Fuzzy Logic Artical by Rezza Saatchi Our Teacher
Fuzzy Logic Artical by Rezza Saatchi Our Teacher
Article
Reza Saatchi
Special Issue
New Applications in Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis II
Edited by
Prof. Dr. Maria Carmen Carnero
https://doi.org/10.3390/info15100656
information
Article
Fuzzy Logic Concepts, Developments and Implementation
Reza Saatchi
School of Engineering and Built Environment, City Campus, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheaf Building,
Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK; r.saatchi@shu.ac.uk
Abstract: Over the past few decades, the field of fuzzy logic has evolved significantly, leading to
the development of diverse techniques and applications. Fuzzy logic has been successfully com-
bined with other artificial intelligence techniques such as artificial neural networks, deep learning,
robotics, and genetic algorithms, creating powerful tools for complex problem-solving applications.
This article provides an informative description of some of the main concepts in the field of fuzzy
logic. These include the types and roles of membership functions, fuzzy inference system (FIS),
adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system and fuzzy c-means clustering. The processes of fuzzification,
defuzzification, implication, and determining fuzzy rules’ firing strengths are described. The article
outlines some recent developments in the field of fuzzy logic, including its applications for deci-
sion support, industrial processes and control, data and telecommunication, and image and signal
processing. Approaches to implementing fuzzy logic models are explained and, as an illustration,
Matlab (version R2024b) is used to demonstrate implementation of a FIS. The prospects for future
fuzzy logic developments are explored and example applications of hybrid fuzzy logic systems are
provided. There remain extensive opportunities in further developing fuzzy logic-based techniques,
including their further integration with various machine learning algorithms, and their adaptation
into consumer products and industrial processes.
Keywords: fuzzy logic; fuzzy inference system; adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system; fuzzy
c-means clustering; fuzzy logic applications; fuzzy logic implementation; hybrid fuzzy logic models
𝜇 (𝑥) = 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴
(𝑥) = 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴
µ𝜇𝜇A(𝑥) = 01 𝑖𝑓
(x) = ∈ 𝐴A
i f 𝑥x ∉
∈ ∉ µ𝜇A ((𝑥)
x) == 00i𝑖𝑓 /∉ A
f x𝑥 ∈ 𝐴
where the symbols∈∈ and∉∈ / represent “is a member” and “is not a member”, respectively.
For instance, if the speed of the cars on a road is limited to 60 mph, then three crisp sets
could be defined representing low, medium and high speeds as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Representations of Low, Medium and High speeds crisp (classical) sets.
For the crip sets in Figure 1, a car speed of 39.9 mph is a member of the medium-speed
set even though it is not significantly different from 41.1 mph which is a member of the
high-speed set. In fuzzy sets, the membership of x to a set is no longer binary or true or
false, as x can simultaneously be a member of multiple sets with associated degrees of
memberships. Zadeh, in 1965, presented a seminal paper about fuzzy sets [2] that provided
an important foundation of the field. Zadah’s work and those of others have resulted in
the evolution of the field, extensive publications and several applications. As shown in
Figure 2, fuzzy sets typically overlap; thus, a speed of 37 mph can simultaneously be a
member of medium- and high-speed sets with degrees of memberships of 0.50 and 0.25,
respectively. The degree of membership indicates the extent that an element x belongs to a
set. It ranges between 0 and 1, where 0 represents not a member and 1 a full member.
µ𝜇A(𝑥)
(x) ∈
∈ [0,1
0, 1]
𝜇 (𝑥) ∈ 0,1
= ((𝑥,
A𝐴 = x, 𝜇µ A(𝑥)|𝑥
( x )| x ∈∈𝑈)
U)
This mapping for a finite discrete
𝐴 =fuzzy (𝑥)|𝑥
(𝑥, 𝜇 set can∈be
𝑈)represented as
where the symbol “+” in expression (1) is not a mathematical addition or logical OR but it
represents an aggregation or collection operation. For a finite continuous U, the fuzzy set A
can be represented as ( )
𝐴 = ∫µ A ( x ) 𝑑(𝑥)
Z
A= d( x ) (2)
X x
The contribution of this article is informative explorations of the main fuzzy logic
concepts, combined with discussions of recent developments in the field, and system
modelling implementation coverage. The manner of preparing this article was to ensure
prior information about the field was not required to be able to follow up and understand
its contents. Membership functions play a central role in the field of fuzzy logic as they
facilitate conversion between crip and fuzzy data. Therefore, the main membership func-
tions are presented, and their features are explained. Several fuzzy logic applications were
based on fuzzy inference system (FIS), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and
fuzzy c-means techniques. Therefore, the operations of these techniques are explained.
A discussion of recent fuzzy logic applications associated with industrial processes and
control, decision support, data and telecommunication, and signal and image processing
are provided. Although the coverage of all publications in the fuzzy logic fields was not
practical, the aim was to provide a representative coverage of the developments. In the
following sections, a description of the main fuzzy logic concepts is provided and some of
the developments in the field are outlined. A section on implementing fuzzy logic systems
is included and the manner FIS could be implemented in Matlab [6] is illustrated through
an example.
The parameters 𝑎 a and c indicate the starting and end points of base of the triangle
and b corresponds to the point on the base of the triangle associated with its peak. The
triangular membership function can be symmetric (as in Figure 3) or it can be asymmetric.
It can be expressed as
x −𝑥a − 𝑎 ,c1,−𝑐x− 𝑥 , 0
𝜇µTriangular ( x(𝑥) = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑚𝑖𝑛
) = max min , 1, ,0 (3)
b −𝑏a − 𝑎 c −𝑐b− 𝑏
Information 2024, 15, 656 4 of 24
where max and min operators represent the maximum and minimum values, respectively.
For example, to determine the degree of membership of x = 20 to the triangular mem-
𝜇 µ Triangular
bership function (i.e., (20)),
(20)), shown in Figure 3, the following calculations can
be performed.
20 − 15 45 − 20
𝑚𝑖𝑛 20 − 15 , 1,
, 1,45 − 20 ,, 00
µ𝜇Triangular (20(20)
) ==max𝑚𝑎𝑥min
3030−−1515 45 45− −3030
5 25
𝑚𝑖𝑛 5 , 1,, 1,25 ,, 00
µ𝜇Triangular (20
(20)
) = =max𝑚𝑎𝑥min
15 15 15
15
1 1 55
µ𝜇Triangular (20
(20)
) == 𝑚𝑎𝑥min
max 𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 1,, 1, ,, 0
0
3 3 33
11 11
µ𝜇Triangular (20 𝑚𝑎𝑥 3 , 0, 0 =
) ==max
(20) =3
3 3
The trapezoidal membership function, shown in Figure 4, can provide greater flexibil-
ity for some applications as compared to the triangular membership function.
x−a d−x
µ Trapezoidal ( x ) = max min
b−𝑥 a−, 𝑎1, d −
𝑑−c 𝑥
,0 (6)
𝜇 (𝑥) = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 1, ,0
𝑏−𝑎 𝑑−𝑐
The Gaussian membership function (shown in Figure 5) is characterised by its centre
(c) and width (σ) and is expressed as
σ
x − c )2
µGaussian ( x ) = e−0.5(. σ (7)
𝜇 (𝑥) = 𝑒
Information 2024, 15, 656 5 of 24
σ σ
σ σ
Figure 5. Gaussian membership functions forσσ = 4 (blue plot) and forσσ = 5 (red plot).
𝑎
The generalised
𝑎 bell membership function, shown in Figure 6, is characterised by the
𝜇 as
parameters 𝑎a, b and c and is expressed (𝑥) =
𝜇 (𝑥) =
µ𝜇Bell ( x(𝑥)
1
) = 𝑎= 2b
𝑎,(8)
1 + x− c
𝑎 −a 𝑎,
𝑎 𝑎,
−
−
Figure 6. Generalised bell membership function with𝑎 a = b = 6 and c = 30 (the red horizontal dashed
line is at𝜇µ Bell((𝑥
x )) =
=0.5
0.5)
).
𝑎
𝜇 (𝑥 ) = 0.5) 𝑎
The𝜇 parameter c determines its centre, a is𝑎its half width, and b together with a, controls
(𝑥 ) = 0.5) b
the slope at the crossover points (slope = − 2a ).
𝑎
As indicated in Figure 7, an increase in𝑎a widens the generalised bell membership
function.
𝑎 𝑎
Figure 7. Generalised bell membership functions with b = 3 and c = 30, blue:𝑎a = 6, red: 𝑎a = 8.
𝑎 𝑎
𝑎
𝑎
The sigmoid membership function, shown in Figure 8, is controlled by parameters𝑎 a
and b, where𝑎a defines the slope at x = b, where b is the inflection point. The symbol e is𝑎a
mathematical𝑎constant, approximately equal to 2.71828. The sigmoid is expressed as
𝜇 (𝑥) = ( )
1
µSigmoid ( x(𝑥)
𝜇 )== (9)
𝜇 (𝑥) 1=+ e−a(x((−b) ))
Information 2024, 15, 656 𝑎 6 of 24
𝑎 𝑎
𝑎
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎
Figure 8. Sigmoid membership functions with b = 30, blue plot𝑎a = 1, red plot𝑎a = 0.4.
𝑎 −
𝑎 −
Figure 9. Sigmoid membership functions with b = 30 and𝑎a =−−1.
Although this section focused on the main membership functions, there were also stud-
ies reporting the design of dynamic membership functions [8]. The dynamism could for
example be achieved through automatic updates in the degrees of memberships, the ranges
of membership functions, and the extent of their overlaps. It is also possible to design mem-
bership functions by considering the data being analysed [9,10]. The approaches for these
could be based on heuristics, the probability to possibility transformations, histograms,
nearest neighbour, artificial neural networks, clustering, and mixture decomposition [9].
Approaches such as fuzzy clustering [11] and maximum entropy [12] were also devised to
design membership functions.
Speed
Accident
Severity
Distance severity
The operators AND, OR and NOT are used to combine the associated logic combina-
tions relating the input(s) and output(s) fuzzy sets as shown in Figure 11.
Information 2024, 15, 656 7 of 24
Figure 11. Illustration of the fuzzy logical operators, AND, OR and NOT on fuzzy sets A and B.
The AND logic operator corresponds to the intersection of the sets. The degree of truth
“A AND B” is the minimum (min) value of the degrees of truth of the sets A and B, i.e.,
The logic operator OR corresponds to the union of the sets. Therefore, the degree of
truth of “A OR B” is the maximum (max) value of the degrees of truth of A and B, i.e.,
A list of the main set operations and their properties is included in Appendix A. The
inferencing operation in a fuzzy logic model requires adaptation of the domain’s knowledge
that is typically formulated by a series of IF-THEN structured rules. The IF-THEN rules
allow the formulation of conditional statements for a fuzzy logic model. The domain
knowledge can be gained from an expert or by experimentation. A rule is “activated” (or
“fired”) when its inputs conditions, i.e., its IF part (or the antecedent) are satisfied, resulting
in the implementation of the rule’s THEN part (i.e., the consequence or conclusion part).
Given the∈fuzzy sets∈ A, B and C,∈a fuzzy rule could be expressed as:
IF x ∈ A and y ∈ B THEN z ∈ C.
For example,
IF Speed High AND Distance Small THEN Severity High.
For the above rule, for the IF part, “High” represents a fuzzy set for Speed and “Small”
represents a fuzzy set for Distance and in the THEN part, “High” represents a fuzzy set for
the car accident Severity.
Fuzzification element: The input(s) to the FIS is crip, i.e., numerical values obtained
from some sensors or various forms of measured data. The fuzzification element uses the
inputs membership functions to convert crip inputs into linguistic terms characterised by
their associated fuzzy sets. This would indicate the degrees of membership of each input to
the associated input fuzzy sets. For example, in Figure 2, when the speed of a car is 37 mph,
this speed belongs to both the medium-speed (degree of membership 0.50) and high-speed
sets (degree of membership 0.25).
Fuzzy rule base element: The fuzzy rule base or the knowledge base element interprets
its fuzzified input(s) to facilitate inferencing. It consists of linguistic rules associated with
the domain knowledge represented in the form of “IF conditions (premise) are satisfied
THEN the consequences are inferred”. The number of rules incorporated depends on the
nature and complexity of the model.
Inference engine element: The inference engine element uses the fuzzified inputs and the
information from the fuzzy rule base to draw conclusions and infer fuzzy control actions.
This process initially involves determining the strength of the premise of each rule (this is
also known as the firing strength) [13] and applying the rule’s implication. The associated
operations are illustrated using the car accident severity example, where the inputs to the
model are the car’s speed represented by the fuzzy sets shown in Figure 2 and the car
distance (to another car or a pedestrian), represented by the fuzzy sets shown in Figure 13.
The output of the model is the car accident severity, represented by the fuzzy sets shown in
Figure 14.
Figure 13. The fuzzy sets for the distance input to the FIS.
Figure 14. The fuzzy sets for the severity of car accident.
Information 2024, 15, 656 9 of 24
Figure 15. Determining rule 1 firing strength through the implication operation.
To perform implication for rule 2, the operator in its IF part is OR. For speed = 15 mph,
(15)
µ High (𝜇15) = = 0for distance = 80 m, the µSmall
0 and 𝜇 (80) (80)
= 0.=As0 shown in Figure 16, the
𝜇 (15) = 0 𝜇 (80)
implication process results in the fuzzy set Major, associated0 with Severity of the car
=
accident, to be reshaped to zero along the horizontal axis. Therefore, rule 2 does not affect
the output of the FIS as the rule’s firing strength is zero.
Figure 16. Determining rule 2 firing strength through the implication operation.
The FIS decisions require consideration of all rules. This involves a process called
aggregation whereby the output fuzzy sets following their implication process are combined
into a single fuzzy set. Thus, the inputs of the aggregation process are the reshaped output
membership functions returned after the implication process for each rule. Three possible
aggregation methods are [14]:
Information 2024, 15, 656 10 of 24
• Maximum (max)
• Probabilistic OR (probor)
• Summation (sum, the sum of the rules aggregated sets).
As shown in Figure 17, the aggregation of the rules’ output sets using the summation
method is the shaded area of the Minor fuzzy set associated with the Severity of the accident
as rule 2 does not affect the FIS output.
Figure 17. Aggregated output membership functions following the implication operation (the green
plot from 1% to 40% is associated with rule 1, the red line from 60% to 100% is associated with rule 2).
Defuzzification element: The output(s) of the FIS is crip because the value(s) may need
to be used to control a device or be interpreted numerically. The defuzzification process
converts the aggregated fuzzy set associated with each output to a crisp (numerical) value.
There are multiple defuzzification methods that include [15]:
• Centroid (centre of gravity)
• Bisector
• Middle of maximum (the average of the maximum value of the output set),
• Largest of maximum
• Smallest of maximum.
The centroid defuzzification method is widely used in numerous applications. It
determines the centre of the area under the aggregated fuzzy set. Its output (y, i.e., the FIS
output) for a non-smooth aggregated set is
∑i µ ( xi ) xi
y= ∑ ( ) (13)
𝑦 =∑i µ( xi )
∑ ( )
where µ( xi ) is the degree of membership value for point xi in U.
𝜇(𝑥 )
2.4. Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System
Although FIS is a valuable tool for performing reasoning in a linguistic form, it does
not have the ability to learn from examples and thus automatically adapt its parameters.
On the other hand, artificial neural networks (ANNs) have a learning capability through
training but have a limitation that can behave like a black box, i.e., they do not provide
transparent reasoning for their decisions. By combining the FIS and ANNs, the strengths of
the two artificial intelligence techniques complement, resulting in a powerful tool called
adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) [16]. For completeness, a brief introduction
to ANNs is included to help understanding of ANFIS. A basic ANN architecture is the
perceptron [17]. Like other ANNs, a perceptron consists of several interconnected nodes
also known as processing elements or neurons. A node making up the perceptron is shown
in Figure 18.
Information 2024, 15, 656 11 of 24
Figure
𝜔 18. A node forming a part of perceptron ∑ isartificial neural network, xi (i = 1, . . ., k) are the inputs,
ω
𝜔i (i = 1, . . ., k) are the connections’ weights, ∑∑isis the summing function, and T is the transfer function
(also known as the activation function).
𝜔
Its k inputs are x1 , x2 , . . ., xk, and there is a connection weight
𝜔 (ωi ) associated with
each input (i = 1, . . ., k). The output of the node is determined by initially combining its
inputs with the associated connection weights (that are initially chosen as random values),
providing a sum (s), i.e.,
s𝑠==∑∑i=1 ω𝜔 𝑥
k
i xi (14)
𝑠=∑ 𝜔𝑥
The output of the node (y) is determined by mapping s using a transfer function
(activation function). For a sigmoid transfer function
𝑦= 1 ( )
y= (15)
𝑦=
1 + e− a(s(−b) )
𝑎
where 𝑎a determines the sigmoid’s slope at the crosspoint x = b and e is a mathematical
constant approximately equal to 2.71828. A sigmoid activation function is shown in
Figure 8.
The perceptron is a supervised learning ANN, i.e., it requires its inputs to be associated
with provided labels (i.e., the identity of the inputs, also known as desired values or targets)
during its training. To convert a node to a perceptron, a learning mechanism and an ability
to determine how well it is learning during its training (i.e., a performance measurement
element, P) are integrated resulting in a structure shown in Figure 19.
𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑑 − 𝑦
The learning algorithm updates the weight by [18]
ANFIS is a feedforward network consisting of five layers [20]. The ANFIS architecture
in Figure 20 has two inputs (x and y) and an output (f ). Its layers are either adaptive with ad-
justable parameters (shown as squares in Figure 20) or fixed nodes (represented by circles in
Figure 20) with fixed parameters. The ANFIS operation could be illustrated by considering
two fuzzy IF-THEN rules based on the first-order Sugeno fuzzy inference [16,20]:
Layer 3: This layer consists of fixed nodes to normalise the data. The ith node output
(Oi3 , i = 1, 2) indicates the ratio of ith rules firing strength (ωi ) to the sum of the firing
strengths of all rules.
ω
Oi3 = ωi = 2 i i = 1, 2 (21)
∑ k =1 ω k
Layer 4: The adaptive nodes in layer 4 provide outputs (Oi4 , i = 1, 2) that are the
product of the normalised firing strength ( ωi ) and the first order polynomial of its inputs,
i.e.,
Oi4 = ωi f i = ωi [ pi ( x ) + qi (y) + ri ] i = 1, 2 (22)
Layer 5: The final layer consists of a fixed node that provides the sum of its incoming
data. The output of this node is
2
f = O5i = ∑ i =1 ωi f i (23)
ANFIS uses a hybrid learning algorithm based on the combination of gradient descent
and least squares methods [20] and involves multiple iterations consisting of forward passes
and backward passes. During the forward pass, the premise parameters (i.e., ai , bi ) of the
second layer are kept constant while the consequent parameters pi , qi and rj associated with
the fourth layer are updated using the least square method. During the backward pass, the
consequent parameters determined from the previous iteration are kept constant and the
premise parameters are updated using the gradient descent method [20].
∑iN=1 µijm × xi
vj = j = 1, 2, . . . , C (24)
∑iN=1 µijm
Information 2024, 15, 656 14 of 24
1
µij = 2 i = 1, 2, . . . , N, j = 1, 2, . . . , C (25)
m −1
∥ xi − v j ∥
∑C
k =1 ∥ xi − v k ∥
iii. Determine µt − µt−1 , i.e., the magnitude of change in the degrees of membership
between the current and previous iteration.
iv. If µt − µt−1 < ε, the algorithm iteration is terminated (i.e., training is completed)
otherwise t is incremented by 1 and the iteration is continuous from step (i).
3. Results
Fuzzy logic has been applied to a broad range of problems associated with process
control, object recognition, image and signal processing, prediction, classification, decision-
making, optimisation and time series analysis [13]. In this section, an overview of some
fuzzy logic developments is provided. The section also includes the implementation aspects
of fuzzy logic models.
the palm oil refining process. Adaptivity in learning and facilitating mobility in the manner
of learning was achieved by incorporating an ANFIS [41].
used to improve operations in edge computing [58]. In video transmission, QoS is reflective
of the communication traffic (e.g., the time taken for a data packet to arrive at a destination
and the proportion of packet lost during transmission) while quality of experience (QoE)
is indicative of the user’s perception of the quality of the received images (e.g., the extent
of noise and image distortion). A modular fuzzy logic system that determined the QoS
and QoE of videos in wireless computer networks was developed and its performance was
successfully evaluated [59]. Fuzzy control has proved effective in dealing with non-periodic
denial of service attacks [60].
The Internet of Things (IoT) represents a network of devices with technologies that
allow communication between themselves as well as the cloud. IoT has benefited from
adapting fuzzy logic techniques. These included a fuzzy model for IoT information secu-
rity evaluation [61], a secure intelligent fuzzy blockchain framework for effective threat
detection in IoT networks [62], a fuzzy description logic-based IoT framework that allows
users to build their IoT applications according to their needs [63], an activity recognition
for IoT devices using fuzzy spatio-temporal features [64] and a fuzzy logic controller for
distributed IoT gateway to manage input uncertainties [65]. ANFIS models were also
found effective for IoT-related applications. For example, an ANFIS was used to regulate
multipath congestion in IoT [66], an intelligent fire warning application was devised using
a combination of IoT and ANFIS [67], a lung cancer detection and prediction model was
reported that uses an ANFIS and Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) [68], and an ANFIS
was devised to minimize higher-order harmonics due to nonlinear load disturbances in
smart IoT devices [69].
simple to be general and focus on the implementation aspects rather than on a specific
application. The rules are:
Rule 1: If Speed High AND Distance Small THEN Severity Major.
Rule 2: If Speed Low AND Distance Large THEN Severity Minor.
Rule 3: If Speed Medium AND Distance Medium THEN Severity Moderate.
For this purpose, the Matlab Fuzzy Logic Designer [92] was used as it allowed a
graphic user interface (GUI) method of FIS implementation; however, it is also possible
to implement fuzzy logic models using Matlab’s scripting and Simulink [92]. The Matlab
Fuzzy Logic Designer has five GUI widows [92]:
• Fuzzy Logic Designer’s Main Window: This window allows the overall FIS model to be
viewed, its input(s) and output(s) to be named, their ranges specified, and the FIS
operational parameters such as implication, aggregation, and defuzzification methods
to be selected from a range of possible options.
• Membership Function Editor: This window allows the types and parameters of the
input(s) and output(s) fuzzy sets to be defined by selecting amongst 13 different
membership functions.
• Rule Editor: This window provides an easy approach to defining the rules associated
with the FIS model. The operators ‘AND’ and ‘OR’ are available to construct com-
plex rules. It also allows the rules to have a weighting to control the level of their
significance to the FIS output in relation to other rules.
• Rule Viewer: This window allows the user to select the values of the inputs to the FIS
and determine and observe the FIS output(s).
• Surface View: This window provides a 3-dimensional surface view relating any two
selected inputs to the FIS and one of its outputs.
The FIS can be implemented by typing ‘fuzzy’ from the Matlab [6] command line. This
results in the display of the Fuzzy Logic Designer GUI window showing a FIS with a single
input (called input1) and single output (called output1). From this window
• A single click on input1 allows its name to be changed to Speed.
• From the window’s Edit menu, followed by Add variables, then Input, a second input
can be added to the FIS model, and its name can be changed to Distance.
• By clicking on output1, its name can be changed to Severity.
• The FIS parameters can be set as:
• Operators for the rules: AND (Minimum, min), OR (Maximum, max)
• Implication method: (Minimum, min)
• Aggregation method: Sum
• Defuzzification method: Centroid
• FIS type: Mamdani
From the Fuzzy Logic Designer window, a double click on the input Speed opens
the related Membership Function Editor window. The default membership functions are
triangular. The range can be set as 1 to 60 (mph). By clicking the individual membership
functions, their names and parameters can be set to those shown in Figure 2. It is also
possible to move the membership functions to the desired locations by pointing a mouse
at them. The second input (Distance) and output (Severity) parameters can similarly
be defined (following Figures 13 and 14, respectively) except for the output trapezoidal
membership functions should be selected.
From the Fuzzy Logic Designer window, by clicking on the Edit icon followed by Rules,
the Rule Editor window is displayed, and the associated rules can be entered. From the
Fuzzy Logic Designer window, selecting the View icon allows the Rule Viewer window to be
displayed as shown in Figure 21. The two columns on the left of the figure are the inputs to
the FIS, i.e., Speed and Distance, and the column to the right (shown in blue) of the figure is
the output of the FIS, i.e., the car accident severity (Severity). The red line on the two inputs
can be moved to the user’s desired values. For the desired inputs, the car accident severity
Information 2024, 15, 656 18 of 24
in percentage is determined and displayed. For example, when the Speed = 40 mph and
the Distance = 40 m, the severity of the car accident is indicated as 60.2%
Figure 21. Matlab rule viewer window for the 3 rules. The two columns on the left of the figure
(shown in yellow) are associated with the inputs (i.e., Speed and Distance) to the FIS and the column
on the right (shown in blue) is associated with the output (Severity) of the FIS model.
From the Fuzzy Logic Designer window, by clicking on the View icon followed by
Surface, the 3-dimensional plot shown in Figure 22, relating the two inputs and output, is
displayed. The figure indicates that as speed increases and distance decreases, the severity
of car accidents increases.
Figure 22. Matlab surface viewer window for the three rules.
4. Discussion
The field of fuzzy logic has greatly progressed in theories, concepts and industrial
applicability. Its evolution has been further accelerated by the realization of capabilities and
innovations in hybrid techniques. Integration of deep learning and fuzzy logic can facilitate
imprecision handling while allowing complex learning capabilities [93]. For example,
hybrid fuzzy logic and deep learning allowed remote English translation [94], diagnosis
Information 2024, 15, 656 19 of 24
of skin cancer [95] and image classifications [96]. Fuzzy logic has been integrated with
genetic algorithms (GAs) providing an improved optimization capability. For example, the
integration of fuzzy logic and GAs proved effective in engineering applications [97]. Hybrid
metaheuristic optimisation methods were explored to forecast energy carbon dioxide
emissions [98]. A self-organising fuzzy classifier proved effective in diagnosing Alzheimer’s
disease [99]. Fuzzy logic controllers’ stability analysis and design can be improved by
the introduction of model-based control. These proved valuable in the field of networked
control systems [100]. A fuzzy adaptive fixed-time sliding mode control technique was
reported for trajectory tracking of a class of high-order non-linear systems [101].
A convenient manner to implement fuzzy logic models is by using the Matlab Fuzzy
Logic Toolbox [92]. Its user guide [92] provides descriptions of various means of imple-
menting fuzzy logic models, including models based on its Simulink. An FIS-based water
level control is implemented by the toolbox allowing the user to indicate a desired water
level. There is also an example of fuzzy logic-based automatic car parking. The toolbox has
several applications of ANFIS. A typical application is the modelling of inverse kinematics
in a robotic arm (Figure 23). Kinematics is the study of motion of objects without consid-
ering the forces that result in their movement while inverse kinematics is the process of
determining joint angles from known coordinates of an end effector.
An ANFIS was used to determine the joint’s angles θ𝜃1 (i.e., the angle between the
position of the arm 1 and the ground) and the joint’s angle θ2𝜃 (i.e., the angle between arm 2
and arm 1) for the end effector in the two-joint robotic arm, shown in Figure 23, to move to
a pre-defined x-y coordinate [92]. To achieve this, initially, forward kinematics formulae
were used to determine the end effector coordinate (x1 , y1 ) for different values of θ1 and
𝜃 θ2 .
The
𝜃 resulting dataset was then used as part of reverse kinematics to train an ANFIS (using
the Matlab function anfis [92]) to learn to determine θ1 and θ2 for a desired end effector
𝜃 𝜃
x-y coordinate. The associated Matlab code and further explanations can be found in [92].
Other ANFIS applications implemented in [92] include a chaotic time-series prediction and
an adaptive noise cancellation method. There are also several implemented applications of
fuzzy c-means such as clustering quasi-random data.
Developments in deep learning techniques [102–104] have created opportunities for
their integration with fuzzy logic [96], facilitating complex problems to be tackled effectively
and opening opportunities for further research and development.
Information 2024, 15, 656 20 of 24
5. Conclusions
The operations of main fuzzy logic techniques, i.e., fuzzy inference system, adaptive
neuro-fuzzy inference system and fuzzy c-means, were explained and an exploration of
developments in the field was carried out. Approaches to implement fuzzy logic models
were outlined. The article was prepared in such a way as to allow a broad readership.
Although fuzzy logic is a well-established field, there remain numerous development
and application opportunities. An exciting area is hybrid systems, where fuzzy logic
techniques are combined with one or more other artificial intelligence techniques such as
deep learning, robotics, and genetic algorithms, thus providing a greater problem-solving
capability. There are also numerous opportunities to use fuzzy logic as part of embedded
systems and devise solutions for their optimum adaptation to integrated circuits.
References
1. Mossakowski, T.; Goguen, J.; Diaconescu, R.; Tarlecki, A. What Is Logic? Beziau, J.-Y., Ed.; Logica Universalis, Birkhӓuser Verlag:
Basel, Switzerland, 2006; pp. 113–135.
2. Zadah, L.A. Fuzzy sets. Inf. Control. 1965, 8, 338–353. [CrossRef]
3. Zadah, L.A. Is there a need for fuzzy logic? Inf. Sci. 2008, 178, 2751–2779. [CrossRef]
4. Zadeh, L.A. Fuzzy logic, neural networks, and soft computing. Commun. ACM 1994, 37, 77–84. [CrossRef]
5. Chen, T.; Karimov, I.; Chen, J.; Constantinovitc, A. Computer and fuzzy theory application: Review in home appliances. J. Fuzzy
Ext. Appl. 2020, 1, 133–138.
6. Matlab, Mathworks®, Version R2024a. Available online: https://uk.mathworks.com/help/ (accessed on 4 October 2024).
7. Jain, A.; Sharma, A. Membership function formulation methods for fuzzy logic systems: A comprehensive review. J. Crit. Rev.
2020, 7, 8717–8733.
8. Pancardo, P.; Hernández-Nolasco, J.A.; Wister, M.A.; Garcia-Constantino, M. Dynamic membership functions for context-based
fuzzy systems. IEEE Access 2021, 9, 29665–29676. [CrossRef]
9. Medasani, S.; Kim, J.; Krishnapuram, R. An overview of membership function generation techniques for pattern recognition. Int.
J. Approx. Reason. 1998, 19, 391–417. [CrossRef]
10. Schwaab, A.A.D.S.; Nassar, S.M.; Filho, P.J.D.F. Automatic methods for generation of type-1 and interval type-2 fuzzy membership
functions. J. Comput. Sci. 2015, 11, 976–987. [CrossRef]
11. Chen, M.-S.; Wang, S.-W. Fuzzy clustering analysis for optimizing fuzzy membership functions. Fuzzy Sets Syst. 1999, 103,
239–254. [CrossRef]
12. Cheng, H.D.; Chen, J.-R. Automatically determine the membership function based on the maximum entropy principle. Inf. Sci.
1997, 96, 163–182. [CrossRef]
13. Belyadi, H.; Haghighat, A. Machine Learning Guide for Oil and Gas Using Python: A Step-By-Step Breakdown with Data, Algorithms,
Codes, and Applications; Elsevier Inc.: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2021.
14. Pham, D.T.; Castellani, M. Action aggregation and defuzzification in Mamdani-type fuzzy systems. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part C J.
Mech. Eng. Sci. 2002, 216, 747–759. [CrossRef]
15. Jager, R.; Verbruggen, H.B.; Bruijn, P.M. The role of defuzzification methods in the application of fuzzy control. IFAC Intell.
Compon. Instrum. Control. Appl. 1992, 25, 75–80. [CrossRef]
16. Jang, J.-S.R. ANFIS adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. 1993, 23, 665–685. [CrossRef]
17. Gallant, S.I. Perceptron-based learning algorithms. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. 1990, 1, 179–191. [CrossRef]
18. Du, K.-L.; Leung, C.-S.; Mow, W.H.; Swamy, M.N.S. Perceptron: Learning, generalization, model selection, fault tolerance, and
role in the deep learning era. Mathematics 2022, 10, 4730. [CrossRef]
19. Kar, S.; Das, S.; Ghosh, P.K. Applications of neuro fuzzy systems: A brief review and future outline. Appl. Soft Comput. 2014, 15,
243–259. [CrossRef]
20. Lingxiao, L.; Pang, S. An implementation of the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) for odor source localization. In
Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), Las Vegas, NV, USA, 25–29
October 2020.
21. Bezdek, J.C. Pattern Recognition with Fuzzy Objective Function Algorithms; Plenum Press: New York, NY, USA, 1981.
22. Bezdek, J.C.; Ehrlich, R.; Full, W. FCM: The fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm. Comput. Geosci. 1984, 10, 191–203. [CrossRef]
23. Kesemen, O.; Tezel, Ö.; Özkul, E. Fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm for directional data (FCM4DD). Expert Syst. Appl. 2016, 58,
76–82. [CrossRef]
24. Wu, H.; Xu, Z.S. Fuzzy logic in decision support: Methods, applications and future trends. Int. J. Comput. Commun. Control. 2021,
16, 4044. [CrossRef]
25. Malyszko, M. Fuzzy logic in selection of maritime search and rescue units. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 21. [CrossRef]
26. Cardone, B.; Di Martino, F. A fuzzy rule-based GIS framework to partition an urban system based on characteristics of urban
greenery in relation to the urban context. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 8781. [CrossRef]
27. Markiz, N.; Jrade, A. Integrating a fuzzy-logic decision support system with bridge information modelling and cost estimation at
conceptual design stage of concrete box-girder bridges. Int. J. Sustain. Built Environ. 2014, 3, 135–152. [CrossRef]
28. Govindan, A.R.; Li, X. Fuzzy logic-based decision support system for automating ergonomics risk assessments. Int. J. Ind. Ergon.
2023, 96, 103459. [CrossRef]
29. Improta, G.; Mazzella, V.; Vecchione, D.; Santini, S. Fuzzy logic–based clinical decision support system for the evaluation of renal
function in post-transplant patients. J. Eval. Clin. Pract. 2020, 26, 1224–1234. [CrossRef]
30. Friedlo, G.T.; Schleifer, L.L.F. Fuzzy logic: Application for audit risk and uncertainty. Manag. Audit. J. 1999, 14, 127–135. [CrossRef]
31. Lashin, M.M.A.; Khan, M.I.; Khedher, N.B.; Eldin, S.M. Optimization of display window design for females’ clothes for fashion
stores through artificial intelligence and fuzzy System. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 11594. [CrossRef]
32. Jia, Y.; Wang, Z. Application of artificial intelligence based on the fuzzy control algorithm in enterprise innovation. Heliyon 2024,
10, e28116. [CrossRef]
33. Puzović, S.; Vasović, V.J.; Milanović, D.D.; Paunović, V. A hybrid fuzzy MCDM approach to open innovation partner evaluation.
Mathematics 2023, 11, 3168. [CrossRef]
Information 2024, 15, 656 22 of 24
34. Sitnicki, M.W.; Balan, V.; Tymchenko, I.; Sviatnenko, V.; Sychova, A. Measuring the commercial potential of new product ideas
using fuzzy set theory. Innov. Mark. 2021, 17, 149–163. [CrossRef]
35. Cerón, A.M.R.; Kafarova, V.; Latorre-Bayona, G. A fuzzy logic decision support system for assessing sustainable alternative for
power generation in non-Interconnected areas of Colombia- case of study. Chem. Eng. Trans. 2017, 57, 421–426.
36. Zarte, M.; Pechmann, A.; Nunes, I.L. Fuzzy inference model for decision Support in sustainable production planning processes—A
case study. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1355. [CrossRef]
37. Kaczorek, M.; Jacyna, M. Fuzzy logic as a decision-making support tool in planning transport development. Arch. Transp. 2022,
61, 51–70. [CrossRef]
38. Zhang, G.; Band, S.S.; Ardabili, S.; Chau, K.-W.; Mosavi, A. Integration of neural network and fuzzy logic decision making
compared with bilayered neural network in the simulation of daily dew point temperature. Eng. Appl. Comput. Fluid Mech. 2022,
16, 713–723. [CrossRef]
39. Díaz, G.M.; González, R.A.C. Fuzzy logic and decision making applied to customer service optimization. Axioms 2023, 12, 448.
[CrossRef]
40. Ali, N.S.; Mohd-Yusof, K.; Othman, M.F.; Latip, R.A.; Ismail, M.S.N. Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) modelling
for quality estimation in palm oil refining process. J. Mech. Eng. 2019, 8, 36–47.
41. Al-Hmouz, A.; Shen, J.; Al-Hmouz, R.; Yan, J. Modeling and simulation of an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) for
mobile learning. IEEE Trans. Learn. Technol. 2012, 5, 226–237. [CrossRef]
42. Vejar-Cortés, A.-P.; García-Díaz, N.; Soriano-Equigua, L.; Ruiz-Tadeo, A.-C.; Álvarez-Flores, J.-L. Determination of crop soil
quality for stevia rebaudiana bertoni morita II using a fuzzy logic model and a wireless sensor network. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 9507.
[CrossRef]
43. Belman-Flores, J.M.; Rodríguez-Valderrama, D.A.; Ledesma, S.; García-Pabón, J.J.; Hernández, D.; Pardo-Cely, D.M. A review on
applications of fuzzy logic control for refrigeration systems. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 1302. [CrossRef]
44. Cioccolanti, L.; De Grandis, S.; Tascioni, R.; Pirro, M.; Freddi, A. Development of a fuzzy logic controller for small-scale solar
organic Rankine cycle cogeneration plants. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 5491. [CrossRef]
45. Lin, C.-J.; Lin, C.-H.; Wang, S.-H. Using fuzzy control for feed rate scheduling of computer numerical control machine tools. Appl.
Sci. 2021, 11, 4701. [CrossRef]
46. Arcos-Aviles, D.; Pacheco, D.; Pereira, D.; Garcia-Gutierrez, G.; Carrera, E.V.; Ibarra, A.; Ayala, P.; Martínez, W.; Guinjoan, F.
A comparison of fuzzy-based energy management systems adjusted by nature-inspired algorithms. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 1663.
[CrossRef]
47. Alawad, H.; An, M.; Kaewunruen, S. Utilizing an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) for overcrowding level risk
assessment in railway stations. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 5156. [CrossRef]
48. Babaei, A.; Parker, J.; Moshave, P. Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) integrated with genetic algorithm to optimize
piezoelectric cantilever-oscillator-spring energy Harvester: Verification with Closed-Form solution. Comput. Eng. Phys. Model.
2022, 5, 1–22.
49. Nayagam, O.J.P.; Prasanna, K. Response surface methodology and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system for adsorption of
reactive orange 16 by hydrochar. Glob. J. Environ. Sci. Manag. 2023, 9, 373–388.
50. Guerra, M.I.S.; de Araújo, M.F.U.; de Carvalho Neto, J.T.; Vieira, R.G. Survey on adaptative neural fuzzy inference system (ANFIS)
architecture applied to photovoltaic systems. Energy Syst. 2024, 15, 505–541. [CrossRef]
51. Obianyo, J.I.; Udeala, R.C.; Alaneme, G.U. Application of neural networks and neuro-fuzzy models in construction scheduling.
Sci. Rep. 2023, 13, 8199. [CrossRef]
52. Nguyen, P.H.D.; Fayek, A.R.F. Applications of fuzzy hybrid techniques in construction engineering and management research.
Autom. Constr. 2022, 134, 104064. [CrossRef]
53. Yuste, A.J.; Triviño, A.; Trujillo, F.D.; Casilari, E. Using fuzzy logic in hybrid multihop wireless networks. Int. J. Wirel. Mob. Netw.
2010, 2, 96–108. [CrossRef]
54. Huang, M.-C. A sender-initiated fuzzy logic control method form network load balancing. J. Comput. Commun. 2024, 12, 110–122.
[CrossRef]
55. Yu, J. Application of improved CSA algorithm-based fuzzy logic in computer network control systems. Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci.
Appl. 2023, 15, 1084–1094. [CrossRef]
56. Salama, A.; Saatchi, R.; Burke, D. Fuzzy logic and regression approaches for adaptive sampling of multimedia traffic in wireless
computer networks. Technologies 2018, 6, 24. [CrossRef]
57. Hwang, W.-S.; Cheng, T.-Y.; Wu, Y.-J.; Cheng, M.-H. Adaptive handover decision using fuzzy logic for 5G ultra-dense networks.
Electronics 2022, 11, 3278. [CrossRef]
58. Silva, S.N.; Goldbarg, M.A.S.d.S.; Silva, L.M.D.d.; Fernandes, M.A.C. Application of fuzzy logic for horizontal scaling in
Kubernetes environments within the context of edge computing. Future Internet 2024, 16, 316. [CrossRef]
59. Salama, A.; Saatchi, R. Evaluation of wirelessly transmitted video quality using a modular fuzzy logic system. Technologies 2019,
7, 67. [CrossRef]
60. Pan, Y.; Wu, Y.; Lam, H.-K. Security-based fuzzy control for nonlinear networked control systems with DoS attacks via a resilient
event-triggered scheme. IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst. 2022, 30, 4359–4368. [CrossRef]
Information 2024, 15, 656 23 of 24
61. de Mello, F.L. A fuzzy model for knowledge base IoT information security evaluation. J. Inf. Secur. Cryptogr. 2018, 5, 20–26.
[CrossRef]
62. Yazdinejad, A.; Dehghantanha, A.; Parizi, R.M.; Srivastava, G.; Karimipour, H. Secure intelligent fuzzy blockchain framework:
Effective threat detection in IoT networks. Comput. Ind. 2023, 144, 103801. [CrossRef]
63. Pérez-Gaspar, M.; Gomez, J.; Bárcenas, E.; Garcia, F. A fuzzy description logic based IoT framework: Formal verification and end
user programming. PLoS ONE 2024, 19, e0296655. [CrossRef]
64. Medina, M.Á.L.; Espinilla, M.; Paggeti, C.; Quero, J.M. Activity recognition for IoT devices using fuzzy spatio-temporal features
as environmental sensor fusion. Sensors 2019, 19, 3512. [CrossRef]
65. Firouzia, R.; Rahmania, R.; Kanter, T. An autonomic IoT gateway for smart home using fuzzy logic reasoner. Procedia Comput. Sci.
2020, 177, 102–111. [CrossRef]
66. Aalsalem, M.Y. An intelligent adaptive neuro-fuzzy for solving the multipath congestion in Internet of Things. J. Inf. Syst. Eng.
Manag. 2023, 8, 23845. [CrossRef]
67. Sarwar, B.; Bajwa, I.S.; Jamil, N.; Ramzan, S.; Sarwar, N. An intelligent fire warning application using IoT and an adaptive
neuro-fuzzy inference system. Sensors 2019, 19, 3150. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
68. Shabu, S.L.J.; Refonaa, J.; Mallik, S.; Dhamodaran, D.; Grace, L.K.J.; Ksibi, A.; Ayadi, M.; Alshalali, T.A.N. An Improved Adaptive
neuro-fuzzy inference framework for lung cancer detection and prediction on Internet of Medical Things platform. Int. J. Comput.
Intell. Syst. 2024, 17, 228. [CrossRef]
69. Gupta, U.K.; Sethi, D.; Goswami, P.K. Adaptive TS-ANFIS neuro-fuzzy controller based single phase shunt active power filter to
mitigate sensitive power quality issues in IoT devices. Adv. Electr. Eng. Electron. Energy 2024, 8, 100542. [CrossRef]
70. Castillo, O.; Sanchez, M.A.; Gonzalez, C.I.; Martinez, G.E. Review of recent type-2 fuzzy image processing applications. Information
2017, 8, 97. [CrossRef]
71. Bloch, I. Fuzzy sets for image processing and understanding. Elsevier Fuzzy Sets Syst. 2015, 281, 280–291. [CrossRef]
72. Polo-Rodriguez, A.; Vilchez Chiachio, J.M.; Paggetti, C.; Medina-Quero, J. Ambient sound recognition of daily events by means of
convolutional neural networks and fuzzy temporal restrictions. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 6978. [CrossRef]
73. Bloch, I. Fuzzy spatial relationships for image processing and interpretation: A review. Elsevier Image Vis. Comput. 2005, 23,
89–110. [CrossRef]
74. Van De Ville, D.; Nachtegael, M.; Van der Weken, D.; Kerre, E.E.; Philips, W.; Lemahieu, I. Noise reduction by fuzzy image
filtering. IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst. 2003, 11, 429–436. [CrossRef]
75. Sousa, W.P.; Cruz, C.C.P.; LanzillottI, R.S. Fuzzy divergence for lung radiography image enhancement. Trends Comput. Appl. Math.
2023, 24, 699–716. [CrossRef]
76. Nachar, R.A.; Inaty, E.; Bonnin, P.J.; Alayli, Y. Breaking down Captcha using edge corners and fuzzy logic segmenta-
tion/recognition technique. Security Commun. Netw. 2015, 8, 3995–4012. [CrossRef]
77. Saatchi, R. Single-trial lambda wave identification using a fuzzy inference system and predictive statistical diagnosis. J. Neural
Eng. 2004, 1, 21–31. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
78. Amza, C.G.; Cicic, D.T. Industrial image processing using fuzzy-logic. Procedia Eng. 2015, 100, 492–498. [CrossRef]
79. Sheikh Hosseini, M.; Zekri, M. Review of medical image classification using the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system. J. Med.
Signals Sens. 2012, 2, 49–60. [CrossRef]
80. Krasnov, D.; Davis, D.; Malott, K.; Chen, Y.; Shi, X.; Wong, A. Fuzzy c-means clustering: A review of applications in breast cancer
detection. Entropy 2023, 25, 1021. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
81. Wu, R.; Zorn, S.R.; Kang, S.; Kiendler-Scharr, A.; Wahner, A.; Mentel, T.F. Application of fuzzy c-means clustering for analysis of
chemical ionization mass spectra: Insights into the gas phase chemistry of NO3-initiated oxidation of isoprene. Atmos. Meas. Tech.
2024, 17, 1811–1835. [CrossRef]
82. HongLei, Y.; JunHuan, P.; BaiRu, X.; DingXuan, Z. Remote sensing classification using fuzzy c-means clustering with spatial
constraints based on Markov random field. Eur. J. Remote Sens. 2013, 46, 305–316. [CrossRef]
83. Li, X.; Lu, X.; Tian, J.; Gao, P.; Kong, H.; Xu, G. Application of fuzzy c-means clustering in data analysis of metabolomics. Anal.
Chem. 2009, 81, 4468–4475. [CrossRef]
84. Ibrahim, A.M. Hardware implementation. In Fuzzy Logic for Embedded Systems Applications; Elsevier (Newnes): Amsterdam, The
Netherlands, 2004; Chapter 8.
85. Yamakawa, T. Electronic circuits dedicated to fuzzy logic controller. Sci. Iran. D 2011, 18, 528–538. [CrossRef]
86. Barriga, A.; Sánchez-Solanoa, S.; Brox, P.; Cabrera, A.; Baturone, I. Modelling and implementation of fuzzy systems based on
VHDL. Int. J. Approx. Reason. 2006, 41, 164–178. [CrossRef]
87. Spolaor, S.; Fuchs, C.; Cazzaniga, P.; Kaymak, U.; Besozzi, D.; Nobile, M.S. Simpful: A user-friendly Python library for fuzzy logic.
Int. J. Comput. Intell. Syst. 2020, 13, 1687–1698. [CrossRef]
88. Peyravi, H.; Khoei, A.; Hadidi, K. Design of an analog CMOS fuzzy logic controller chip. Fuzzy Sets Syst. 2002, 132, 245–260.
[CrossRef]
89. Azimi, S.M.; Miar-Naimi, H. Designing an analog CMOS fuzzy logic controller for the inverted pendulum with a novel triangular
membership function. Sci. Iran. D 2019, 26, 1736–1748.
90. Gheysari, K.; Mashouf, B. Implementation of CMOS flexible fuzzy logic controller chip in current mode. Fuzzy Sets Syst. 2011,
185, 125–137. [CrossRef]
Information 2024, 15, 656 24 of 24
91. Sivanandam, S.N.; Sumathi, S.; Deepa, S.N. Introduction to Fuzzy Logic Using Matlab; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2007.
92. Matlab Fuzzy Logic Toolbox User Guide. 2024. Available online: https://uk.mathworks.com/help/fuzzy (accessed on 1
October 2024).
93. Das, R.; Sen, S.; Maulik, U. A Survey on fuzzy deep neural networks. ACM Comput. Surv. 2020, 53, 1–25. [CrossRef]
94. Han, X. Analyzing the impact of deep learning algorithms and fuzzy logic approach for remote English translation. Sci. Rep. 2024,
14, 14556. [CrossRef]
95. Singh, S.K.; Abolghasemi, V.; Anisi, M.H. Fuzzy logic with deep learning for detection of skin cancer. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 8927.
[CrossRef]
96. Kamthan, S.; Singh, H.; Meitzler, T. Hierarchical fuzzy deep learning for image classification. Mem.-Mater. Devices Circuits Syst.
2022, 2, 100016. [CrossRef]
97. Plerou, A.P.; Vlamou, E.; Papadopoulos, V. Fuzzy Genetic Algorithms: Fuzzy Logic Controllers and Genetics Algorithms. Glob. J.
Res. Anal. 2016, 5, 497–500.
98. Moayedi, H.; Mukhtar, A.; Khedherd, N.B.; Elbadawi, I.; Ben Amara, M.; TT, Q.; Khalilpoor, N. Forecasting of energy-related
carbon dioxide emission using ANN combined with hybrid metaheuristic optimization algorithms. Eng. Appl. Comput. Fluid
Mech. 2024, 18, 2322509. [CrossRef]
99. Stirling, J.; Chen, T.; Bucholc, M. Diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease Using a self-organising fuzzy classifier. In Fuzzy Logic Recent
Applications and Developments; Carter, J., Chiclana, F., Khuman, A.S., Chen, T., Eds.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2021;
pp. 69–82.
100. Precup, R.-M.; Preitl, S.; Petriu, E.M.; Bojan-Dragos, C.-A.; Szedlak-Stinean, A.-I.; Roman, R.-C.; Hedrea, E.L. Model-based fuzzy
control results for networked control systems. Rep. Mech. Eng. 2020, 1, 10–25. [CrossRef]
101. Abadi, A.S.S.; Hosseinabadi, P.A.; Mekhilef, S. Fuzzy adaptive fixed-time sliding mode control with state observer for a class of
high-order mismatched uncertain systems. Int. J. Control. Autom. Syst. 2020, 18, 2492–2508. [CrossRef]
102. Schmidhuber, J. Deep learning in neural networks: An overview. Neural Netw. 2015, 61, 85–117. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
103. Sarker, I.S. Deep learning: A comprehensive overview on techniques, taxonomy, applications and research directions. Spring Nat.
Comput. Sci. 2021, 2, 420. [CrossRef]
104. Alzubaidi, L.; Zhang, J.; Humaidi, A.J.; Al-Dujaili, A.; Duan, Y.; Al-Shamma, O.; Santamaría, J.; Fadhel, M.A.; Al-Amidie, M.;
Farhan, L. Review of deep learning: Concepts, CNN architectures, challenges, applications, future directions. J. Big Data 2021,
8, 53. [CrossRef]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual
author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to
people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.