Lab 1

Counting Uppercase and Lowercase Characters

You are going to write a program that takes a string and prints out two
messages. One message tells you how many uppercase characters are in the
string. The other message tells how many lowercase characters are in the
string. The program will ignore all numbers and special characters
(punctuation, symbols, etc.).

String Functions

You will need two string functions that were not covered earlier to help
with this project:
* isupper() - Returns an integer greater than 0 if the character is
uppercase, 0 if the character is not.
* islower() - Returns an integer greater than 0 if the character is
lowercase, 0 if the character is not.

Variables

You will need three variables for this project. One variable will count all of
the lowercase characters, another to count the uppercase characters, and
one for the string itself.

int lower_count = 0;
int upper_count = 0;
string my_string = "Roses are Red, Violets are Blue";

Iterating Over the String

The next thing to do is iterate over the string and to check each character of
the string. A enhanced for loop works best.

for (char ch : my_string)

Checking for Uppercase and Lowercase

It does not matter if you check for an uppercase character first or check for
a lowercase character. Let’s start with lowercase characters. Ask if the
character is lowercase and increment the appropriate counting variable.

if (islower(ch)) {
lower_count += 1;
}

What you do not want to do is use an else statement. This will not give you
an accurate count. For example, asking if a special character is lowercase
will return 0. However, that does not mean that it is an uppercase character
either. Special characters are neither uppercase nor lowercase. So use an
else if statement and ask if the character is uppercase. If so, increment
the uppercase counting variable.

else if (isupper(ch)) {
upper_count += 1;
}

Print the Results

The final step is to print the messages with the count values.

cout << "There are " << lower_count << " lowercase characters."
<< endl;
cout << "There are " << upper_count << " uppercase characters."
<< endl;

There should be 4 uppercase characters and 21 lowercase characters.

Code
int lower_count = 0;
int upper_count = 0;
string my_string = "Roses are Red, Violets are Blue";

for (char ch : my_string) {

if (islower(ch)) {
lower_count += 1;
}
else if (isupper(ch)) {
upper_count += 1;
}
}

cout << "There are " << lower_count << " lowercase
characters." << endl;
cout << "There are " << upper_count << " uppercase
characters." << endl;
Lab 2

Reverse a String
You are going to write a program that takes a string and prints it in reverse
order.

Variables

All you need for this program is the string variable and a loop to iterate
through the string.

string my_string = "The brown dog jumps over the lazy fox";

String Iteration

Since we are going to reverse the order of the string, we will need to start at
the end of the string and iterate back to the front. Unfortunately, an
enhanced for loop will not help us in this case because it only iterates from
left to right. However, we can still use a regular for loop.

The for loop should start at the back my_string,length()-1 and run as long
as index is greater than or equal to 0. After each iteration, the iterating
variable should also decrement by 1 to allow the loop to reverse.

for (int i = my_string.length()-1; i >= 0; i--)

Reversing a string comes down to taking the character from the end
printing that first, then go backwards. This will be done by accessing the
indices with at().

my_string.at(i);

Printing the result

All that’s left to do is print. Remember not to include endl or the system
will print a newline after each character.

cout << my_string.at(i);

You should see xof yzal eht revo spmuj god nworb ehT.

Code

string my_string = "The brown dog jumps over the lazy fox";

for (int i = my_string.length()-1; i >= 0; i--) {

cout << my_string.at(i);
}
Lab 3

Swapping the Case of Characters

You are going to write a program that takes a string and prints a new string
where all of the uppercase letters become lowercase, and the lowercase
letters become uppercase.

Variables

You are going to need two string variables. The first string variable
represents the original string and the second represents the modified
string. For now, the modified string can be empty.

string original_string = "THE BROWN DOG JUMPS over the lazy

fox!";
string modified_string;

String Iteration

It does not matter if you start at the beginning of the string or the end for
iteration. An enhanced for loop is the easiest way to iterate through the
original_string. Set the iterating variable as ch.

for (char ch : original_string)

String Functions

You are going to use the isupper() and islower() functions to test if a
character is uppercase or lowercase. In addition, you will be using the
toupper() and tolower() functions to convert characters to their new cases.

Conditional

For consistency, we will test if a character is lowercase first. However, you

may choose to test for uppercase first. It does not matter as long as the
conversion is correct.

if (islower(ch))
If this is true, then append the uppercase version of the character to the
variable modified_string.

modified_string += toupper(ch);

If the conditional is false, then append the lowercase version of the

character to modified_string.

else {
modified_string += tolower(ch);
}

You do not need to worry about special characters. Converting them to

uppercase or lowercase has no effect.

Printing the Results

Once the loop has finished, print both the original string and the modified
string.

cout << "The original string is: " + original_string << endl;
cout << "The modified string is: " + modified_string << endl;

You should see the following output:

The original string is: THE BROWN DOG JUMPS over the lazy fox!
The modified string is: the brown dog jumps OVER THE LAZY FOX!

Code
string original_string = "THE BROWN DOG JUMPS over the lazy
fox!";
string modified_string;

for (char ch : original_string) {

if (islower(ch)) {
modified_string += toupper(ch);
}
else {
modified_string += tolower(ch);
}
}

cout << "The original string is: " + original_string << endl;
cout << "The modified string is: " + modified_string << endl;
Lab 4

Count the Vowels

You are going to write a program that counts the number of vowels that
appear in a string. For the purpose of this exercise, vowels are upper and
lowercase a, e, i, o, u.

Variables

For this project, you will need three variables. One will be the string.
Another will be a char to represent each character of the string. The final
variable will be a count of all the vowels.

string my_string = "The Brown Dog Jumps Over The Lazy Fox";
char ch;
int count = 0;

String Iteration

Use a for loop to iterate through the string. Then set ch to check every
character in the string.

for (int i = 0; i < my_string.length(); i++) {

ch = my_string.at(i);
}

Checking for a Vowel

Use a conditional to see if the characters in the string are equal to any
vowels. Make sure to account for both uppercase and lowercase vowels.

if (ch == 'a' || ch == 'e' || ch == 'i' ||

ch == 'o' || ch == 'u' || ch == 'A' ||
ch == 'E' || ch == 'I' || ch == 'O' ||
ch == 'U') {

Note that characters are wrapped in single quotes ' ', not double quotes in
C++.
Incrementing the Counter

If ch equals any of the vowels, increment the count variable.

count += 1;

Printing the Result

The string may contain no vowels, one vowel, or more than one vowels.
Thus, you’ll need conditionals to output the appropriate responses.

if (count == 0) {
cout << "There are no vowels in the string." << endl;
}
else if (count == 1) {
cout << "There is 1 vowel in the string." << endl;
}
else {
cout << "There are " << count << " vowels in the string." <<
endl;
}

You should see that there are 9 vowels in the string.

Code
string my_string = "The Brown Dog Jumps Over The Lazy Fox";
char ch;
int count = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < my_string.length(); i++) {

ch = my_string.at(i);
if (ch == 'a' || ch == 'e' || ch == 'i' ||
ch == 'o' || ch == 'u' || ch == 'A' ||
ch == 'E' || ch == 'I' || ch == 'O' ||
ch == 'U') {
count += 1;
}
}

if (count == 0) {
cout << "There are no vowels in the string." << endl;
}
else if (count == 1) {
cout << "There is 1 vowel in the string." << endl;
}
else {
cout << "There are " << count << " vowels in the string." <<
endl;
}
Lab Challenge: Vowel Replacement

Replacing Vowels with a *

You are going to write a program that takes a string called my_string and
returns the string but with a * in the place of vowels. Assume that vowels
are upper and lowercase a, e, i, o, u. For example, if my_string =
"Hello", then your program will print "H*ll*".

Some of the code has already been filled out for you. Your task is to
complete the program so that it produces some of the sample output below.
If you accidentally change anything from the original code, you can copy
and paste the code back into the text editor.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main(int argc, char** argv) {

string my_string = (argv[1]);

char ch;

//add code below this line

//add code above this line

return 0;

Compile and test your code with a few different values

Expected Output
Hll

Expected Output
ppl
 Expected Output
Wtrmln!

Requirements

You should not make any changes to the code that already exists. If you
accidentally delete any existing code, you can copy and paste the entire
program from above.
You can use any number of string functions and conditionals to
produce the desired output.