Bachelor of Computer Applications (DS & AI)

Database Management System

Unit – I
Data:-
Definition: Raw, unprocessed facts or details without context or meaning.
Examples: Numbers, dates, text, images, or symbols that need interpretation
(e.g., "25," "2023-09-04," or "John").
Characteristics: Data is unorganized and often collected from observations,
measurements, or recordings.
Information:-
Definition: Processed, organized, or structured data that is meaningful and
useful for decision-making or understanding.
Examples: A report showing the average temperature in a city over a month, a
summarized sales report, or an analyzed dataset showing trends.
Characteristics: Information is data that has been interpreted, giving it context
and significance.
Record:- Record is the collection of various types of data of similar field.
Data file:- Data file is the collection of record some time called table.
Data Persistent:- Persistent data is information that is stored in a way that it
remains available even after the system or device that created it is turned off or
restarted.
Long-lasting: Persistent data doesn't disappear when you turn off your
computer or close an app. It's saved on storage devices like hard drives, SSDs,
or databases.
Usage: Persistent data is crucial for things you need to keep over time,
like files, settings, or records in a business.
Database:- A database is an organized collection of data. The data can be anything
from a list of names and phone numbers to detailed records of transactions in a
company. Databases are structured to allow easy retrieval, insertion, updating, and
deletion of data.
File:
A file is a collection of data stored on a computer or other devices. Files can contain
different types of data, such as text, images, videos, or software programs. Each file
has a name and usually an extension that indicates the type of data it holds (e.g., .txt
for text files, .jpg for images, .mp4 for videos).

File Management System:

A file management system is a software that helps you organize, store, retrieve, and
manage files on your computer or device. It provides tools to perform tasks like:
• Creating files: You can create new files for storing information.
• Organizing files: Files can be grouped into folders or directories, making them
easier to find and manage.
• Editing files: You can open and make changes to the content of files.
• Saving files: Changes made to files can be saved to keep the information up to
date.
• Deleting files: You can remove files you no longer need.
• Searching for files: The system allows you to search for files by name, type, or
other criteria.
• Backing up files: Important files can be copied to another location to prevent
loss.

File structure:-
File structure refers to the way data is arranged within a file. This arrangement can
vary depending on the file type, but it typically involves a combination of headers,
metadata, and data content.
• Text Files: Typically organized as a sequence of lines, each ending with a
newline character.
• Database Files: Often have a structured format, such as a relational database
that stores data in tables with rows and columns.

File organization:-
File Structure refers to the way files are arranged on a storage device. This
organization is often hierarchical, with files grouped into directories (or folders).
• Hierarchical Structure: Files are organized in a tree-like structure, with
directories containing other directories and files. This allows for efficient
organization and navigation of large collections of files.
 • Flat Structure: Files are stored in a single directory without any subdirectories.
While simpler to manage, this can become cumbersome for large collections
of files.

Database Management System:-

It's like a digital librarian that helps you organize, store, and retrieve information
efficiently. Imagine a library with countless books. A DBMS is the system that helps
you find the exact book you need, even if it's buried among millions of others.
How a DBMS Works:-
1. Data Storage: The DBMS stores data in a structured format, often using tables.
Each table has rows (records) and columns (fields).
2. Data Manipulation: You can use the DBMS to add, delete, or modify data. For
instance, you could add a new customer to the customer table.
3. Data Retrieval: The DBMS allows you to query the data to find specific
information. For example, you could search for all customers living in a
particular city.
4. Data Security: The DBMS ensures that your data is protected from
unauthorized access. It includes features like user authentication and data
encryption.
Why Use a DBMS?
• Efficiency: DBMSs are designed to handle large amounts of data efficiently,
making it easy to find and manage information.
• Consistency: DBMSs help maintain data consistency, ensuring that information
is accurate and up-to-date.
• Security: DBMSs provide security features to protect your data from
unauthorized access and corruption.
• Data Sharing: DBMSs allow multiple users to access and share data
simultaneously.

The Evolution of Databases and DBMS:-

Databases have been around for centuries, but the way we manage and interact with
them has evolved significantly over time.
Early Days: Manual Systems
• Physical Records: The earliest databases were physical records, like ledgers
and card catalogs. Information was stored on paper or cards.
• Manual Management: Data was accessed and updated manually, which was
time-consuming and prone to errors.
Relational Databases: A Revolution
• Relational Model: The relational model, introduced by Edgar F. Codd in the
1970s, revolutionized database management. It represented data as tables,
with rows and columns.
• SQL: The Structured Query Language (SQL) was developed to interact with
relational databases. It provided a standardized way to query, update, and
manage data.
NoSQL Databases: Scalability and Flexibility
• NoSQL: NoSQL databases, also known as "Not Only SQL," emerged to address
the limitations of relational databases for large-scale, distributed applications.
They offer flexibility, scalability, and high performance.
• Types of NoSQL: Document databases (e.g., MongoDB), key-value stores (e.g.,
Redis), wide-column databases (e.g., Cassandra), and graph databases (e.g.,
Neo4j) are common types of NoSQL databases.
Cloud-Based Databases: The Future
• Cloud Databases: The rise of cloud computing has led to the popularity of
cloud-based databases. These databases are hosted and managed in the
cloud, offering scalability, accessibility, and reduced maintenance costs.

Characteristics of Databases
A database is a structured collection of data. Here are some key characteristics:
1. Organization:
• Structured Data: Data is organized in a systematic manner, often using tables,
rows, and columns.
• Relationships: Data can be related to each other through defined
relationships, such as one-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-many.
2. Consistency:
• Data Integrity: Databases maintain data integrity, ensuring that data is
accurate, consistent, and free from errors.
• Data Validation: Rules and constraints can be applied to validate data,
preventing invalid or inconsistent entries.
3. Efficiency:
• Fast Access: Databases are designed to provide efficient access to data,
allowing users to retrieve information quickly.
 • Indexing: Indexes can be created to speed up data retrieval by organizing data
in a specific way.
4. Security:
• Access Control: Databases implement access control mechanisms to protect
data from unauthorized access.
• Encryption: Sensitive data can be encrypted to ensure confidentiality.
5. Reliability:
• Backup and Recovery: Databases often have built-in backup and recovery
mechanisms to protect data from loss or corruption.
• Redundancy: Data can be replicated to ensure availability in case of failures.
6. Scalability:
• Growth: Databases can be scaled to accommodate increasing amounts of data
and users.
• Performance: Scalability ensures that the database can maintain performance
as it grows.
7. Data Independence:
• Logical and Physical Independence: Data independence allows changes to the
physical storage of data without affecting the logical view of the data.
8. Concurrency:
• Multiple Users: Databases support concurrent access, allowing multiple users
to access and modify data simultaneously.
• Concurrency Control: Mechanisms are in place to prevent conflicts and ensure
data consistency.

Components of a DBMS (Database Management System):-

A DBMS is like a digital librarian that helps you organize, store, and retrieve
information efficiently. It consists of several key components:
1. Data: This is the raw information you want to store, like customer details, product
information, or sales records.
2. Schema: This is the blueprint or structure of the data. It defines how the data is
organized and related to each other.
3. Software: This is the actual DBMS system, which provides tools to interact with the
data. It includes features like data entry, retrieval, and modification.
4. Hardware: This refers to the physical components of the system, such as servers,
storage devices, and networking equipment.
5. Users: These are the people who interact with the DBMS. They can be database
administrators, developers, or end-users.
6. Procedures: These are the rules and guidelines that govern how the DBMS is used.
They include things like data security protocols and backup procedures.

Advantages of DBMS:-
o Controls database redundancy: It can control data redundancy because it
stores all the data in one single database file and that recorded data is placed
in the database.
o Data sharing: In DBMS, the authorized users of an organization can share the
data among multiple users.
o Easily Maintenance: It can be easily maintainable due to the centralized
nature of the database system.
o Reduce time: It reduces development time and maintenance need.
o Backup: It provides backup and recovery subsystems which create automatic
backup of data from hardware and software failures and restores the data if
required.
o multiple user interface: It provides different types of user interfaces like
graphical user interfaces, application program interfaces

Disadvantages of DBMS:-
o Cost of Hardware and Software: It requires a high speed of data processor
and large memory size to run DBMS software.
o Size: It occupies a large space of disks and large memory to run them
efficiently.
o Complexity: Database system creates additional complexity and requirements.
o Higher impact of failure: Failure is highly impacted the database because in
most of the organization, all the data stored in a single database and if the
database is damaged due to electric failure or database corruption then the
data may be lost forever.