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    22 Online Lifting Line Theory

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    Nhật Vũ
    Lifting line theory applies to unswept wings with high aspect ratios at low angles of attack. It models the wing as a bound vortex sheet and assumes two-dimensional flow over each section. By representing circulation as a Fourier series and applying the Biot-Savart law to calculate downwash, the theory yields the monoplane equation. Glauert's method solves this by discretizing the span into points and solving the resulting equations numerically. Key results are that lift increases linearly with angle of attack and aspect ratio, while induced drag decreases with aspect ratio and is proportional to the square of the lift. The elliptic wing shape produces the lowest induced drag for a given lift.

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    22 Online Lifting Line Theory

    Uploaded by

    Nhật Vũ
    110 views16 pages
    Lifting line theory applies to unswept wings with high aspect ratios at low angles of attack. It models the wing as a bound vortex sheet and assumes two-dimensional flow over each section. By representing circulation as a Fourier series and applying the Biot-Savart law to calculate downwash, the theory yields the monoplane equation. Glauert's method solves this by discretizing the span into points and solving the resulting equations numerically. Key results are that lift increases linearly with angle of attack and aspect ratio, while induced drag decreases with aspect ratio and is proportional to the square of the lift. The elliptic wing shape produces the lowest induced drag for a given lift.

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    Lifting line theory applies to unswept wings with high aspect ratios at low angles of attack. It models the wing as a bound vortex sheet and assumes two-dimensional flow over each section. By representing circulation as a Fourier series and applying the Biot-Savart law to calculate downwash, the theory yields the monoplane equation. Glauert's method solves this by discretizing the span into points and solving the resulting equations numerically. Key results are that lift increases linearly with angle of attack and aspect ratio, while induced drag decreases with aspect ratio and is proportional to the square of the lift. The elliptic wing shape produces the lowest induced drag for a given lift.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    110 views16 pages

    22 Online Lifting Line Theory

    Uploaded by

    Nhật Vũ
    Lifting line theory applies to unswept wings with high aspect ratios at low angles of attack. It models the wing as a bound vortex sheet and assumes two-dimensional flow over each section. By representing circulation as a Fourier series and applying the Biot-Savart law to calculate downwash, the theory yields the monoplane equation. Glauert's method solves this by discretizing the span into points and solving the resulting equations numerically. Key results are that lift increases linearly with angle of attack and aspect ratio, while induced drag decreases with aspect ratio and is proportional to the square of the lift. The elliptic wing shape produces the lowest induced drag for a given lift.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    of 16

    Lifting Line Theory

    AOE 5104 Advanced Aero- and Hydrodynamics Dr. William Devenport and Leifur Thor Leifsson

    Flow over a low aspect ratio wing


    Top surface

    Bottom surface
    2

    Lifting Line Theory


    Applies to large aspect ratio unswept wings at small angle of attack. Developed by Prandtl and Lanchester during the early 20th century. Relevance
    Example of a phenomenological model in which elementary ideal flows are used to represent real viscous phenomena Basis of much of modern wing theory (e.g. helicopter rotor aerodynamic analysis, extends to vortex lattice method,) Basis of much of the qualitative understanding of induced drag and aspect ratio
    Biot Savart Law: Velocity produced by a semi-infinite segment of a vortex filament

    V=

    4h

    1868-1946

    1875-1953

    Large Aspect Ratio? Unswept?

    Physics of an Unswept Wing


    Werle, 1974, NACA 0012, 12.5o, AR=4, Re=10000

    Bippes, Clark Y, Rectangular Wing 9o, AR=2.4, Re=100000

    Head, 1982, Rectangular Wing, 24o, Re=100000

    Cessna Citation

    Aircraft Data Velocity = 165 knots Wing Area = 29 m^2 Wing Span = 16 m Mean Aerodynamic Chord = 2 m Weight = 8000 kg Chord Reynolds Number = 1.18E7

    Physics of an Unswept Wing


    l,

    Lift varies across span


    y

    -s

    Circulation is shed (Helmholz thm)

    Outwash

    pu<pl

    pu pl

    Vortical wake

    Inwash

    Vortical wake induces downwash on wing

    Downwash

    changing angle of attack just enough to produce variation of lift across span
    8

    Wing Nomenclature
    Induced drag

    l,

    di

    s
    A

    Section A-A

    -s

    -w

    Area S b
    A

    Total lift coeff

    CL =
    C Di =

    L 1 V2 S 2
    Di 2 1 2 V S

    Total drag coeff

    Geometric angle of attack Downwash angle -w=-w (y) Downwash velocity c=c (y) Chordlength S Planform area s Half span b Span c = S/b Average chord 2/S Aspect ratio AR=b/c=b Sweep angle of chord line l Lift per unit span Drag per unit span dv

    = (y) = (y)

    LLT The Wake Model

    d s -s y y1

    dy1

    Assume role up of wake unimportant Assume wake remains in a plane parallel to the free stream Model wake using single vortex sheet starting at the quarter chord Strength of d vortex shed at y1=

    dy

    dy1
    y1

    Downwash at y due to vortex shed at y1 dw( y ) = Downwash at y due to entire wake

    dy y1

    dy1

    4 ( y1 y )

    w( y ) =

    4 ( y

    dy y1
    1

    dy1

    y)
    10

    LLT The Section Model


    di

    Assume flow over each section 2D and determined by downwash at chord, and thin airfoil theory Sectional lift coefficient

    -w

    Cl =
    So,

    V l = 1 2 = 2 ( 0 ) 1 V2 c 2 V c 2
    = V ( 0 )c + wc
    d v V w

    Sectional forces Total Forces integrated over span Total Coefficients

    l V

    L V dy
    s

    Di wdy
    s

    L 2 CL = 1 2 s dy V S 2 V S

    D 2 C Di = 1 i 2 2 wdy V S s 2 V S 11

    The Monoplane Equation


    Wake model
    l,

    w( y ) =

    4 ( y

    dy y1
    1

    dy1
    Section model

    y)

    -s 0

    s y

    = V ( 0 )c + wc
    d dy1

    y / s = cos

    c = V ( 0 )c + 4 s

    dy y1

    y1 y

    Substitute for , and express as a sine series in

    = 4U s

    n =1, odd

    A sin(n )
    n

    cn + sin ( 0 ) sin = An sin( n ) 4s 4s n =1, odd

    The Monoplane Eqn.


    12

    = 4U s

    n =1, odd

    A sin(n )
    n

    Solving the Monoplane Eqn.: Glauerts method


    s y

    -s 0

    y / s = cos
    c
    4s ( 0 ) sin = cn An sin( n ) + sin 4s n =1, odd

    2 CL = s dy V S
    w( y ) =

    2 C Di = 2 wdy V S s

    1. Decide on the number of terms N needed for the sine series for 2. Select N points across the half span, evenly spaced in 3. At each point evaluate c, , 0 and write down the corresponding monoplane equation 4. Solve the resulting N equations for the N unknown coefficient An 5. Evaluate (y) and then the integrals for w(y), L and Di, and thus the aero coefficients

    4 ( y

    dy y1
    1

    dy1
    13

    y)

    Glauerts Method Example


    = 4U s
    n =1, odd

    A sin(n )
    n

    -s 0

    s y

    y / s = cos
    c
    4s ( 0 ) sin = cn An sin( n ) + sin 4s n =1, odd

    12

    CL =

    2 s dy V S
    w( y ) =

    C Di =

    2 2 s wdy V S

    10

    4 ( y

    dy y1
    1

    dy1
    4

    y)

    14
    2 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0

    Other results
    Substituting

    = 4U s
    CL =

    n =1, odd

    A sin(n )
    n

    into

    2 dy V S s

    2 C Di = 2 wdy V S s
    2 CL C Di = (1 + ) AR

    w( y ) =

    4 ( y

    dy y1
    1

    dy1

    y)

    gives

    C L = ARA1

    n =3, odd

    n( A

    / A1 ) 2

    w n =1, odd = sin V

    nA sin(n )
    n

    So,

    Lift increases with aspect ratio For planar wings at least lift goes linearly with angle of attack and lift curve slope increases with aspect ratio (to 2 at ) ? Drag decreases with aspect ratio and goes as the lift squared. Downwash tends to be largest at the wing tips ? Drag is minimum for a wing for which An=0 for n3 ?
    15

    The Elliptic Wing


    So the minimum drag occurs for a wing for which An=0 for n3. For this wing:

    = 4U sA1 sin( )
    w = A1 V

    y 4V A s + s = 1 1
    2

    since

    = arccos( y / s)

    2 CL C Di = AR

    and

    c=

    V ( 0 ) V A1

    16

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