B„Sc.

in EEE, 6th Semester

ISLAMIC UNrvERsiTY OF TECHNOLOGY (IUT)

Ca
_ ORGANISATION OF ISLAMIC COOPERATION (OIC)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGDVEEIUNG
Mid-SemesterExamination
Summer Semester, A. Y. 2022-2023
Course No.: EEE 4631 Time: 90 Minutes
Course Title: PowerSystem in Full Marks: 75

:here are 3 (three) questions. Answer all 3 (three) questions. The symbols have their usual meanings
Pr?pan}mable calculators are not allowed. Marks of each question and correspond@ COi-id POs =
written in the brackets.

1. a) FiWre 1 represents the cross-sectionalview of a synchronous machine under 15

loaded condition. i) Locate the various mmf axes by p;ovidhg appropdate dot;nd (c(3l9
cross sr©s as per your choice. ii) Locate and explain the concept of O . POI)
111)Calculate
the corresponding electrical angle of a, . iv) Sketch the corresponding
phasor dia©am considering zero armattue resistance

a
b

3
fd

Figure1

b) Explain the necessitY of representingthe rotor position with respect to a rotating 5

reference &ame with a neat diagram. (COI,
POI)
C) Mention the rangeof rotor angle for generation mode of operation. Justify you 5
answer.
(C02,
P02)
2 a) The fuel-cost functionsfor two thermal plants in Tk./h are gIven by 18
q (e ) = 561+ 7.928 + 0.00156282 (C03,
C, (e ) = 310+ 7.858 + 0.0019442 P02)

and the line loss is representedas Bus = 0.0000382 +0.0000942 where p\ and a
are in kW. The total demand is 850 kW. Neglecting the generatorlimits! fmd the
optimal dispatch and the total power loss. (Maximum thee iterations).

b) The swing equation is given by$==(P, –p_, sind). D,d„, th, Ih„,i„d (c.i)1
swingequation without incorporatingthe damping power. POI)

Page 1 of 2
 Assume the rotor position, of the system shown in FiWe 3, wah respect to a 25
3.
stationary name of reference after 1 second is 55 radians. The anWlar velocitY of a (C02,
P02)
synchronously rotating reference name is a rpm.A 50 Hz two pole SWchronous
generator having inertia constant H=9.94 MJ/MVA is connected to an infinite bus
through a purely reactive circuit as shown in FiWe 3. Reactances are marked on
the diagram on a common system base. Assume per unit damping power
coefficient is equal to p. Find the values of a) damping ratio, b) natural hequencY
of oscillation and c) determine the stability of the SYstembY calculating the roots of
the system when
1 a= 500 rpm, P= 0.14
11. a= 520 rpm, P= 0.14
111 .
a = 520rpm, P= - 0.14

2nxRPM ,

W , F'”'ul' f” ”nv”ting RPM t' ”dian is given by O(,M„) = T ]

IE’I=1.35 Xu=0.3

X124j
xd’=o.3

Figure 3

Page 2 of 2
 BSc. Engg. in EEE 7th Semester Date: 03 October, 2023 (Afternoon)

ISLAMIC UNIVERSITYOF TECHNOLOGY(IUT)

ORGANISATION OF ISLAMIC COOPERATION(OIC)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EN(,INEERING

Mid Semester Examination Winter Semester:2022 – 2023

Course Number: EEE 4731 Full Marks: 75
Course Title: Power System III Time: 90 Minutes

There are 3 (three) questions. Answer all questions. The symbols have their usual meanings.
Marks of each question and the corresponding CO andPO are written in brackets.

1. a) Classify power system stability based on the balance between oppositely acting forces on 05
the system underconsideration. (COI,
POI)

b) Consider the motion of the rotor of a synchronous generator working at an equilibrium state. 05
If the load on the generator is suddenlychanged, the equilibrium will be disturbed. With (COI,
the help of swing equation, explain the impact of this change on i) rotor angular position, POI)
ii) rotor angular velocity, and iii) stored kinetic energy.

C) A non-salient pole synchronousgenerator having terminal voltage (Vt) 1.02 p.u. is 15

delivering 0.5 p.u. real power to a local load. The steady state stability limit of the generator (C02,
is 2.5 p.u. and the synchronous reactance (X,) is 0.6 p.u. Find out i) the value of rotor angle P02)
(8) ii) the magnitude of the machine internal voltage (E) iii) the value of mechanical power
(Pm) at equilibrium, and iv) the stability of the equilibrium operating point.

2. a) Explain the reason behind unequal values of d-axis and q-axis reactance in a salient pole 05
synchronous machine. (C02,
POI)

b) Define reluctance power. Discuss why this will be available even when the machine 05
excitation is reduced to zero. (C02,
POI)

C) A salient pole synchronous machine is characterized by the following parameters : 15

Xd = 1.1, Xg = 0.8, Xi = 0.35, and R. = 0, p. u. (C02,
PC)2)
The machine is directly connectedto an infinIte bus of voltage 1.1 p.u. Determinethe
i) rotor angle, ii) voltage behind transient reactance. and iii) transient power angle equation.
Sketch the power angle curve of the machine

3. a) Write down the linearized swing equation without damping power. Discuss the impact of 07
the polarity of synchronizingpower coefncienl on the small disturbance stability of the (C03,
power system using s-plane plot. POI)
b) A 50-Hz synchronous generator have inertia constant H = 10 MJ/MVA, transient reactance 18
Xi = 0.45 p.u. and damping power coefficienT D = 0.2 p.u. The generator is connected to (C03,
an infinite bus through a purely reactive circuIt as shown in Figure 3(c). The generator is P02)
deliveringreal power of 0.75 p.u., 0.9 power factor lagging to the infinite bus at a voltage
of V = 1.0 p.u. Considera small disturbance of Ad = 15'. Calculate: i) the synchronizing
power coefficient, ii) the natural frequency of oscillation and damping ratio, and iii) the
damped angular frequency of oscillation.Also, obtain equationsdescribing the motion of
the rotor angle and generator frequency.

Xt = 0.3

n n r
0.45 X12 = 0.50

Figure 3(C)
 rsLAMrc UNIVERSTTY OF TECHNOLOGY (rUT)
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT.
3"t cfi: 1o-Io-2016
Class test on EEE4601/ EEE 4699 (Power System II)
B. Sc. Engg(E) / HDEE, 6 th Sem./ BScTE.
Time : 20 Minutes, Marks : 15 Student No:

l. State.the assumptions used in solving the swing equation by step by step method. (2)

2. Draw and level the curves of (P,, 6;' and 6) * (6)

*
3. A generator having M : 3.5 xl}asec2 / elec.deg.delivers 0.90 p.u. power to infinite bus. Maximum
fault are 2.5 p.u.,0.6 p.u. and
poWer transfer before the fault, during the fault and after clearing the
1.5 p.u. respectively. Three phase fault occurs at 0.05 sec. Calculate accelerating power and rotor
angle at 0.1 second. I Al = 0.05 sec ] Write the formulae used. Assume any missing data. (7)

l*"".u
<,^D;4-
 EEE 4731 Quiz 1 Date: 30.01.2019
Time: 20 Mins. St. ID :


There are 10 questions with equal marks of 1.5. Answer all of them. Use separate sheets if required.

Q.1 : What is the torque angle of an electrical machine? Why is it named so?
Ans: It is the angle created between the rotor main field axis and the rotating reference frame. For
synchronous machines, the speed of the rotating reference frame is taken equal to the synchronous speed of
the machine.
It is named as torque angle as the output electrical power (in per unit torque) varies according to the sine
of this angle.
Q.2 : Why does the no load emf always lag the rotor magnetic field Fr by 900 ?
Ans: The rotor (main field) flux can be expressed as φ = φm cos ωt. The no load emf can be expressed as a
function of rotor flux (according to Lenz’s Law ) as: Eo = − dφ dt = ωφm sin ωt. So, from the expressions of φ
and Eo , the 900 phase lag relationship is found.
Q.3 : What happens to the no load emf phasor due to loading of a synchronous generator?
Ans: Due to the loading of synchronous generator, armature current starts to flow through the stator coils,
which creates armature mmf. This mmf interacts with the the main field mmf (rotor mmf) and produces
armature reaction. Due to the two components of armature reaction, the rotor emf phasor reduces in
magnitude (due to de-magnetizing effect) and changes its direction (due to cross-magnetizing effect).
Q.4 : The angle between the d-axis and q-axis of a 6-pole machine is 900 (elec.). Calculate the
corresponding mechanical angle.
Ans: We know, electrical angle, θe = P2 θm . From here, we can get, θm = P2 θe . Given, P = 6 and θe = 900 ,
we get, θm = 62 ∗ 900 = 300 .
Q.5 : How do you control the real power and reactive power outputs of a synchronous machine?
Ans: The real power can be controlled by varying the rotor angle (δ) whereas the reactive power can be
controlled by varying the no-load EMF. In practice, δ is varied through the turbine-governor mechanism
whereas EMF is varied through the rotor field excitation.
Q.6 : What advantage is obtained for using a rotating reference frame instead of a stationary reference
frame in measuring the rotor angle?
Ans: If a stationary reference frame is used in calculating the rotor angle, the angle will continuously
increase even under steady state operation of the machine and consequently we have to deal with very
large value of angle. On the other hand, if we use a rotating reference frame in calculating the rotor angle,
we can deal with a small fixed angle under steady state operation.
Q.7 : What is the value of rotor velocity during equilibrium (steady-state) condition? Which stability
should be studied if this equilibrium is hampered?
Ans: Under steady state condition, the rotor velocity of a synchronous machine is synchronous (there is
equilibrium between mechanical power input and electrical power output). If this equilibrium is hampered,
we should study the rotor angle stability.
Q.8 : Define reluctance power. What is it’s value for a cylindrical rotor machine? Explain in short.
Ans: Reluctance power is the fraction of power the synchronous machine delivers due to the presence of
3|V |2 (Xd −Xq ) sin 2δ
saliency in it’s rotor construction. It is expressed as: Preluctance = 2Xd Xq . In case of cylindrical
rotor, the d-axis reactance Xd and q-axis reactance Xq are equal. Thus, the reluctance power becomes zero.
Q.9 : The relation between different machine reactances is Xd > Xq > Xd 0 . Mention the reason.
Ans: The machine reactances are inversely proportional to the air gap reluctance.As in a salient pole
synchronous machine, the air gap reluctance for the q-axis is higher than that of the d-axis, Xd > Xq .
Moreover, under transient condition, the amount of current flow through the coils gets increased.
Consequently, the corresponding reactance gets lowered. Thus, Xd 0 is lower than the steady state
reactances Xd and Xq .
Q.10 : Draw the phasor diagram of a salient pole synchronous machine with unity power factor load
operating in steady state condition. Assume Ra 6= 0. Ans: The diagram is shown below:

1
2
Quiz 4/ Assignment 1 EEE 4731 Date: 25.11.23
Student ID:
Q. Consider a power system network as shown in the following figure. The generator is
supplying power to an infinite bus through a double circuit transmission line. Each line is
equipped with two transformers for proper voltage conditioning and the infinite bus is
represented by a voltage source Vb in series with a reactance Xb.
The system parameter set is given below:

Parameter Range of values

Pe 0.5 ~ 1.5
Qe 0.1 ~ 0.8
Vb 0.95 ~ 1.15
X d/ 0.15 ~ 1.0
Xt1 = Xt2 = Xt3 = Xt4 0.1 ~ 0.5
X12 0.2 ~ 0.6

1) Pick one value for each parameter from the ranges given above.
2) Construct the pre-fault equivalent circuit and calculate the transfer reactance
between generator and infinite bus.
3) Calculate the initial value of rotor angle.
4) Consider a three-phase bolted fault at any location of the transmission network.
Construct the during-fault equivalent circuit and calculate the transfer reactance
between generator and infinite bus.
5) Identify the accelerating area from the power-angle curve.
6) Assume a method of fault clearing. Construct the post-fault equivalent circuit and
calculate the transfer reactance between generator and infinite bus.
7) Show the decelerating area from the power-angle curve.
8) Calculate the critical clearing angle.
2018-2019 Mid
2018-2019 Finals
2021-2022 Mid (EEE 4835)
EEE 6311
 BSc. Engg. in EEE (7th Semester) Date: 08 December 2023
(Afternoon)

isLA&'ri(- UNIVERSITYOF TECHNOLOGY(IUT)

ORGANISATION OF ISLAMIC COOPERATION (OIC)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERiNG

Semester Final Examination Winter Semester: 2022 – 2023

Course Number: EEE 4731 Full Marks: 150
Course Title: Power System III Time: 3 Hours

There are 6 (six) questions. Answer all questions. The symbols have their usual meanings.
Marks of each question andthe correspondingCO andPO are written in the brackets.Do not
write anything on this question paper. Assume any reasonable value in case of missing data'

1. a) The fuel cost curve of a thermal power plant is usually nonlinear in nature and can be (05)

expressed with the help of different coefficients like a,, bi, and ci. Explain how onecan (C03)
extract these coefficients from a set of measured data. (P02)

b) A two_generatorpower systemis supplying power to a local utility having a demand of 550 (20)
MW. The quadratic fuel cost expressions for the two generators are expressed (C03)
as Cl(Pal) = 900 + 25 P(11+ O.02P£]. and C2(Pc,2) = 850 + 20PG2 + O.03Pg2. (P02)
Usin£ the Lagrange multiplier method9 calculate the most economic combination of
generationdispatch for the power system.

2. a) Explain in short> the significance of complementary slacknesscondition in solving an (07)

Nation problem with inequality constraints.Also, differentiate between binding and (C03)
non-binding constraints . (P02)

b) The fuel cost functionsof a two-generatorpower system are expressed as (18)

(C03)
Cl(Pal) = 550 + 5.IP(,1 + O.O02P£land (P02)
c2(P(,J2) = 450 + 5.5PG2 + O.O03P£2

The load demand is 800 MW and the correspondinggeneration limits are given as
250 ( Pcl $ 500MW and 200 s PG2$ 450MW, respectively. Apply the Karush-
Kuhn-Tuckercondition ofoptimality to determinethe generation outPuts consideringthe
generationlimits.

3. Considera synchronousgenerator connected to an infinite bus through a transformer anda (25)

doublecircuit transmission line as shown in Figure 3. The generator is delivering 0.85 per (C04)
unit real power at 0.95 power factor lagging to the infinite bus at steady state. Using (P02)
Newton-Rapshonmethodof iterative solution, calculate the maximum rotor swing (amax)
afterthree iterations.AlsoJ evaluate the transient stability limit. Assume am,*= 105"as the
initial estimate of the iterative solution.

= 0.15
r-

Figure 3
4. a) Considerthe rotor angle responseof Figure 4 (a) for a single machine infinite bus power (12)
system which is obtained throughnumerical integrationof the swing equation. (C04)
44 (P02)
42

40
38
B[]I
36

iIAL
28

260

Figure 4(a)

1) Identify whether the responseis stableor not.Justify your claim.

11) Sketch the approximate rotor angle responseif the fault clearing process is
delayed.
111) Demonstrate the rotor angle responseif there were no damping presentin the
system
IV) Explain the nature of the applied disturbanceconsideringthe final rotor angle
settles to a new equilibrium.

b) Illustrate the equivalent circuit representations for the network shown in figure 4(b) for the (13)
following scenarios : (C04)
(P02)

Figure 4(b)

Scenario 1 : i) there is no fault, ii) there is a sustained three-phasebolted fault at the middle
of Line 2, iii) the faultedline is isolated by tripping the circuit breakers at both ends of the
faulted line, and iv) the faulted line is restoredaftersome time.

Scenario 2: i) there is no fault, ii) there is a temporary three-phase bolted fault at oneend
of Line 1, and iii) the fault is cleared without tripping the circuit breakers.
Also, find out the expressionsof equivalent transfer reactancesfor each of the above-
mentioned scenarios.

5. a) A synchronousgenerator is operatingat point 'a’ with an electrical output power P,o and a (15)
mechanical input power P,„o as shown in Figure 5(a). If the mechanicalinput power is (C04)
suddenly decreasedto P,„1, explain the trajectory of rotor movement and identify the (P02)
resulting acceleratinganddeceleratingareas
 Figure 5(a)

b) A single machine infinite bus (SMIB) system was operatingat steady-stateequilibrium (10)
condition. Suddenly,a three-phasebolted fault occurs in such a manner thatthe electrical (C04)
power transfer during the fault is zero andthe pre-fault andpost-fault equivalent transfer (P02)
;eactancesare the same. The following set of data in per unit (unless otherwise stated)are
available for the system

IE/1 = 1.581 IUI = 1.15lPmo = 0.85,X,q,br = 0.7, andH = 5.0 sec.

Calculate the critical clearing angle andcritical clearing time for ensuring transient stabilitY
of the SMIB system. Also I find the value of the maximumpower that can be transferred
afterfault.

6. a) Define zero-state response associatedwith the small disturbancestabilitY of a power (05)

(C02)
system. Explain how it is different than the zero-input response.
(P02)

b) Discuss the effects of the polarity andmagnitudeof damping power coefficient (D) on the (10)
smalldisturbance stability of a power system. Show the nature of time-domain response (C02)
ands-domainplots for each case. (P02)

C) Explain the merits and demerits of seriescompensationof power transmissionSYstem' (10)

(C02)
(P02)