SMART PARKING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM USING IOT FOR REAL TIME

SLOT AVAILABILITY AND MONITORING

ABSTRACT:

This project proposes a Smart Parking Management System that utilizes IoT
technology to monitor and display real-time parking slot availability using two key
sensors: an ultrasonic sensor and an IR sensor. These sensors are deployed at
individual parking spots to detect the presence or absence of a vehicle. The data
collected is processed by a microcontroller (such as Arduino or NodeMCU) and
transmitted wirelessly to a cloud platform via Wi-Fi.

The system provides users with live updates on parking slot status through a web or
mobile dashboard, reducing the time and effort spent searching for available parking.
Real-time monitoring helps in efficient space utilization, minimizes traffic congestion,
and improves overall parking management. This low-cost, scalable solution
demonstrates how IoT can be leveraged to create smarter, more efficient urban
infrastructure.

INTRODUCTION:

With rapid urbanization and the increasing number of vehicles on the road, finding
available parking spaces has become a major challenge in cities around the world.
Conventional parking systems often lack real-time updates, leading to traffic
congestion, fuel wastage, and user frustration. To address these issues, smart parking
solutions are gaining attention for their ability to improve efficiency and enhance the
overall parking experience.

This project introduces an IoT-based Smart Parking Management System designed to

monitor and display real-time slot availability using two essential sensors: an
ultrasonic sensor and an infrared (IR) sensor. These sensors are installed at
individual parking slots to accurately detect the presence of vehicles. By integrating
sensor data with a microcontroller and wireless communication, the system enables
seamless, real-time data transmission to a cloud platform. Users can then access up-
to-date parking information through a mobile or web-based interface, making it easier
to locate available spaces quickly.
This system not only reduces the time spent searching for parking but also contributes
to smarter traffic flow and better resource management, showcasing the potential of
IoT in building smarter urban infrastructure.

1.1 EMBEDDED SYSTEM:

An embedded system is a controller programmed and controlled by a real-time

operating system (RTOS) with a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or
electrical system, often with real-time consumption of embedded systems
computing constraints.

It is embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and

mechanical parts. Embedded systems control many devices in common use today.
Ninety-eight percent of all microprocessors are manufactured to serve as embedded
system component.

Examples of properties of typical embedded computers when compared with

general-purpose counterparts are low power consumption, small size, rugged
operating ranges, and low per-unit cost. This comes at the price of limited processing
resources, which make them significantly more difficult to program and to interact
with.

However, by building intelligence mechanisms on top of the hardware, taking

advantage of possible existing sensors and the existence of a network of embedded
units, one can both optimally manage available resources at the unit and network
levels as well as provide augmented functions, well beyond those available. For
example, intelligent techniques can be designed to manage power.
Fig 1.1 Embedded system

Embedded Computer Sub-Assembly for Electronic Voting Machine.

Embedded systems are commonly found in consumer, industrial, automotive,

medical, commercial and military applications.

Telecommunications systems employ numerous embedded systems

from telephone switches for the network to cell phones at the end user. Computer
networking uses dedicated routers and network bridges to route data.

Consumer electronics include MP3 players, mobile phones, video game

consoles, digital cameras, GPS receivers, and printers. Household appliances, such
as microwave ovens, washing machines and dishwashers, include embedded systems
to provide flexibility, efficiency and features.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF EMBDDED SYSTEMS:

Fig 1.2 Classification of Embedded system

Advanced HVAC systems use networked thermostats to more accurately and

efficiently control temperature that can change by time of day and season. Home
automation uses wired- and wireless-networking that can be used to control lights,
climate, security, audio/visual, surveillance, etc., all of which use embedded devices
for sensing and controlling.

Like traffic lights, factory controllers, and largely complex systems like hybrid
vehicles, MRI, and avionics Embedded systems range from portable devices such
as digital watches and MP3 players, to large stationary installations. Complexity
varies from low, with a single microcontroller

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM:

An embedded system usually contains an embedded processor. Many

appliances that have a digital interface microwaves, VCRs, cars utilize embedded
systems. Some embedded systems include an operating system. Others are very
specialized resulting in the entire logic being implemented as a single program. These
systems are embedded into some device for some specific purpose other than to
provide general purpose computing.
Fig 1.3 Block diagram of a typical embedded system

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS:

 Embedded systems in automobiles include motor control, cruise control, body

safety, engine safety, robotics in an assembly line, car multimedia, car
entertainment, E-com access, mobiles etc.
 Embedded systems in telecommunications include networking, mobile
computing, and wireless communications, etc.
 Embedded system in smart cards include banking, telephone and security
systems.
 Embedded Systems in satellites and missiles include defence, communication,
and aerospace
 Embedded systems in computer networking & peripherals include image
processing, networking systems, printers, network cards, monitors and displays
 Embedded Systems in digital consumer electronics include set-top boxes, DVDs,
high-definition TVs and digital cameras.
1.2 INTERNET OF THINGS:
 The term Internet of Things generally refers to scenarios where network
connectivity and computing capability extends to objects, sensors and everyday
items not normally considered computers, allowing these devices to generate,
exchange and consume data with minimal human intervention. There is, however,
no single, universal definition.
 Enabling Technologies: The concept of combining computers, sensors, and
networks to monitor and control devices has existed for decades. The recent
confluence of several technology market trends, however, is bringing the Internet
of Things closer to widespread reality. These include Ubiquitous
Connectivity, Widespread Adoption of IP-based Networking, Computing
Economics, Miniaturization, Advances in Data.
 Connectivity Models: IoT implementations use different technical
communications models, each with its own characteristics. Four common
communications models described by the Internet Architecture Board
include: Device-to-Device, Device-to-Cloud, Device-to-Gateway, and Back-End
Data-Sharing. These models highlight the flexibility in the ways that IoT devices
can connect and provide value to the user.
IoT devices are implemented using both hardware and software components.
Dedicated hardware components are used to implement the interface with the physical
world, and to perform tasks which are more computationally complex.
Microcontrollers are used to execute software that interprets inputs and controls the
system. This module discusses the roles of both the hardware and software
components in the system. The functions of common hardware components are
described and the interface between the software and hardware through the
microcontroller is explained. IoT devices often use an operating system to support the
interaction between the software and the microcontroller. We will define the role of
an operating system in an IoT device and how an IoT operating system differs from a
standard one.

How IoT works

An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use embedded

processors, sensors and communication hardware to collect, send and act on data they
acquire from their environments. IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by
connecting to an IoT gateway or other edge device where data is either sent to the
cloud to be analyzed or analyzed locally. Sometimes, these devices communicate with
other related devices and act on the information they get from one another. The
devices do most of the work without human intervention, although people can interact
with the devices -- for instance, to set them up, give them instructions or access the
data.The connectivity, networking and communication protocols used with these web-
enabled devices largely depend on the specific IoT applications deployed.

Benefits of IoT

The internet of things offers a number of benefits to organizations, enabling

them to:

 monitor their overall business processes;

 improve the customer experience;

 save time and money;

 enhance employee productivity;

 integrate and adapt business models;

 make better business decisions; and

 generate more revenue.

IoT encourages companies to rethink the ways they approach their businesses,
industries and markets and gives them the tools to improve their business strategies.

Consumer and enterprise IoT applications

There are numerous real-world applications of the internet of things, ranging from
consumer IoT and enterprise IoT to manufacturing and industrial IoT (IoT). IoT
applications span numerous verticals, including automotive, telco, energy and more.

In the consumer segment, for example, smart homes that are equipped with smart
thermostats, smart appliances and connected heating, lighting and electronic devices
can be controlled remotely via computers, smartphones or other mobile devices.

Wearable devices with sensors and software can collect and analyze user data,
sending messages to other technologies about the users with the aim of making users'
lives easier and more comfortable. Wearable devices are also used for public safety --
for example, improving first responders' response times during emergencies by
providing optimized routes to a location or by tracking construction workers' or
firefighters' vital signs at life-threatening sites.

In healthcare, IoT offers many benefits, including the ability to monitor patients more
closely to use the data that's generated and analyze it. Hospitals often use IoT systems
to complete tasks such as inventory management, for both pharmaceuticals and
medical instruments.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:
HARDWARE REQUIREMENT:

 Node Mcu esp8266

 Ultrasonic Sensor
 IR sensor

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT:

 Arduino IDE
 Embedded C
 IOT Platform

HARDWARE COMPONENTS DETAILS

NODE MCU ESP8266:

Node MCU is an open-source Lua based firmware and development board
specially targeted for IoT based Applications. It includes firmware that runs on the
ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Express if Systems, and hardware which is based on the
ESP-12 module.

Node MCU ESP8266 Specifications & Features:

 Microcontroller: Tensilica 32-bit RISC CPU Xtensa LX106
 Operating Voltage: 3.3V
 Input Voltage: 7-12V
 Digital I/O Pins (DIO): 16
 Analog Input Pins (ADC): 1
 UARTs: 1
 SPIs: 1
 I2Cs: 1
 Flash Memory: 4 MB
 SRAM: 64 KB
 Clock Speed: 80 MHz
 USB-TTL based on CP2102 is included onboard, Enabling Plug n Play
 PCB Antenna
 Small Sized module to fit smartly inside your IoT projects

Brief About Node MCU ESP8266:

The Node MCU ESP8266 development board comes with the ESP-12E
module containing ESP8266 chip having Tensilica Xtensa 32-bit LX106 RISC
microprocessor. This microprocessor supports RTOS and operates at 80MHz to 160
MHz adjustable clock frequency. Node MCU has 128 KB RAM and 4MB of Flash
memory to store data and programs. Its high processing power with in-built Wi-Fi /
Bluetooth and Deep Sleep Operating features make it ideal for IoT projects.
Node MCU can be powered using Micro USB jack and VIN pin (External
Supply Pin). It supports UART, SPI, and I2C interface.

Fig 4.3 Node-MCU diagram

Power Requirement:
 As the operating voltage range of ESP8266 is 3V to 3.6V, the board comes
with a LDO voltage regulator to keep the voltage steady at 3.3V. It can reliably
supply up to 600mA, which should be more than enough when ESP8266 pulls as
much as 80mA during RF transmissions. The output of the regulator is also broken
out to one of the sides of the board and labeled as 3V3. This pin can be used to supply
power to external components.

Power to the ESP8266 Node MCU is supplied via the on-board Micro B USB
connector. Alternatively, if you have a regulated 5V voltage source, the VIN pin can
be used to directly supply the ESP8266 and its peripherals.

Peripherals and I/O:

The ESP8266 Node MCU has total 17 GPIO pins broken out to the pin
headers on both sides of the development board. These pins can be assigned to all
sorts of peripheral duties, including:
 ADC channel – A 10-bit ADC channel.
 UART interface – UART interface is used to load code serially.
 PWM outputs – PWM pins for dimming LEDs or controlling motors.
 SPI, I2C & I2S interface – SPI and I2C interface to hook up all sorts of sensors
and peripherals.
 I2S interface – I2S interface if you want to add sound to your project.

On-board Switches & LED Indicator:

The ESP8266 Node MCU features two buttons. One marked as RST located
on the top left corner is the Reset button, used of course to reset the ESP8266 chip.
The other FLASH button on the bottom left corner is the download button used while
upgrading firmware.
The board also has a LED indicator which is user programmable and is
connected to the D0 pin of the board.
Fig 4.4 Switch diagram
Serial Communication:
The board includes CP2102 USB-to-UART Bridge Controller from Silicon Labs,
which converts USB signal to serial and allows your computer to program and
communicate with the ESP8266 chip.

Fig 4.5 Serial communication diagram

If you have an older version of CP2102 driver installed on your PC, we
recommend upgrading now.

ESP8266 Node MCU Pinout:

The ESP8266 Node MCU has total 30 pins that interface it to the outside world.
The connections are as follows:
Fig 4.6 pin out diagram
For the sake of simplicity, we will make groups of pins with similar
functionalities.

Power Pins:
There are four power pins viz. one VIN pin & three 3.3V pins. The VIN pin
can be used to directly supply the ESP8266 and its peripherals, if you have a regulated
5V voltage source. The 3.3V pins are the output of an on-board voltage regulator.
These pins can be used to supply power to external components.

GND:
GND is a ground pin of ESP8266 Node MCU development board.

I2C Pins:
I2C Pins are used to hook up all sorts of I2C sensors and peripherals in your
project. Both I2C Master and I2C Slave are supported. I2C interface functionality can
be realized programmatically, and the clock frequency is 100 kHz at a maximum. It
should be noted that I2C clock frequency should be higher than the slowest clock
frequency of the slave device.
GPIO Pins:
ESP8266 Node MCU has 17 GPIO pins which can be assigned to various
functions such as I2C, I2S, UART, PWM, IR Remote Control, LED Light and Button
programmatically. Each digital enabled GPIO can be configured to internal pull-up or
pull-down, or set to high impedance. When configured as an input, it can also be set
to edge-trigger or level-trigger to generate CPU interrupts.

ADC Channel:
The Node MCU is embedded with a 10-bit precision SAR ADC. The two
functions can be implemented using ADC viz. Testing power supply voltage of
VDD3P3 pin and testing input voltage of TOUT pin. However, they cannot be
implemented at the same time.

UART Pins:
ESP8266 Node MCU has 2 UART interfaces, i.e. UART0 and UART1, which
provide asynchronous communication (RS232 and RS485), and can communicate at
up to 4.5 Mbps. UART0 (TXD0, RXD0, RST0 & CTS0 pins) can be used for
communication. It supports fluid control. However, UART1 (TXD1 pin) features only
data transmit signal so, it is usually used for printing log.

SPI Pins:
ESP8266 features two SPIs (SPI and HSPI) in slave and master modes. These
SPIs also support the following general-purpose SPI features:
 4 timing modes of the SPI format transfer
 Up to 80 MHz and the divided clocks of 80 MHz
 Up to 64-Byte FIFO

SDIO Pins:
ESP8266 features Secure Digital Input/Output Interface (SDIO) which is used
to directly interface SD cards. 4-bit 25 MHz SDIO v1.1 and 4-bit 50 MHz SDIO v2.0
are supported.
PWM Pins:
The board has 4 channels of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). The PWM
output can be implemented programmatically and used for driving digital motors and
LEDs. PWM frequency range is adjustable from 1000 μs to 10000 μs, i.e., between
100 Hz and 1 kHz.
Control Pins:
Control pins are used to control ESP8266. These pins include Chip Enable pin
(EN), Reset pin (RST) and WAKE pin.
EN pin – The ESP8266 chip is enabled when EN pin is pulled HIGH. When
pulled LOW the chip works at minimum power.
RST pin – RST pin is used to reset the ESP8266 chip.WAKE pin.

ULTRASONIC SENSOR:

An ultrasonic sensor is used to measure the distance between the sensor and an
object using sound waves. In a smart parking system, it helps detect whether a
parking slot is occupied or vacant.

It works by sending an ultrasonic pulse from the Trig pin, which bounces off nearby
objects (like a car) and returns to the Echo pin. The time it takes for the echo to return
is used to calculate the distance. If the distance is below a set threshold (e.g., 15 cm),
the system detects the slot as occupied.

The HC-SR04 is a commonly used ultrasonic sensor. It is:

 Low-cost
 Easy to use
 Accurate for short ranges (2–400 cm)

It connects to microcontrollers like Arduino or NodeMCU and is ideal for real-time

parking slot detection.
Working Principle:

 The sensor sends out an ultrasonic pulse from the Trig pin.
 The pulse travels through the air and bounces back when it hits an object (e.g., a
car).
 The Echo pin receives the reflected signal.

The sensor calculates the distance based on the time taken for the pulse to return,
using the formula:

Distance=Time×Speed of Sound2\text{Distance} = \frac{\text{Time} \times \

text{Speed of Sound}}{2}Distance=2Time×Speed of Sound

Common Model: HC-SR04

 Range: 2 cm to 400 cm
 Accuracy: ±0.3 cm
 Voltage: 5V
 Pins: VCC, GND, Trig, Echo
Application in Parking:

 Installed above each slot to detect if a car is present.

 If the distance is below a set threshold (e.g., <15 cm), the slot is marked as
occupied.
 Data is sent to a microcontroller (like NodeMCU) and uploaded to a
cloud/dashboard for real-time monitoring.

Advantages:

 Non-contact and reliable sensing

 Accurate for short-range measurements
 Simple to integrate with Arduino or NodeMCU

Limitations:

 Can be affected by soft surfaces and angled reflections

 Less effective in noisy or windy environments unless shielded
IR SENSOR:

What is an IR Sensor?

An Infrared (IR) sensor is an electronic device that detects objects or motion by

using infrared light. It works on the principle of emitting and receiving IR
radiation and is widely used in applications like obstacle detection, line following,
and vehicle presence detection in smart parking systems.

Working Principle

There are two main types of IR sensors:

1.Active IR Sensor – has both IR transmitter (LED) and IR receiver

(photodiode or phototransistor).

2.Passive IR Sensor (PIR) – detects only infrared radiation emitted from

objects (mainly used for motion detection).

In smart parking systems, active IR sensors are typically used.

How It Works:
 The IR LED continuously emits infrared light.
 When a vehicle enters a parking slot, the IR light reflects back.
 The receiver detects the reflected IR signal.
 The sensor outputs a digital HIGH/LOW signal based on the presence or absence
of an object.

Typical IR Sensor Module

Components: IR LED, photodiode, comparator IC

Pins:

 VCC – Power (typically 3.3V or 5V)

 GND – Ground
 OUT – Digital signal (HIGH/LOW)

Basic Use in Smart Parking

 Placed at the front or side of a parking slot.

 When a car enters the slot, the IR beam is interrupted or reflected, indicating
occupancy.
 The signal is sent to a microcontroller (like Arduino/NodeMCU) and then to the
cloud/dashboard.

Advantages

 Simple and inexpensive

 Fast response time
 Works well for short-range object detection
 Easy to interface with microcontrollers

Limitations

 Affected by ambient light or sunlight (may cause false readings outdoors)

 Works best at short distances (2–30 cm)
 May not detect non-reflective or very dark objects reliably
Use in Smart Parking Systems

 Can be used alongside ultrasonic sensors to enhance detection accuracy.

 Used to trigger LED indicators or update dashboard status when a vehicle is
present or leaves.
 Can help in vehicle counting systems at entry/exit points.

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS DETAILS

EMBEDDED C:

Embedded C is most popular programming language in software field for developing

electronic gadgets. Each processor used in electronic system is associated with
embedded software.

Embedded C programming plays a key role in performing specific function by the

processor. In day-to-day life we used many electronic devices such as mobile phone,
washing machine, digital camera, etc. These all device working is based on
microcontroller that are programmed by embedded C.
Fig 5.1 Block diagram of Embedded C

The Embedded C code written in above block diagram is used for blinking the LED
connected with Port0 of microcontroller.

In embedded system programming C code is preferred over other language. Due to

the following reasons:

 Easy to understand
 High Reliability
 Portability
 Scalability

Function is a collection of statements that is used for performing a specific task and a
collection of one or more functions is called a programming language.

Most consumers are familiar with application software that provide functionality on a
computer. Embedded software however is often less visible, but no less complicated.
Unlike application software, embedded software has fixed hardware requirements and
capabilities, and addition of third-party hardware or software is strictly controlled.
Embedded software needs to include all needed device drivers at manufacturing time,
and the device drivers are written for the specific hardware. The software is highly
dependent on the CPU and specific chips chosen. Most embedded software engineers
have at least a passing knowledge of reading schematics, and reading data sheets for
components to determine usage of registers and communication system. Conversion
between decimal, hexadecimal and binary is useful as well as using bit manipulation.

Web applications are rarely used, although XML files and other output may be passed
to a computer for display. File systems with folders are typically absent as are SQL
databases.

Software development requires use of a cross compiler, which runs on a computer but
produces executable code for the target device. Debugging requires use of an in-
circuit emulator, JTAG or SWD. Software developers often have access to the
complete kernel (OS) source code.
Size of the storage memory and RAM can vary significantly. Some systems run in
16 KB of Flash and 4 KB of RAM with a CPU operating at 8 MHz, other systems can
rival contemporary computers.[8] These space requirements lead to more work being
done in C or embedded C++, instead of C++. Interpreted languages
like BASIC (while e.g. Parallax Propeller can use compiled BASIC) and Java (Java
ME Embedded 8.3[9] is available for e.g. ARM Cortex-M4, Cortex-
M7 microcontrollers and older ARM11used in Raspberry Pi and Intel Galileo Gen. 2)
are not commonly used; while an implementation of the interpreted Python 3
language – MicroPython – is however available expressly for microcontroller use,
e.g. 32-bit ARM-based (such as BBC micro:bit) and 16-bit PIC
microcontrollers.Communications between processors and between one processor and
other components are essential. Besides direct memory addressing, common protocols
include I²C, SPI, serial ports, and USB.Communications protocols designed for use
in embedded systems are available as closed source from companies
including InterNiche Technologies and CMX Systems. Open-source protocols stem
from uIP, lwip, and others.This program explains how to use structure within
structure in C using normal variable. “student_college_detail’ structure is declared
inside “student_detail” structure in this program. Both structure variables Ple

ARDUINO IDE:

Arduino is an open-source platform used for building electronics projects.

Arduino consists of both a physical programmable circuit board (often referred to as
a microcontroller) and a piece of software, or IDE (Integrated Development
Environment) that runs on your computer, used to write and upload computer code to
the physical board.

The Arduino platform has become quite popular with people just starting out
with electronics, and for good reason. Unlike most previous programmable circuit
boards, the Arduino does not need a separate piece of hardware (called a programmer)
in order to load new code onto the board – you can simply use a USB cable.
Additionally, the Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C++, making it easier to
learn to program. Finally, Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks out the
functions of the micro-controller into a more accessible package.
 The Arduino hardware and software were designed for artists, designers,
hobbyists, hackers, newbies, and anyone interested in creating interactive objects or
environments. Arduino can interact with buttons, LEDs, motors, speakers, GPS units,
cameras, the internet, and even your smart-phone or your TV! This flexibility
combined with the fact that the Arduino software is free, the hardware boards are
pretty cheap, and both the software and hardware are easy to learn has led to a large
community of users who have contributed code and released instructions for
a huge variety of Arduino-based projects

There are many varieties of Arduino boards (explained on the next page) that
can be used for different purposes. Some boards look a bit different from the one
below, but most Arduinos have the majority of these components in common:

Fig 5.3 Arduino IDE Diagram

Programs written using Arduino Software (IDE) are called sketches. These sketches
are written in the text editor and are saved with the file extension .ino. The editor has
features for cutting/pasting and for searching/replacing text. The message area gives
feedback while saving and exporting and also displays errors. The console displays
text output by the Arduino Software (IDE), including complete error messages and
other information. The bottom righthand corner of the window displays the
configured board and serial port. The toolbar buttons allow you to verify and upload
programs, create, open, and save sketches, and open the serial monitor
The Arduino IDE is incredibly minimalistic, yet it provides a near-complete
environment for most Arduino-based projects. The top menu bar has the standard
options, including “File” (new, load save, etc.), “Edit” (font, copy, paste, etc.),
“Sketch” (for compiling and programming), “Tools” (useful options for testing
projects), and “Help”. The middle section of the IDE is a simple text editor that where
you can enter the program code. The bottom section of the IDE is dedicated to an
output window that is used to see the status of the compilation, how much memory
has been used, any errors that were found in the program, and various other useful
messages.
Projects made using the Arduino are called sketches, and such sketches are usually
written in a cut-down version of C++ (a number of C++ features are not included).
Because programming a microcontroller is somewhat different from programming a
computer, there are a number of device-specific libraries (e.g., changing pin modes,
output data on pins, reading analog values, and timers). This sometimes confuses
users who think Arduino is programmed in an “Arduino language.” However, the
Arduino is, in fact, programmed in C++. It just uses unique libraries for the device.
Fig 5.4 Arduino IDE Software diagram

The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules of code
structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a software library from the Wiring project,
which provides many common input and output procedures. User-written code only
requires two basic functions, for starting the sketch and the main program loop, that
are compiled and linked with a program stub main() into an executable cyclic
executive program with the GNU toolchain, also included with the IDE distribution.
The Arduino IDE employs the program avrdude to convert the executable code into a
text file in hexadecimal encoding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader
program in the board's firmware.

CONCLUSION:

In conclusion, the proposed Smart Parking Management System effectively utilizes

IoT technology combined with ultrasonic and IR sensors to provide real-time
monitoring of parking slot availability. By offering instant updates to users through a
web or mobile interface, the system not only simplifies the parking experience but
also enhances traffic flow and optimizes space usage. Its low-cost, scalable design
makes it suitable for a wide range of urban environments, contributing to the
development of smarter and more sustainable cities.