished constantly. Examples of this energy come
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from the Sun, Wind, tides, waves, and also from the heat of the planet's
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41
geothermal energy.
50
Electricity – This is one of the well-known forms of energy that is
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fundamentally part of nature because it is the result of 2 different points of

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electrons moving together. It is one of the most used energy to power
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industries, homes and any modern technologies.
42
Energy Generation - Energy generation is the process of converting different
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79 10
forms of energy into electrical energy. This can be achieved through various
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37
methods, including burning fossil fuels, harnessing wind or solar power, using

nuclear reactions, or employing hydroelectric mechanisms.

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Solar Panels (Photovoltaic Panels) - Devices composed of photovoltaic cells
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that convert sunlight directly into electricity. These are the primary sources of
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14
energy for the charging station.
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Solar Tracking System - A type of mechanism that automatically fixes the
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15
orientation of solar panels to follow the movement of the Sun across the sky, to
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65
increase the panels' exposure to sunlight and, consequently, their Energy
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Solutions output. There are two widely known types of solar tracking systems:
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Single-Axis, which moves from east to west to track the sun, and dual-axis,
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which tracks the sun from all directions.
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Arduino Mega 2560 – This is a type of microcontroller that is an easy-to-use

software and hardware. This microcontroller is an 8-bit Microcontroller. It can

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be used to control simple projects, such as the way lights, switches, or buttons

work.
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ESP32 (Embedded System Platform 32-bit): A type of microcontroller that has
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WiFi and Bluetooth capabilities. It is mainly used in home automation and
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electronic applications requiring wireless connectivity and real-time
27
processing.
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Security System - An integrated set of devices and software designed to
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41
protect the charging station from unauthorized access, vandalism, or theft. It
50
may include features like motion sensors, alarms, and access control
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mechanisms.

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Microcontroller – This is a type of compact circuit that is designed to command
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a specific operation in an embedded system. The Arduino microcontroller in
42
this project handles the inputs from sensors and executes security protocols.
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Battery Storage - Refers to a system of rechargeable batteries designed to
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37
store the electricity generated by solar panels for later use. This stored energy

can be used to charge devices even when sunlight is not available, ensuring
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continuous operation of the charging station.
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Charge Controller – This is a type of component that manages the flow of
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14
electricity coming from the solar panels to the batteries, which makes sure that
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it properly charges the battery while preventing it from overcharging, which
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15
could potentially damage it. Circuit Breaker - Protects electrical equipment and
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prevents fires by stopping the flow of current when it exceeds the safe amount.
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Blynk- This is an online platform used for deploying, prototyping, and also
75
remotely managing any electronic devices at any scale.
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CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGY
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Research Design
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This study uses an experimental research design to develop and test a solar-
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powered charging station with a security system and solar tracking. The
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49
process involves building and combining hardware like solar panels, batteries,
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85
and controllers with software programmed on microcontrollers to make the
27
system work efficiently. Each part of the system, such as energy generation,
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61
tracking the sun for maximum power, and securing access with RFID, is tested
16
41
and improved. By trying out different setups and checking how the system
50
performs in real-world conditions, the study aims to create a reliable, efficient,
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69
and secure charging station while gaining valuable insights for future

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improvements. This design aims to provide a reliable and secure charging
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solution for electronic devices used by students and staff at the University of
42
Perpetual Help System Dalta (UPHSD).
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79
Workflow Input-Process-Output of the System
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Input

The solar-powered charging station uses photovoltaic panels to capture

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71
sunlight and convert it into electrical energy. A solar tracking system adjusts
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47
the panels' angles throughout the day to maximize sunlight exposure and
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14
energy capture. An Arduino microcontroller manages the security system and
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various station functions. The system includes a charge controller to regulate
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15
battery charging, preventing overcharging and deep discharging. Batteries store
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65
the generated energy for use when solar power is unavailable. An inverter
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converts the DC from the solar panels into AC, suitable for charging devices.
75
The security system for unauthorized access and tampering involves an RFID
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88
RC522 module and eight specific key cards. In case there is unauthorized key
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81
card access to the enclosures, a long buzzer sound will be heard. The design

and functionality are tailored to the needs of students and staff at the
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University of Perpetual Help System Dalta-Molino Campus. At the same time,
86
environmental data on solar radiation and weather conditions enhance the
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89
solar tracking system's efficiency.
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Process
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The solar panels convert sunlight into electrical energy via the photovoltaic
27
90
effect. The solar tracking system adjusts the panels' orientation to ensure
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61
optimal sunlight exposure throughout the day, enhancing energy capture. The
16
41
inverter converts the generated DC power into AC, which is necessary for
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91
charging electronic devices. The electrical energy is stored in batteries,
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69
providing a continuous power supply even without solar energy. The charge

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controller manages the flow of electricity to and from the batteries, optimizing
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their performance and longevity. The Arduino-based security system monitors
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92
the station for unauthorized access or tampering, triggering alarms or alerts if
70
79
necessary. The stored energy is then distributed through designated charging
33
37
ports for device charging.

Output
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The output of the system includes fully charged electronic devices ready for
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47
use by students and staff. Efficient solar energy utilization ensures that the
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14
charging station provides a reliable power source. The integrated security
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system protects the station, reducing unauthorized access and tampering
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risks. Operational data on energy generation, consumption, and security
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65
incidents is collected and analyzed to evaluate system performance. Overall,
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users experience increased convenience and satisfaction, benefiting from the
75
charging station's effectiveness and reliability in meeting their charging needs.
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88
Block Diagram for Electronic Charging System
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81
Figure 3 represents the connection in each block of the solar-powered charging

station with the Security system and Solar tracking integrated through the use
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of microcontrollers. The Arduino Mega 2560 will control the servo to rotate
86
whenever the RFID rc522 module reads a valid RFID key card, and the 16x2 LCD
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89
and active buzzer will act as a display and indicator for the security system. The
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ESP32 that is connected to the internet will control the linear actuator to tilt
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85
the connected solar panels from east to west based on the given time that is
27
90
set in the Blynk software.
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Wiring Diagram
16
41
Figure 4 represents the Arduino-based security system, wherein it visualizes
50
91
the connection between Arduino mega 2560 as the main component where the
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command comes from, the RFID rc522 module, to be used as a reader for

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specific RFID cards for each micro servo motor that is connected. 16x2 LCD for
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displaying system status and instructions. Moreover, an Active buzzer is an
42
92
indicator for reading and verifying RFID cards.
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79
This figure shows the components that are to be used in the electronics system
33
37
of the project. It involves ESP32, a 2-channel Relay Module, a 350W Inverter, a

12V 100A Battery, and a 200mm Linear Actuator.

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3D Model
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The 3d Model in Figure 4 illustrates the actual system that is integrated with
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14
Solar Panels, which provide the primary power source for the system,
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87
potentially equipped with a tracking mechanism to maximize solar energy
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15
collection with the help of a Linear Actuator to adjust the angle of the panels
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65
for optimal sun exposure from east to west. Charging System Enclosure, which
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houses the cables or cord for charging electronics, ensuring safe storage. The
75
RFID RC522 Module provides security functionality by restricting access to
19
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88
authorized users via RFID cards. Moreover, lastly, 16x2 LCDs the security
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81
system status, instructions, or user information during operation.

Figure 7 shows the controller for the Solar tracking system wherein the Blynk
31
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remote has an option of using manual override in case the system
86
malfunctions.
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Research Instruments
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93
The research instruments for the solar-powered charging station project
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85
include several key tools essential for its development and evaluation.
27
90
Photovoltaic panels capture and convert sunlight into electrical energy, while
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the solar tracking system adjusts its orientation to maximize energy capture.
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41
The Arduino microcontroller manages the security system, processing inputs to
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91
avoid unauthorized access.
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A charge controller regulates the energy flow to and from the batteries, which
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store the electricity generated. The inverter converts this stored direct current
42
92
into alternating current for use in charging devices. Voltmeters and multimeters
70
79
are used to measure voltage, current, and resistance, ensuring the system
33
37
96
operates correctly. Moreover, for security measures, an auto locking system for

10 seconds and buzzer indication are integrated into the system to provide
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real-time alerts of unauthorized access. These instruments collectively
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47
facilitate a thorough evaluation and optimization of the solar-powered charging
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station.
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87
Data Gathering Procedures
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The data-gathering procedures for developing a solar-powered charging station
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with an Arduino-based security system and solar tracking start by collecting
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data using survey questionnaires disseminated to participants. Then, defining
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the project's goals and requirements includes determining the specific energy
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needs, security features, and user preferences and gathering information on
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the energy consumption of electronic devices to establish the necessary

battery storage and solar panel capacity.

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Following this, a site assessment in the University of Perpetual Help System
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Dalta-Molino Campus evaluates it as the best location for the charging station,
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considering factors such as solar radiation, peak sun hours, and weather
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conditions to guide the solar tracking system's design. Components like
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photovoltaic panels, inverters, charge controllers, and batteries are selected
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based on these factors, along with an Arduino microcontroller and security
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sensors to meet the system's needs. After integrating these components into
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the system, a prototype is assembled and installed. Data collection and testing
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involve measuring energy output, battery levels, and system performance and
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evaluating the security system's response to unauthorized access. User

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feedback is also collected to gauge usability. The data is analyzed to assess
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system performance and reliability, and the findings are compiled into a report
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with recommendations for optimizing the system, ensuring it effectively meets
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the
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university's needs.

Research Locale
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The University of Perpetual Help System Dalta-Molino Campus in Molino,
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Bacoor, Cavite, is the research locale for developing a solar-powered charging
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station with an Arduino-based security system. This prominent educational
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institution caters to a diverse population of students and staff who require
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reliable energy sources for their electronic devices. The solar-powered charging
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station, strategically located near the senior high school building, aims to
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address these issues by providing a sustainable and efficient means of
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charging devices, leveraging the region's average of 4 peak sun hours per day
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for optimal energy capture.
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This project aligns with the university's dedication to environmental

sustainability by minimizing its carbon footprint and encouraging the use of

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renewable energy. The installation will be monitored to assess user
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satisfaction, energy savings, and the station's contribution to the university's
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sustainability goals. The study will provide valuable insights into the feasibility
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and benefits of implementing similar renewable energy solutions in
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educational institutions, supporting the campus's dynamic and technology-
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dependent academic community.
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Reliability
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The researchers gathered credible sources and studies regarding the mean
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temperature forecast in November and December 2024 in the Philippines,
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including data on its highest recorded values, to strengthen the findings. The

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figure below illustrates the mean temperature trends in the Philippines. The
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table and figures are based on data from the PAGASA weather climate outlook.
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CHAPTER 3
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
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Prototype Actual Structure
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The figure shows the actual prototype as well as its main components of the
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system, including electronics and electrical devices.
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Survey Results
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Figure shows the results of the different roles from 58 participants. 51.7%
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coming from College students, 46.6% coming from Senior High School Students
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and the remaining 5.1% coming from Staff and faculty.
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The results revealed that 63.2% of respondents commonly use 18-watt
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chargers, categorized as "Quick Charge." This preference reflects a significant
75
inclination toward faster charging solutions, which align with modern users'
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demand for efficiency and convenience.
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Meanwhile, 31.6% of respondents reported using 10-watt chargers, categorized

as "Fast Charger." While still providing satisfactory charging speeds, these

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chargers cater to users who may prioritize device compatibility or energy
86
efficiency over speed.
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The survey also examined participants' typical wattage usage for charging
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laptops, providing insights into their device requirements and charging habits.
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The results indicated that 50.9% of respondents typically use 90-watt
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chargers, which are commonly associated with gaming laptops or high-
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performance devices. This reflects a significant portion of users relying on
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power-intensive laptops that demand higher wattage for efficient operation
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and charging.
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On the other hand, 43.9% of respondents reported using chargers in the 45–65
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watt range, typically associated with standard laptops.
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Total Load = 486.864Watt Hour
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Battery Sizing
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486.864V*Ah = 40.56 → 50Ah D.O.D=50-80%
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12V
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12V(50Ah)=600(50%) = 300Wh (not ideal)
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12V(100Ah)=1200(50%) = 600Wh
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Battery Size = 12V, 100Ah Solar Panel Sizing
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600WH(Battery) =150W (Needed Value)
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4HRS(sun peak hours)
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50AH =12.5A(needed value)
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4HRS(sun peak hours)
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Size of Solar Panel = (3) 100W, 18v, 5AH or 300W, 18v, 15ah in parallel
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connection to exceed needed values
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Sizing of Inverter

The rating of the inverter should be greater than the load by about 25%:
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385.5178 x = 96.37945 W
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Target load + 25% Extra power = 385.5178W + 96.37945W = 481.89725 W
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Size of Inverter = There is no available 481.89725W inverter, so the researchers
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chose 500W, which is the nearest and available inverter in the market
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Sizing of the Charge controller
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100Ah(Battery Capacity) = 25 → 30ah
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4Hrs(Sun Peak Hours)
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OR
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6(ISC)*3(No. of solar panel)*1.25(safety Factor)=22.5 → 30ah
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Charge controller = 30ah

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Sizing of DC Breaker
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From solar to Charge Controller
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DC Breaker Rating = (ISC solar panel) * 125%*125%
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DC Breaker Rating =5.7ah(3)* 125%*125%
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DC Breaker Rating = 23.43 → 30A
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Use = 30A DC Breaker
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From Battery To Inverter
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DC Breaker Rating = (Size Of Inverter) / (Battery Voltage)
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DC Breaker Rating =350/12
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DC Breaker Rating = 29.16 → 30A
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Use = 30A DC Breaker Wire Sizing
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Solar Panel to Charge Controller
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Current*Wire Length(FT) = VDI
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Volts*Voltage Drop
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5(3)*5FT = 1.39 VDI = 14AWG or 2.5mm^2
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18V*3

Charge Controller to Battery

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30ah(Charge controller size) *5ft = 3.9=10AWG or 5.5mm^2
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12.8(Battery voltage) *3
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Battery to Inverter
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I= 350(Size Of Inverter)/12.8(Battery voltage)
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I = 27.34375 A
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27.34375*3ft =2.1→14AWG or 2.5mm^2
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12.8*3
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Calculation of Solar Tracking Data
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1. Average Power Generated by Tracker: 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 1787.65𝑊
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= = 178.765 W

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𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠 10
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The Testing of 2 different states of solar panels was conducted inside the
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University of Perpetual Help System Dalta Molino Campus on December 18 and
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19.
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Calculation of Standalone System
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1. Average Power Generated by Stand Alone: 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 1324.23𝑊
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= = 132.423 W
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𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠 10
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Calculation of Efficiency of Solar Tracking System
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𝑃𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔−𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦
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𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑥 100%
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𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦
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178.765 𝑊 − 132.423 𝑊 x 100 %
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132.423 𝑊
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Efficiency = 34.99%
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The Figure 17 representation highlights the difference in power between the

Solar Tracking System and a stationary setup. It shows that the power of the
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solar panel with the tracking system remains relatively stable compared to the
86 13
stationary system. This indicates that the prototype's solar tracking system is
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functioning effectively to generate more power than the stationary
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configuration.
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Charging for Battery
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Charge Time in Full Sun, Zero Load
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Total Battery (Ah) = 100Ah = 6.6 Hours
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Total Solar Panels (A) 15A
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Discharging for Battery
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Discharge in Full sun, Full Load

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Total battery (WH) = 1200 = 6 Hours
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Inverter (W)-Solar panels(W) 500-300
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Discharge in No sun, Full Load
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Total battery (W/H) = 1200 = 2.4 Hours
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Inverter (W) 500
102
Nature's Generator explained that lead-acid batteries, like other battery types,
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show different voltages depending on their charge level. There are two main
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kinds of lead-acid batteries: flooded (wet) and sealed (SLA or VRLA). Flooded
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batteries are cheaper but need more maintenance and good ventilation. Sealed
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batteries, on the other hand, require less care, do not leak, and work well in
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different climates.
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Before checking the charge level, keep two things in mind: test the battery at
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room temperature after letting it rest for at least 30 minutes. Also, lead-acid
75
batteries generally have a depth of discharge (DOD) of about 50%, meaning you
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can only use half
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of their total capacity

Battery's Mathematical Model

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Battery: SLA, 12V, 100Ah with a nominal cycle life of 1,000 cycles at 50% Depth
86
of Discharge (DoD).
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Solar Panel: 300W (12V, 15A max output).
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Load: 486.864Wh daily.
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Charge Controller: Efficiency assumed to be 95%.
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Environmental Factors: Solar irradiance provides five peak sun hours daily.
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Lifespan Considerations:
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Cycle degradation.
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Calendar aging.
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Depth of Discharge (DoD) effects.

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Table 6. Legend and Descriptions Used for Modelling of Battery
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Solar Panel Charging Model
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The energy produced by the solar panel is:
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Eₛₒₗₐᵣ = Pₛₒₗₐᵣ ⋅ Tsun ⋅ ηcharge
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Where:
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Psolar = 300W (solar panel power).
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Tsun = 5 hours/day (peak sun hours).
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ηcharge = 0.95 (charge controller efficiency).
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Escolar = 300 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 0.95 = 1425 Wh/day.
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The current delivered to the battery is:
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Isolar 118.75Ah/day.
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Load Consumption Model
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The daily load energy consumption is:
75
Eload = 486.864 Wh/day.
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The corresponding current drawn from the battery is:
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Iload= 𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 =

𝑉 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦
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4. Battery Charging and Discharging
86
The net current into the battery per day:
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Inet = Isolar − Iload = 118.75 − 40.57 = 78.18 Ah/day.
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The state of charge (SOC) of the battery evolves as follows:
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SOC(t) = SOC(t−1) + 𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑡 ⋅ 100%.
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𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑚
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SOC(t−1): SOC from the previous day.
16
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Cnom = 100Ah: Nominal capacity.
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Lifespan Model
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Cycle Life Degradation:

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Battery life is impacted by the depth of discharge (DoD):
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Ncycles = 𝐿𝑛𝑜𝑚
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𝐷𝑂𝐷
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Lnom = 1,000 cycles (at 50% DoD).
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γ = 1.1 (DoD sensitivity).
102
For a DoD of 20% (typical with solar charging):
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If the system cycles once per day, the battery lifespan due to cycling:
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cycles
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𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠/𝑑𝑎𝑦 1
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6. Combined Lifespan Model
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The combined capacity is the minimum of cycling and calendar aging:
100
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Cremaining,total (t) = min(Cremaining,cycles(t), Cremaining,time(t)).
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For this setup:
75
Cycle Aging Dominates: After 12.4 years, Cremaining cycles ≈ 50 Ah.
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Calendar Aging at 12.4 years: Cremaining time ≈ 48.8 Ah.
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The battery effectively reaches end-of-life (50% capacity) at 12.4 years.

Final Model Summary

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Solar Panel Energy:
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Escolar = 1425 Wh/day.
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Load Energy:
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Eload = 486.864 Wh/day.
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SOC Dynamics:
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SOC(t) = SOC(t−1) + 𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑡 ⋅ 100%.
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𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑚
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Lifespan:
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tlifespan ≈ min(tcycles, tcalendar) = 12.4years.
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CHAPTER 4

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SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
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Summary of Findings
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This study successfully developed a solar-powered charging station integrated
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with an Arduino-based security system and solar tracking technology, achieving
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notable advancements in energy efficiency, security, and user convenience. The
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solar tracking mechanism significantly improved energy capture, reaching an
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efficiency of 34.99%, which was much higher than that of fixed-panel systems,
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and provided sufficient power to charge multiple devices, meeting the daily
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load requirement of 486.864 Wh. The Arduino-based security system enhanced
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safety by preventing unauthorized access through an RFID scanner and
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included an auto-locking mechanism for added reliability. Proper sizing of
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components, such as 12V, 100Ah batteries, three 100W solar panels, a 500W
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inverter, and appropriately dimensioned charge controllers and DC breakers,
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ensured stable operation and efficient energy regulation. The system
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demonstrated consistent performance even during variable weather
105
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conditions, supported by robust battery storage. At the same time, the absence
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of solar tracking led to a significant drop in efficiency, reaffirming its critical
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role in maximizing energy capture. Additionally, the charging station provided
86
students and staff with a sustainable and convenient solution for charging
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devices, addressing campus needs while promoting environmental
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responsibility and showcasing an effective integration of renewable energy,
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technology, and security.
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The Study conducted by Mojica et al. (2015) was used as the baseline of our
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research, wherein the current solar-powered charging station has several
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limitations. It can charge only two phones simultaneously and relies on a fixed
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solar panel system, which results in inefficient energy capture throughout the
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day. The station uses a 100W solar panel, leading to restricted energy

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production and storage, and a lead-acid battery, which is less durable and
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requires frequent maintenance. Security features are absent, leaving the
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system vulnerable to theft or misuse. In terms of user accessibility, the station
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cannot effectively accommodate multiple users in high-demand areas or
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charge devices like laptops or other high-power electronics. Additionally, its
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fixed solar panels and limited storage reduce energy efficiency and restrict
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usability during low sunlight periods or for larger devices.
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Figure 21 showcases the insights of the user with regards to using the charging
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station; 86.2% of 58 respondents say that the researcher's prototype provides
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enough power to charge their devices. Moreover, 91.4% of them responded that
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it definitely charges their device faster than they anticipated.
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Conclusion
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The developed solar-powered charging station met its objectives by delivering a
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reliable, secure, and energy-efficient solution for electronic device charging.
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The integration of solar tracking and an Arduino-based security system proved
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113
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instrumental in enhancing performance and achieving a 34.99% efficiency. By
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maximizing energy capture and implementing security measures, the system
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aligned with the increasing global demand for renewable energy technologies
86
and sustainable practices.
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Recommendation
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To further enhance the system and expand its usefulness, several
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recommendations are proposed. First, upgrading to a dual-axis solar tracking
27
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system and utilizing the DS3231 RTC module, a real-time clock module that the
114
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Esp32 module can use. Even if there is no internet connection available, the
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system will continue to function based on real time. Second, developing a user-
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friendly mobile application could allow users to track and monitor their devices
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inside the charging station enclosure, which will improve user experience.

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Advanced security measures, such as camera-based monitoring and facial
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recognition, could be integrated to provide an additional layer of safety. Lastly,
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the system could be transformed into an educational tool by incorporating
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modules on renewable energy and IoT-based systems, offering students a
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practical platform to learn and engage with cutting-edge technology.
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The Return on Investment (ROI) for the solar-powered charging station is
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calculated by comparing daily energy savings with the initial investment. With a
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daily energy use of 472 Wh and Meralco's current rate of PHP 11.9617 per kWh
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(as of December 2024), the system saves PHP 5.64 per day. Given an initial
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investment of PHP 18,771, the ROI period is approximately 4127.66 days, or
112
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11.3 years, indicating the time it will take to recover the investment through
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energy savings.
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66

108
75

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105
113
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81

109

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86

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89

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68
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85

27
90

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61

16
41

101
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91

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1. ………. Misuse of semicolons, quotation Correctness
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2. effectively Misplaced words or phrases Correctness
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3. This Intricate text Clarity

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4. 102
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This Intricate text Clarity

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5. This Intricate text Clarity
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6. This
80
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14
Intricate text Clarity

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7. This Intricate text Clarity
112
103
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100
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9. This
39
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108
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10. This Intricate text Clarity
19
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11. This Intricate text Clarity

105
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30
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12. market.
109 Closing punctuation Correctness

31
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13. This Intricate text Clarity
86

14. University of Perpetual Help System – DALTA - Sheryl Originality

20
24
54
76
83
89
Molino Campus https://fulbright.org.ph/index.php
26
36
49
93 /sheryl

68
72
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15. In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Laser & Plasma Laboratory | Originality
the
27
90
Degree Publications
https://lpl.creol.ucf.edu/Publicati
114
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28
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61 ons.aspx?Type=8

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Sealed
45
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98 Lead-acid Battery Voltage Capacity
graph for days 1 and 2…...58 Figure 20.
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Students and Staff using the researcher's
prototype…………………...…..59 Figure 21. User
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Satisfaction
Results………………………….…………………...…...62
104
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The researchers would
like…
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17
25
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17. rength, and wisdom have been the foundation Originality
of
29 this endeavor. His blessings and
38
47
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unwavering support enabled the researchers
to
14 overcome numerous challenges and
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obstacles encountered throughout this study.

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The researchers extend their sincere
appreciation to Engr. Wilfredo Leano, their
103
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research ad…
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18. or his steadfast guidance, insightful feedback, Originality

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and encouragement, which greatly
contributed
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to the success of this Capstone
Design Project. Heartfelt thanks are also due
to
19 Engr. Norman Avery Santos, Engr. Dexrey
23
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John Quizan and Dr. Cyd Laurence Santos
provided
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19. mentorship and constructive advice, helping Originality
the
31 researchers navigate the intricacies of
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this project. Their dedication and support
86
have been instrumental in ensuring the
study's credibility and excellence. The
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24
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researchers are also profoundly grateful to
their
26
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families and friends, whose moral a…

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20. ncial support played a critical role in making Originality
this study possible. Lastly, the researchers
27
90
extend their heartfelt appreciation to each
member
114
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61 of the group for their hard work,
perseverance, and collaboration. The
dedication,
16
41 sacrifice, and shared commitment
of every team member were essential in a…
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21. ament to their collective effort. To God be all Originality
the
45 glory! A.P.R DISCLAIMER The study has
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been made the product of the hard work of the
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42
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researchers. It has been approved and
accepted by the panel of reviewers. Hence, no
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part of this paper may be used without proper
citation
104
33
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or appro…

102
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22. r to optimize energy capture, achieving a Originality
34.99% efficiency improvement compared to
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fixed-panel systems. An Arduino Mega 2560
microcontroller
29
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99 manages an RFID-based
security system, enhancing user safety by
preventing
80
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14 unauthorized access. The system
is equipped with a 100Ah sealed lead-acid
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battery,
112
103
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15
23. a 500W inverter, a 30A charge controller, and Originality
100
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30A circuit breakers to meet the daily energy
demand of 486.864Wh. Conducted tests
39
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demonstrate consistent performance under
variable
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75
conditions, ensuring reliable energy
storag
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24. at the University of Perpetual Help System Sheryl Originality

105
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Dalta - Molino Campus, https://fulbright.org.ph/index.php
109 /sheryl

31
60
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25. big challenge for sustainable development. Originality
The
86
International Energy Outlook from the
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
estimates
20
24
54
76
83
89 that global energy consumption will
grow by 28% between 2015 and 2040, as the
EIA's
26
36
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93 latest 2024 report reaffirmed. This rising
demand, combined with the fast d…
68
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26. reduce
27
90 reliance on fossil fuels and mitigate Unpacking How Natural Gas, Originality
environmental degradation Digital Growth, and Hydro-Based
114
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61 Energy Sources Impact Ecological
Sustainability in Egypt
16
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27. Mobile phones have become the most widely Mobile Web users surge to Originality
used
45
64
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98 devices 388m|Industries|chinadaily.com.c
n
106
42
92 http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/busi
ness/2012-
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07/20/content_15602133.htm
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28. 2 billion users (Howarth, 2024). As Originality

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technological advancements and declining
production costs make mobile phones more
17
25
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affordable, they have evolved into
multifunctional
29
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99 devices capable of
photography, email processing, and data
management
80
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14 (Papadakis et al., 2018).
However, this reliance on mobile p…
52
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29. at
15 the
112
103
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59 University of Perpetual Help System Sheryl Originality
Dalta - Molino Campus, https://fulbright.org.ph/index.php
100
18
34
43
65 /sheryl

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30. fighting climate change while reducing gas Originality
emissions
108
75 from greenhouse gasses while also
making sure that it is a sustainable energy
19
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supply. Among the various renewable energy
sources, solar energy stands ou
105
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40
48
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81

31. 109
t asone of the most well-known and widely Originality
adopted technologies. With the continuous
31
60
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advancements in photovoltaic (PV) systems,
solar
86
energy has become more efficient and
cost-effective, making it an essential
component
20
24
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89 of the t

26
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32. nd 2020, making it one of the cheapest Originality
sources
68
72
85 of power in many regions
(International Renewable Energy Agency
[IRENA],
27
90 2020). Moreover, solar power
installations contribute significantly to energy
114
21
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61
access in remote and underserved regions,
helping to bridge energy inequality. The
16
41
concept of solar-…
101
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33. garnered significant attention due to the Originality
rising
45
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98 need for renewable energy solutions
and the global push towards sustainability.
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42
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These systems primarily rely on photovoltaic
(PV) panels to convert solar energy into
111
70
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electricity, which is then stored in batteries for
later
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use. Various studies highl…

102
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34. solar panels to follow the sun's path across Maximising Solar Panel Efficiency Originality
the sky. During Winter
17
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https://www.nowev.co.uk/post/m
29
38
47
99 aximising-solar-panel-efficiency-
during-winter
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14

35. -axis,
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which adjusts both vertically and Originality
horizontally for better accuracy. They are
commonly
103
112
22
59
15 used in solar power systems to
maximize energy production (Bhuvaneswari &
100
18
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65
Anand, 2011). Solar trackers can be classified
based on their
39
57
56
66

36. n75pre-programmed
108 algorithms and are more Originality
straightforward but less precise. Driving
19
23
35
44
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88
systems are either passive, utilizing thermal
expansion or pressure imbalances to adjust
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113
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40
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81
panel orientation, or active, which use motors,
sensors, and microprocessors for higher
109
accuracy and efficiency. Lastly, tracke…
31
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37. een
86
established as an effective technique to Originality
enhance solar energy collection compared to
fixed-panel
20
24
54
76
83
89 systems. According to Salsabila
(2013), Various sun-tracking methods have
been
26
36
49
93 developed, which can be broadly
categorized into three main types: closed-
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loop, open-loop, and
27
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38. hybrid systems. Closed-loop systems typically Originality
114
21
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61
relyon photosensors to adjust the tracking
mechanism, while open-loop systems use
16
41
mathematical calculations to determine the
sun's
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50
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position without relying on sensors.
Hybrid systems combine the features of both
closed-
110
32
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39. en-loop systems is their ability to function Originality
effectively
45
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98 under cloudy conditions, whereas
traditional closed-loop systems often struggle
106
42 to inconsistent sunlight. However, closed-
92
due
loop systems require additional hardware,
111
70
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complex controls, and actuators, making them
less
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cost-effective.

102
107
40. In regions with frequent cloud cover, such as Microwave Radiometry in Remote Originality
Sensing
17
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41. 29 in energy capture compared to fixed

38
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se Originality
systems, with an accompanying decrease in
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84
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energy losses due to shading and suboptimal
panel
52
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angles. This principle directly supports
the development of solar-powered charging
stations
103
112
22
59
15 by ensuring maximum energy
availability. Rufai Hassan et al. (2020).
100
18
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Discus…

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42. an Arduino microcontroller adjusts solar Originality
panel
108
75 positioning using LDRs and a servo
motor to follow the optimal sunlight angle.
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Such dynamic adjustments are essential for
maximizing solar energy capture throughout
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48
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81
the day, compared to static panels that lose
efficiency wit
109

31
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43. uino-based automatic Solar Tracking System Originality
that
86
is paired with light-dependent resistors
and servo motors to adjust the solar panels'
position
20
24
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76
83
89 throughout the day dynamically. Their
research highlighted that the tracking system
increased
26
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93 solar energy capture by over 2

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44. 5% compared to fixed panels. This Originality
improvement
27
90 underscores the practical
benefits of integrating Arduino for energy
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61
efficiency and enhanced performance in
solar-powered systems. Similarly, Auwal et al.
16
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(2024) demonstrated the effectiveness of a
single-axis
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45. ion, their movement ensures optimal Originality
alignment
45
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98 with the sun. In this tracking
system, Light Dependent Resistors (LDR) are
106
42
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used as sensors. The system comprises a
microcontroller, LDRs, a gear motor system,
111
70
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and solar panels, and it is designed as a dual-
axis
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tracking

102
107
46. limit switch to reset the position of the solar Design and implementation of a Originality
panels at the end of the day. time-based Sun tracking solar
17
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system
29
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47. project, the efficiency of the solar panels and Everything that You Need to Know Originality
80
84
14
the About Off Grid Solar System -
52
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Anker SOLIX US
https://www.anker.com/blogs/out
112
103
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15 door/off-grid-solar-system-guide

100
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48. l array. The design was demonstrated to have Originality
a66
39low power consumption with high accuracy
57
56
while being cost-effective. The article titled
"Solar
108
75 Panel and Battery Maintenance Using
IoT" explores the integration of Internet of
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Things (IoT) technologies in the maintenance
of solar pane
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81

49. 109
ls and batteries. The article underscores the Originality
significance of leveraging IoT technologies in
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the maintenance of solar energy systems,
highlighting
86
the advantages of real-time
monitoring and data-driven management in
extending
20
24
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76
83
89 the lifespan and efficiency of solar
panels and batteries. Sun Trajector…
26
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49
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50. The
68 Earth's axis is tilted at an angle of
72
85 Froid Weather | 206F Difference In Originality
approximately 23.5 degrees relative to the Planet Temperature July 10 To 16
plane
27
90 of its orbit around the Sun. This 2023
https://weather-
114
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62
61 almanac.com/206f-difference-in-
planet-temperature-july-10-to-
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16-2023
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51. axial tilt, along with the Earth's orbital motion, Originality
results
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98 in a 47° variation in the Sun's
declination between the solstices.
106
42
92
Consequently, the Sun's position changes
throughout the day and across seasons due to
111
70
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the Earth's continuous rotation and
revolution.
104
33
37
96
Therefore, it is important to track
an…
102
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52. igh electricity costs coupled with unreliable Originality

17
25
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power supply create a compelling case for the
adoption
29
38
47
99 of solar energy in the country. The
Philippines has a considerable natural
advantage
80
84
14 for solar power development owing
to its high number of peak sun hours, which
52
74
87
average between 4.5 and 5 hours per…
112
103
22
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15
53. or increased investment in solar technology, Originality
100
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particularly in areas such as residential and
commercial rooftops (IEEFA, 2018). Battery
39
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Charging/Discharging Application The critical
role
108
75
of batteries in aerospace, automotive, and
other industries necessitates precise control
over
19
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88 charging and dis

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30
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81
54. charging. While consumer-grade chargers Originality
often suffice, their limitations demand more
109
sophisticated solutions for demanding
applications,
31
60
67
97 ranging from satellite design to
battery testing. DC power supplies offer
86
superior accuracy, stability, and regulation,
exceeding the capabilities of conventional…
20
24
54
76
83
89

55. nd
26 daily kWh value determined by the
36
49
93 Originality
system's running duration and wattage of all
68
72
85
possible loads is meant to help. Where: DOD =
50 % level before the battery capacity drops
27
90
(sealed lead-acid battery). Battery Capacity =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
114
21
28
62
61 𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝑊/𝐻) 𝐷𝑜𝐷∗𝐸𝑓𝑓∗𝑆𝑦𝑠

16
41

101
50
91

110
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56. 𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 The Importance of Fast Charging Originality
Fast
45
64
78
98 charging has emerged as a critical
feature in contemporary smartphones,
106
42
92
offering unparalleled convenience and
efficiency. Its ability to rapidly replenish
111
70
79
device batteries has transformed user
experience,
104
33
37
96
particularly for individuals wit…

102
107
57. . For example, for a 6000W system, it is Originality
recommended to use an inverter with a
17
25
46
55
58
71
capacity of around 6000W, with minor
deviations
29
38
47
99 being acceptable. According to
Kerry Thoubboron (2019), when calculating
the
14 load, motor loads should be multiplied by
80
84

2 or 3, whereas non-motor loads should be

52
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87

58. ampacity.
112
103
22
59
15 To find the appropriate wire gauge, Originality
you calculate the Voltage Drop Index (VDI)
100
18
34
43
65
using the formula: 𝑉𝐷𝐼 = (𝐴𝑀𝑃𝑆 𝑥 𝐹𝐸𝐸𝑇) ÷ (%
𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑇 𝐷𝑅𝑂𝑃 𝑥 𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑇𝐴𝐺𝐸) Solar Panel Sizing
39
57
56
66
Computation Sizing a solar system involves
calculating
108
75
the total

19
23
35
44
53
88
59. energy needs and matching them with the How to Determine the Right Solar Originality
appropriate Panel Size for Charging a 12v
105
113
30
40
48
82
81
Battery – Wistek
109 https://wis-
tek.com/blogs/knowledge/how-
31
60
67
97 to-determine-the-right-solar-
panel-size-for-charging-a-12v-
86 battery

20
24
54
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83
89
60. panel capacity required is calculated by Originality
dividing
26
36
49
93 the total daily energy consumption by
the average solar irradiance, measured in
68
72
85
peak sun hours, using the formula: Required
Solar Panel Capacity (W) = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
27
90
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑊ℎ) 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑆𝑢𝑛 ?
114
21
28
62
61

61. To ensure the safety and efficiency of solar Commissioning Solar PV Systems Originality
16
41
- Maintenx
101
50
91
https://maintenx.com/commissio
ning-solar-pv-systems/
110
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62. power systems, selecting the appropriate Originality
breaker
45
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78
98 size is crucial. The maximum nominal
current of the solar panels, which represents
106
42 typical operating current under standard
92
the
conditions,
111
70
79

63. serves
104
33
37
96 as a key parameter in this selection Originality
process. According to industry standards, it is
102
107
recommended to size the breaker at 1.2 times
the maximum nominal current of the system.
17
25
46
55
58
71
This safety margin acco
29
38
47
99

64. unts for potential current surges and ensures Originality

80
84
14
that the breaker can handle the system's
maximum
52
74
87
load without tripping under normal
operating conditions. By applying this
multiplier,
103
112
22
59
15 the breaker not only protects the
system components from overcurrent
100
18
34
43
65
situations but also contributes to the overall
re…
39
57
56
66

65. operates
108
75 safely and efficiently, minimizing Originality
risks and maintaining compliance with
19
23
35
44
53
88
electrical codes and standards. Solar battery
charging station with automated switching
105
113
30
40
48
82
81
systems Batteries used in solar PV systems
109

66. e a solar-powered charging station. The Originality

31
60
67
97
station will use a linear actuator for solar
tracking
86
to collect more energy and an
Arduino-based system with micro servo
motors
20
24
54
76
83
89 to secure charging boxes for electronic
devices. The project is designed to provide
students
26
36
49
93 and staff with a safe and efficient
w…
68
72
85

67. m27 The increasing reliance on mobile devices

90 Originality
and the global shift towards renewable energy
114
21
28
62
61
underscore the importance of innovative
charging solutions. However, many existing
16
41
solar-powered charging stations face critical
limitations
101
50
91
that hinder their eff

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68. ectiveness. Fixed-position solar panels fail to Originality
adjust
45
64
78
98 to the sun's movement, resulting in
reduced energy capture and inefficiency. This
106
42
92
limitation is particularly problematic in areas
with high energy demands and limited access
111
70
79
to conventional power sources. Furthermore,
these
104
33
37
96
systems often lack …

102
107
69. authorized access, theft, or tampering. Such Originality
vulnerabilities compromise the functionality
17
25
46
55
58
71
and safety of charging stations, deterring
users
29
38
47
99 and undermining the broader adoption
of renewable energy technologies. To address
these
80
84
14 challenges, this study proposes the
development of a solar-powered charg
52
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87

70. ing
112
103
22
59
15 station featuring an Arduino-based Originality
security system and a solar tracking
100
18
34
43
65
mechanism. The solar tracking system will
enhance energy efficiency by continuously
39
57
56
66
adjusting the solar panel's orientation to
maximize
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sunlight exp

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Arduino-based security system will safeguard
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the station by detecting and preventing
unauthorized access or tampering. By
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integrating these advanced features, the
proposed
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efficient, and secure solar-powered charging
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sta…

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Campus.
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theoretical foundation of this study is
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grounded in the principles of renewable
energy systems, automation technology, and
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Arduino-based security systems. The Law of
Conservation
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understand…
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use
45 in the charging station. The Maximum
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Power Point Tracking (MPPT) theory explains
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42 importance of optimizing solar panel
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the
output by adjusting to the sun's changing
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position. For the security aspect, the study
draws
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on the Authentication and Acces…

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Hypothesis Solar Tracking H0: The integration
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of a solar tracking mechanism does not
significantly
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compared to a fixed-panel sy
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75. stem.
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H1: The integration of a solar tracking Originality
mechanism significantly enhances energy
efficiency
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energy captured compared to a fixed-panel
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system. Security System H0: The
implementation of a security system with
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servo motors and RFID modules does not
significantl…
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76. itional security measures. H1: The Originality
implementation of a security system with
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servo motors and RFID modules significantly
improves the overall security of the solar-
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powered charging station by reducing the
incidence
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tampering compared to traditional security
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measures. S…

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devices,
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https://www.hotels4humanity.co
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m/hotel-charging-stations/
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between classes. This makes their wait more
comfortable and ensures they stay connected
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and productive. The efficient operation of the
chargi
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experience.
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from using an environmentally friendly
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solution that helps reduce pollution. Future
Researchers This project offers a substantial
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opportunity to develop innovative renewable
energy
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solutions through real-world app…

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researchers can gather valuable data to refine
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their concepts. Additionally, the project
encourages
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various fields to tackle complex challenges
and
14 create more sustainable outcomes. Scope
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and Delimitation Scope

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81. This
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15 project focuses on the design, Confronting the Challenges of Originality
development, and testing of Climate Literacy (Collaborative
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65 Research: Ellins) | CADRE
https://cadrek12.org/projects/con
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fronting-challenges-climate-
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literacy-collaborative-research-
ellins
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82. ble energy charging system specifically for the Originality

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campus environment. Solar panels serve as
the primary energy source, and the system
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incorporates an Arduino microcontroller to
manage
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study includes the conceptualization of the
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system, the integration of solar panels …

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of
26 Arduino-based technologies to optimize
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functionality and secure access. The charging

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station features solar tracking technology to
maximize energy capture and utilizes RFID
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modules with servo motors to ensure
controlled
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tracking,
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advanced tracking methods. Furthermore, the
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device's solar tracking functionality is based
on a time-based setup rather than real-time
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position adjustments. The security system is
limited
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to RFID-based access contr

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constantly. Examples of this energy come
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from the Sun, Wind, tides, waves, and also
from
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energy. Electricity – This is one of the well-
known
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part of nature because it is the resul
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86. study
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to develop and test a solar-powered charging
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station with a security system and solar
tracking. The process involves building and
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combining hardware like solar panels,
batteries,
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and

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87. The system includes a charge controller to Offgrid Solar Generators: Originality
regulate Frequently Asked Questions -
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Portable Generator
109 https://portablepowerusa.com/off
grid-solar-generators-frequently-
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card
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sound will be heard. The design and
functionality
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students and staff at the University of
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Perpetual Help System Dalta-Molino Campus.
At the same time, environmental data on solar
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89. ng system's efficiency. Process The solar Originality

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panels convert sunlight into electrical energy
via
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the photovoltaic effect. The solar tracking
system adjusts the panels' orientation
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90. to ensure optimal sunlight exposure The Impact of Lighting Design on Originality
throughout
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98 the day, Custom Homes - Good Things
Magazine
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92 https://goodthingsmagazine.com/
the-impact-of-lighting-design/
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91. evices.
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batteries, providing a continuous power
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supply even without solar energy. The charge
controller manages the flow of electricity to
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and from the batteries, optimizing their
performance
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based security system monitors the station
fo…
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alerts
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distributed through designated charging ports
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for
system includes fully charged electronic
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devices ready for use by students and staff.
Efficient
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solar ener…

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93. ch instruments for the solar-powered Originality
charging station project include several key
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tools essential for its development and
evaluation. Photovoltaic panels capture and
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convert sunlight into electrical energy, while
the
31 solar tracking system adjusts its
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orientation to maximize energy capture. The
86
Ardu…

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94. A charge controller regulates the energy flow Hybrid Solar System – Griffon Originality
to
26 and from the
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https://griffonsolar.com/hybrid-
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solar-system/
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generated. The inverter converts this stored
direct current into alternating current for use
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in charging devices. Voltmeters and
multimeters
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are used to measure voltage,
current, and resistance, ensuring the system
operates
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buzzer
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system to provide real-time alerts of
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unauthorized access. These instruments
collectively facilitate a thorough evaluation
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and optimization of the solar-powered
charging
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station. Data Gathering

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the best location for the charging station,
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considering factors such as solar radiation,
peak
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guide the solar tracking system's design.
Compon
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recommendations
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ensuring it effectively meets the university's
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needs. Research Locale The University of
Perpetual Help System Dalta-Molino Campus
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in Molino, Bacoor, Cavite, is the research
locale
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for dev

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an Arduino-based security system. This
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prominent educational institution caters to a
diverse population of students and staff who
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require reliable energy sources for their
electronic
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charging station, strategically located nea…
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100. chool
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by providing a sustainable and efficient
means
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region's average of 4 peak sun hours per day
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for optimal energy capture. This project aligns
with the university's
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101. 114
21 the
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in Philippines, including data on its Originality
highest recorded values, to strengthen the
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findings. The figure below illustrates the mean
temperature
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trends in the Philippines. The
table and figures are based on data from the
PAGASA
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION …

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electrical
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shows the results of the different roles from
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students, 46.6% coming from Senior High
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School Students and the remaini
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103. ng 5.1% coming from Staff and faculty. The Originality

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results revealed that 63.2% of respondents
commonly use 18-watt chargers, categorized
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as "Quick Charge." This preference reflects a
significant
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solutions, which align with modern users'
demand
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104. sensitivity). For a DoD of 20% (typical with Originality
solar
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15 charging): If the system cycles once per
day, the battery lifespan due to cycling: cycles
𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠
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combined capacity is the minimum of cycling
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and
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105. end-of-life (50% capacity) at 12.4 years. Final Originality
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Model Summary Solar Panel Energy: Escolar =
1425 Wh/day. Load Energy: Eload = 486.864
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Wh/day. SOC Dynamics: SOC(t) = SOC(t−1) +
𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑡 ⋅ 100%. 𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑚 Lifespan: tlifespan ≈
109
min(tcycles, tcalendar) = 12.4years. …
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106. udy
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successfully developed a solar-powered Originality
charging station integrated with an Arduino-
based
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89 security system and solar tracking
technology, achieving notable advancements
in
26 energy efficiency, security, and user
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convenience. The solar tracking mechanism

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significantly improv
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34.99%, which was much higher than that of
fixed-panel systems, and provided sufficient
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power to charge multiple devices, meeting the
daily
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load requirement of 486.864 Wh. The
Arduino-based security system enhanced
safety
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consistent
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weather conditions, supported by robust
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battery storage. At the same time, the
absence of solar tracking led to a significant
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drop in efficiency, reaffirming its critica
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109. l role in maximizing energy capture. Originality

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Additionally, the charging station provided
students and staff with a sustainable and
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convenient solution for charging devices,
addressing
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environmental responsibility and showcasing
an
14 effective integration of renewable energy,
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tech…
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restricted energy production and storage, and
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18lead-acid battery, which is less durable and
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requires frequent maintenance. Security

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features are absent, leaving the system
vulnerable
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to theft or misuse. In terms of user
accessibility, the station cannot…
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111. accommodate multiple users in high-demand Originality

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areas or charge devices like laptops or other
high-power electronics. Additionally, its fixed
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solar panels and limited storage reduce
energy
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low sunlight periods or for larger devices.
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Figure 21 showcas

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112. ster than they anticipated. Conclusion The Originality
developed
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met its objectives by delivering a reliable,
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secure, and energy-efficient solution for
electronic device charging. The integration of
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solar tracking and an Arduino-based security
system
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energy
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measures, the system aligned with the
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increasing global demand for renewable
energy technologies and sustainable
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practices. Recommendation To further
enhance
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the system and expand its
usefulness, several rec…
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114. available, the system will continue to function Ford prototype headlights could Originality
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based on increase driving safety | Popular
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https://www.popsci.com/technolo
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technology/
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