COMPUTER SCIENCE (083) – PYTHON

Second Generation (1956-63):

Class-11th In 2nd generation computers, vacuum tubes were replaced by
transistors. They required only 1/10 of power required by tubes.
Ch-3 (Computer Overview) This generation computers generated less heat & were reliable. The
first operating system developed in this generation.

What is Computer? The Third Generation (1964-71):

The 3rd generation computers replaced transistors with Integrated
Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw circuit known as chip. From Small scale integrated circuits which
data as input from the user and processes these data had 10 transistors per chip, technology developed to MSI circuits
with 100 transistors per chip. These computers were smaller, faster
under the control of set of instructions (called program) & more reliable. High level languages invented in this generation.
and gives the result (output) and saves output for the
future use. It can process both numerical and non- The fourth Generation (1972- present):
LSI & VLSI were used in this generation. As a result microprocessors
numerical (arithmetic and logical) calculations. came into existence. The computers using this technology known to
be Micro Computers. High capacity hard disk were invented. There
is great development in data communication.

The Fifth Generation (Present & Beyond):

Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence,
are still in development, though there are some applications, such
as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel
processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial
intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and molecular and
Input (Data):
nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years
Input is the raw information entered into a computer from the
to come.
input devices. It is the collection of letters, numbers, images etc.

Process:
Process is the operation of data as per given instruction. It is totally
internal process of the computer system.

Output:
Output is the processed data given by computer after data
processing. Output is also called as Result. We can save these
results in the storage devices for the future use.

Computer System
All of the components of a computer system can be summarized
with the simple equations. COMPUTER SYSTEM = HARDWARE +
SOFTWARE+ USER
• Hardware = Internal Devices + Peripheral Devices
All physical parts of the computer (or everything that we can touch) Input Devices: Those
are known as Hardware. devices which help to
• Software = Programs enter data into computer
Software gives “intelligence” to the computer. system. Eg. Keyboad,
• USER = Person, who operates computer. Mouse, Touchscreen,
Barcode Reader, Scanner,
MICR, OMR etc.

Generation of computer:
First Generation (1940-56):
The first generation computers used vaccum tubes & machine
language was used for giving the instructions. These computer
were large in size & their programming was difficult task. The
electricity consumption was very high. Some computers of this
generation are ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC & UNIVAC-1.

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 digital electronic device. The term primary memory is used for the
information in physical systems which are fast (i.e. RAM), as a
distinction from secondary memory, which are physical devices for
program and data storage which are slow to access but offer higher
memory capacity. Primary memory stored on secondary memory is
called virtual memory. Primary Memory can be categorized as
Volatile Memory & Non-Volatile Memory.

Volatile memory (RAM)

Output Devices: Those devices which help to display the processed Volatile memory is computer memory that requires power to
information. Eg. Monitor, Printer, Plotter, Projector. maintain the stored information. Most modern semiconductor
volatile memory is either Static RAM or dynamic RAM.
SRAM retains its contents as long as the power is connected and is
easy to interface to but uses six transistors per bit.

Dynamic RAM is more

complicated to interface to
and control and needs regular
refresh cycles to prevent its
contents being lost. However,
DRAM uses only one
transistor and a capacitor per
bit, allowing it to reach much
higher densities and, with
more bits on a memory chip, be much cheaper per bit. SRAM is not
worthwhile for desktop system memory, where DRAM dominates,
but is used for their cache memories.

Non Volatile Memory (ROM)

Non-volatile memory is
computer memory that can
retain the stored information
even when not powered.
Examples of non-volatile
memory are flash memory and
ROM/PROM/EPROM/EEPROM
memory (used for firmware such
as boot programs).
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
The main component to make a Cache Memory:
computer operate is the Cache memory is random access memory (RAM) that a computer
computer chip or microprocessor can access more quickly than it can access regular
microprocessor. This is referred RAM. As the microprocessor processes data, it looks first in the
to as the Central Processing Unit cache memory and if it finds the data there (from a previous
(CPU) and is housed in the reading of data), it does not have to do
computer case. Together, they the more time-consuming reading of
are also called the CPU. It data from larger memory. It is of two
performs arithmetic and logic types- L1 cache is on the same chip as
operations. The CPU (Central the microprocessor. L2 is usually a
Processing Unit) is the device separate static RAM (SRAM) chip.
that interprets and executes Secondary Memory:
instructions. A. Hard Disk (Local Disk)
B. Optical Disks: CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-R,
DVD-RW
Memory:
C. Pen Drive
It facilitates the remembrance power to computer system. It refers
D. Floppy Disks
to the physical devices used to store programs (sequences of
F. Memory Cards
instructions) or data (e.g. program state information) on a
G. External Hard Disk
temporary or permanent basis for use in a computer or other
H. Blu Ray Disk

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Blu-Ray Disk:
Blu-ray (not Blue-ray) also known as b) Digital Computer
Blu-ray Disc (BD), is the name of a new A computer that performs calculations and logical operations with
optical disc format. The format offers quantities represented as digits, usually in the binary number
more than five times the storage system.
c) Hybrid Computer (Analog + Digital)
capacity of traditional DVDs and can
A combination of computers those are capable of inputting and
hold up to 25GB on a single-layer disc
outputting in both digital and analog signals. A hybrid computer
and 50GB on a dual-layer disc. While system setup offers a cost effective method of performing complex
current optical disc technologies such simulations. The instruments used in medical lies in this category.
as DVD, DVD±R, DVD±RW, and DVD-RAM rely on a red laser to
read and write data, the new format uses a blue-violet laser instead, On the basis of Size
hence the name Blu-ray. a) Super Computer
The fastest type of
computer.
Units of Memory:
Supercomputers are
The smallest unit is bit, which mean either 0 or 1. very expensive and
1 bit = 0 or 1 are employed for
1 Byte = 8 bit specialized
1 Nibble = 4 bit applications that
1 Kilo Byte = 1024 Byte= 210 Byte require immense
amounts of
1 Mega Byte = 1024 KB= 2 10 KB
mathematical
1 Gega Byte = 1024 MB= 210 MB calculations. For example, weather forecasting requires a
1 Tera Byte = 1024 GB= 210 GB supercomputer. Other uses of supercomputers include animated
1 Peta Byte =1024 TB= 210 TB graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, and
1 Exa Byte =1024 PB= 210 PB petroleum exploration. PARAM, Pace & Flosolver are the
1 Zetta Byte = 1024 EB= 210 EB supercomputer made in India.
1 Yotta Byte = 1024 ZB= 210 ZB
b) Mainframe Computer
A very large and expensive computer capable of supporting
Types of Computer hundreds, or even thousands, of users simultaneously. In the
On the basis of working principle hierarchy that starts with a simple microprocessor (in watches, for
a) Analog Computer example) at the bottom
An analog computer is a form of computer that uses continuous and moves to
physical phenomena such as supercomputers at the
top, mainframes are just
electrical, mechanical, or
below supercomputers.
hydraulic quantities to model
In some ways,
the problem being solved. mainframes are more
Eg: Thermometer, powerful than
Speedometer, Petrol pump supercomputers
indicator, Multimeter because they support
more simultaneous
programs. But
supercomputers can execute a single program faster than a
mainframe.

c) Mini Computer
A midsized computer. In size and power, minicomputers lie
between workstations and mainframes. In the past decade, the
distinction between large minicomputers and small mainframes has
blurred, however, as has the distinction between small
minicomputers and workstations. But in general, a minicomputer is
a multiprocessing system capable of supporting from 4 to about
200 users simultaneously. Generally, servers are comes in this
category.

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 • File Management
d) Micro Computer • Device Management
i. Desktop Computer: a personal or micro-mini computer sufficient
to fit on a desk.
ii. Laptop Computer: a portable computer complete with an
integrated screen and keyboard. It is generally smaller in size than a Types of Operating System:
desktop computer and larger than a notebook computer.
iii. Palmtop Computer/Digital Diary /Notebook /PDAs: a hand-sized • Real-time Operating System:
computer. Palmtops have no keyboard but the screen serves both It is a multitasking operating system that aims at executing real-
as an input and output device. time applications. Example of Use: e.g. control of nuclear power
plants, oil refining, chemical processing and traffic control systems,
e)Workstations air
A terminal or desktop • Single User Systems:
computer in a network. Provides a platform for only one user at a time. They are popularly
In this context, associated with Desk Top operating system which run on
workstation is just a standalone systems where no user accounts are required. Example:
generic term for a user’s DOS.
machine (client • Multi User Systems:
machine) in contrast to Provides regulated access for a number of users by maintaining a
a “server” or database of known users. Refers to computer systems that support
“mainframe.” two or more simultaneous users. Another term for multi-user is
time sharing. Ex: All mainframes are multi-user systems. Example:
Unix
Software • Multi-tasking and Single-tasking Operating Systems:
Software, simply are the computer programs. The instructions given When a single program is allowed to run at a time, the system is
to the computer in the form of a program is called Software. grouped under the single-tasking system category, while in case
Software is the set of programs, which are used for different the operating system allows for execution of multiple tasks at a
purposes. All the programs used in computer to perform specific time, it is classified as a multitasking operating system.
task is called Software.
• Distributed Operating System:
Types of software An operating system that manages a group of independent
1. System software: computers and makes them appear to be a single computer is
known as a distributed operating system. Distributed computations
a) Operating System Software
are carried out on more than one machine. When computers in a
DOS, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Unix/Linux, MAC/OS X etc.
b) Utility Software group work in cooperation, they make a distributed system.
Windows Explorer (File/Folder Management), Compression Tool,
Anti-Virus Utilities, Disk Defragmentation, Disk Clean, BackUp, Commonly used operating system UNIX:
WinZip, WinRAR etc… Pronounced yoo-niks, a popular multi-user, multitasking operating
c) Language Processors system developed at Bell Labs in the early 1970s. UNIX was one of
Compiler, Interpreter and Assembler the first operating systems to be written in a high-level
programming language, namely C. This meant that it could be
installed on virtually any computer for which a C compiler existed.
2. Application software:
a) Package Software/General Purpose software
Ms. Office 2003, Ms. Office 2007, Macromedia (Dreamweaver, Flash, LINUX:
Freehand), Adobe (PageMaker, PhotoShop) Pronounced lee-nucks or lih-nucks. A freely-distributable open
b) Tailored or Customized Software source operating system that runs on a number of hardware
School Management system, Inventory Management System, platforms. The Linux kernel was developed mainly by Linus Torvalds
Payroll system, financial system etc. and it is based on Unix. Because it’s free, and because it runs on
many platforms, including PCs and Macintoshes, Linux has become
Operating system an extremely popular alternative to proprietary operating systems.
Windows:
Operating system is a platform between hardware and user which is
Microsoft Windows is a series of graphical interface operating
responsible for the management and coordination of activities and
the sharing of the resources of a computer. It hosts the several systems developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft. Microsoft
applications that run on a computer and handles the operations of introduced an operating environment named Windows on
computer hardware. November 20, 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the
growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs). Microsoft
Functions of operating System: Windows came to dominate the world’s personal computer market
• Processor Management with over 90% market share, overtaking Mac OS, which had been
• Memory Management introduced in 1984.The most recent client version of Windows is

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Windows 7; the most recent server version is Windows Server 2008 C. Assembler: It translate the assembly language into machine
R2; the most recent mobile version is Windows Phone 7.5. code.
Microprocessor:
A microprocessor is a semiconductor chip, which is manufactured
using the Large Scale integration (LSI) or Very Large Scale
SOLARIS: Integration (VLSI), which comprises Arithmetic Logic Unit, Control
Solaris is a Unix operating system originally developed by Sun unit and Central Processing Unit (CPU) fabricated on a single chip.
Microsystems. It superseded their earlier SunOS in 1993. Oracle Terminologies:
Solaris, as it is now known, has been owned by Oracle Corporation Registers: A register is a very small amount of very fast memory
since Oracle’s acquisition of Sun in January 2010. that is built into the CPU (central processing unit) in order to speed
BOSS: BOSS (Bharat Operating System Solutions) GNU/Linux up its operations by providing quick access to commonly used
distribution developed by C-DAC (Centre for Development of values. All data must be represented in a register before it can be
Advanced Computing) derived from Debian for enhancing the use processed. For example, if two numbers are to be multiplied, both
of Free/ Open Source Software throughout India. This release aims numbers must be in registers, and the result is also placed in a
more at the security part and comes with an easy to use application register.
to harden your Desktop. Bus:
A collection of wires through which data is transmitted from one
Mobile OS: part of a computer to another. You can think of a bus as a highway
A mobile operating system, also called a mobile OS, is an operating on which data travels within a computer. When used in reference to
system that is specifically designed to run on mobile devices such personal computers, the term bus usually refers to internal bus. This
as mobile phones, smartphones, PDAs, tablet computers and other is a bus that connects all the internal computer components to the
handheld devices. The mobile operating system is the software CPU and main memory. All buses consist of two parts — an address
platform on top of which other programs, called application bus and a data bus. The data bus transfers actual data whereas the
programs, can run on mobile devices. address bus transfers information about where the data should go.
The control bus is used by the CPU to direct and monitor the
• Android: actions of the other functional areas of the computer. It is used to
Android is a Linux-based mobile phone operating system transmit a variety of individual signals (read, write, interrupt,
developed by Google. Android is unique because Google is actively acknowledge, and so forth) necessary to control and coordinate the
developing the platform but giving it away for free to hardware operations of the computer.
manufacturers and phone carriers who want to use Android on The size of a bus, known as its width, is important because it
their devices. determines how much data can be transmitted at one time. For
example, a 16-bit bus can transmit 16 bits of data, whereas a 32-bit
• Symbian: bus can transmit 32 bits
Symbian is a mobile operating system (OS) targeted at mobile
phones that offers a high-level of integration with communication
and personal information management (PIM) functionality. Symbian
OS combines middleware with wireless communications through an
integrated mailbox and the integration of Java and PIM
functionality (agenda and contacts).
The Symbian OS is open for third-party development by
independent software vendors, enterprise IT departments, network
operators and Symbian OS licensees.

LANGUAGE PROCESSORS:
Since a computer hardware is capable of understanding only
machine level instructions, So it is necessary to convert the HLL into
Machine Level Language. There are three Language processors: Clock speed:
A. Compiler: Also called clock rate, the speed at which a microprocessor
It is translator which coverts the HLL language into machine executes instructions. Every computer contains an internal clock
language in one go. A Source program in High Level Language get that regulates the rate at which instructions are executed and
converted into Object Program in Machine Level Language. synchronizes all the various computer components. The CPU
requires a fixed number of clock ticks (or clock cycles) to execute
B. Interpreter: each instruction. The faster the clock, the more instructions the CPU
It is a translator which converts the HLL language into machine can execute per second.
language line by line. It takes one statement of HLL and converts it Clock speeds are expressed in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz
into machine code which is immediately executed. It eliminate the ((GHz).
need of separate compilation/run. However, It is slow in processing 16 bit Microprocessor:
as compare to compiler.

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It indicates the width of the registers. A 16-bit microprocessor can it allows the “daisy chaining” of up to 127 USB peripherals
process data and memory addresses that are represented by 16 connected to one port. It provides plug & play communication.
bits. Eg. 8086 processor
PS/2 Port:
32 bit Microprocessor: PS/2 ports are special ports for connecting the keyboard and
It indicates the width of the registers. A 32-bit microprocessor can mouse to some PC systems. This type of port was invented by IBM
process data and memory addresses that are represented by 32
bits. Eg. Intel 80386 processor, Intel 80486
64 bit Microprocessor: FireWire Port:
It indicates the width of the registers; a special high-speed storage The IEEE 1394 interface, developed in late 1980s and early 1990s by
area within the CPU. A 32-bit microprocessor can process data and Apple as FireWire, is a serial bus interface standard for high-speed
memory addresses that are represented by 32 bits. Eg. Pentium communications and isochronous real-time data transfer. The 1394
dual core, core 2 duo. interface is comparable with USB and often those two technologies
128 bit Microprocessor: are considered together, though USB has more market share.
It indicates the width of the registers. A 128-bit microprocessor can
process data and memory addresses that are represented by 128 Infrared Port:
bits. Eg. Intel core i7 An IR port is a port which sends and receives infrared signals from
other devices. It is a wireless type port with a limited range of 5-
Difference between RISC & CISC architecture 10ft.
RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing):
1. RISC system has reduced number of instructions. Bluetooth:
2. Performs only basic functions. Bluetooth uses short-range radio frequencies to transmit
3. All HLL support is done in software. information from fixed and mobile devices. These devices must be
4. All operations are register to register. within the range of 32 feet, or 10 meters for Bluetooth to effectively
CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computing): work. A Bluetooth port enables connections for Bluetooth-enabled
1. A large and varied instruction set. devices for synchronizing. Typically there are two types of ports:
2. Performs basic as well as complex functions. incoming and outgoing. The incoming port enables the device to
3. All HLL support is done in Hardware. receive connections from Bluetooth devices while the outgoing
4. Memory to memory addressing mode port makes connections to Bluetooth devices.

EPIC (Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing): Internal Storage encoding of Characters:

It is a 64-bit microprocessor instruction set, jointly defined and ASCII (American standard code for information interchange):
designed by Hewlett Packard and Intel, that provides up to 128 ASCII code is most widely used alphanumeric code used in
general and floating point unit registers and uses speculative computers. It is a 7- bit code, and so it has 2 7 =128 possible code
loading, predication, and explicit parallelism to accomplish its groups.
computing tasks. By comparison, current 32-bit CISC and RISC It represents all of the standard keyboard characters as well as
microprocessor architectures depend on 32-bit registers, branch control functions such as Return & Linefeed functions.
prediction, memory latency, and implicit parallelism, which are
considered a less efficient approach in micro-architecture design. ISCII (American standard code for information interchange):
To use the Indian language on computers, ISCII codes are used. It is
PORTS: an 8-bit code capable of coding 256 characters. ISCII code retains
A port is an interface between the motherboard and an external all ASCII characters and offers coding for Indian scripts also.
device. Different types of port are available on motherboard as
serial port, parallel port, PS/2 port, USB port, SCSI port etc. Unicode:
It is a universal coding standard which provides a unique number
Serial port (COM Port): for every character, no matter what the platform, no matter what
A serial port transmit data one bit at a time. Typically on older PCs, the program, no matter what the language. Unicode version 3.1
a modem, mouse, or keyboard would be connected via serial ports. represented 94,140 characters.
Serial cables are cheaper to make than parallel cables and easier to
shield from interference. Also called communication port.

Parallel Port (LPT ports):

It supports parallel communication i.e. it can send several bits
simultaneously. It provides much higher data transfer speed in
comparison with serial port. Also called Line Printer Port.

USB (Universal Serial Bus):

It is a newer type of serial connection that is much faster than the
old serial ports. USB is also much smarter and more versatile since

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