Current Electricity 2: For Non-Commercial Purposes Only Enjoy!

Current Electricity 2
Copyright Maire Duffy, Clonkeen College

For non-commercial purposes only Enjoy! Please leave feedback on the Physics Homepage Forum
Resistance (R)
This is the ratio of the p.d. across a conductor to the current flowing through it.
i.e.
R=V I
Unit: Ohm
http://micro.magnet.fsu.e du/electromag/java/filam entresistance/
Ohms Law
This states that for certain conductors (mainly metals) the current flowing through them is directly proportional to the p.d. across them at a constant temperature.
i.e.
V I or V = IR
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/ele ctromag/java/ohmslaw/
Series Vs Parallel
+ _
Bulb
+ _
Resistors in Series and Parallel

R1 R2
In Series the total resistance is R = R1 + R2 + R3
R3
In Parallel the total resistance is 1=1+1+1 R1 R2 R3
R1 R2 R3
http://lectureonline.cl.msu.edu/~mmp/kap20/RR506a.htm
Factors affecting Resistance of a conductor

Resistance depends on
Temperature Material of conductor Length Cross-sectional area
Temperature
The resistance of a metallic conductor increases as the temperature increases e.g. copper The resistance of a semiconductor/insulator decreases as the temperature increases e.g. thermistor.

Length Resistance of a uniform conductor is directly proportional to its length. i.e. R L
Cross-sectional area Resistance of a uniform conductor is inversely proportional to its crosssectional area. i.e. R1
Material
The material also affects the resistance of a conductor by a fixed amount for different materials. This is known as resistivity ().
R = L A
= constant of proportionality
Unit: ohm meter m
= Rd 2 4L
(For a wire with circular cross-sectional area)
Wheatstone Bridge
Uses
Temperature control Fail-Safe Device (switch circuit off) Measure an unknown resistance
R1 = R3 R2 R4
(When its balanced)
Metre Bridge
R1 = R2 (|AB|) |BC|
www.dwiarda.com/scientific/Bridge.html
Effects of an Electric Current

1. 2. 3.
Heat Chemical Magnetic Joules Law

States that the rate at which heat produced in a conductor is directly proportional to the square of the current provided its resistance is constant i.e. P = I 2R In order to prevent power lines from overheating, electricity is transmitted at a very high voltage (EHT: Extra High Tension). From Joules law the larger the current the more heat produced hence a transformer is used to increase voltage and lower current i.e. P = V I

Electrolysis is the chemical effect of an electric current Voltameter consists of electrodes, an electrolyte and a container Inactive electrodes are electrodes that dont take part in the chemical reaction e.g. platinum in H2SO4 Active electrodes are electrodes that take part in the chemical reaction e.g. copper in CuSO4

Ion is an atom or molecule that has lost or gained 1 or more electrons Charge Carriers in an electrolyte are + and carriers Uses
Electroplating to make metal look better, prevent corrosion Purifying metals Making electrolytic capacitors
Relationship between V and I for conductors

Metallic conductor Negative electrons are the charge carriers Filament bulb Negative electrons are the charge carriers
I
V
I
V I V
Semiconductor Negative electrons and positive holes are the charge carriers
Relationship between V and I for conductors

Active electrodes Positive and negative ions are the charge carriers Inactive (Inert) electrodes Positive and negative ions are the charge carriers Gas Positive and negative ions and electrons are the charge carriers Vacuum Electrons are the charge carriers
V I
V I
V I
V
Domestic Electric Circuits

Electricity entering the home is supplied at 230V a.c. 2 wires enter the house from the mains: Live + neutral and pass through the meter box These 2 wires pass into a distribution box with fuses

Radial circuit are used for appliances that take a large current. Each closed circuit has its own live wire, neutral wire and fuse e.g. cooker, electric shower Ring circuit are used for connections to sockets. Live terminals are connected together as are the neutral terminals Lights are connected in parallel and a number of them are connected to the same fuse

Safety in house circuits
Switch: should always be connected in the live wire Fuse: piece of wire that will melt when a current of a certain size passes though it. Connected to the live wire.

MCBs: miniature circuit breakers are found in the distribution box. They are bimetallic strips(for small currents) and electromagnets (for large currents). Can be reset when the switch trips, faster than fuse. RCDs: residual current devices protect sockets and people against electrocution by detecting a difference between current in live and neutral wire (30 mA).

Bonding: All metal taps, pipes, water tanks etc are connected to the earth Earthing: Earth wire prevents electrocution from touching metal parts of appliances by providing a path of least resistance when faults occur.
E.S.B
Kilowatt-hour kWh
This is the amount of energy used by a 1000 W appliance in one hour The ESB charge bills based on the no. of units, kWh, used in the home
Credits
Slide 2: Resistors image
Resistor colour codes

www.sffej.net/educational/resistor_Colour.htm
www.radiodaze.com/rescarbcomp.htm
Slide 3: George Ohm image~ www.past.dk/artefacts/photos/53/photo-1113908435-89551-5995.tkl?o Slide 4: None (Note: Use P, for previous and N, for next on key board to go back and forth between photos if no remote control available. Both circuits are connected to a 12V power supply and can be compared in terms of how bright the 3 bulbs are) Slide 5: None Slide 6: Temperature and resistance animation ~ Science Joy Wagon (www.sciencejoywagon.com)

Slide 7: Cross sectional area and resistance animation ~ Science Joy Wagon (www.sciencejoywagon.com) Slide 8: Resistors image
www.regentsprep.org/Regents/physics/phys03/bresit/default.htm http://homepages.nildram.co.uk/~vwlowen/radio/alarm/how2.htm See www.connected-earth.com
www.regentsprep.org/Regents/physics/phys03/bresit/default.htm
Slide 9: Sir Charles Wheatstone image ~ from the BT Connected Earth Collection. Slide 10: Sunset Power Lines Slide 11: Hoffman Voltameter image Slide 12: Slide 13: Slide 14: Slide 15:
www.tonyboon.co.uk/imgs/pages/powerlines.htm www.dalefield.com/earth/hydrogen1.html
Electroplating image ~ www.finishing.com/faqs/howworks.html None None Circuit Breaker image ~ Edfenergy
www.edfenergy.com/powerup/keystage3/in/page2.html
Slide 16: Circuit Breaker image ~ Edfenergy as above Light Circuit image ~ www.buzzybee.org/diy/projects/electrical/lighting/wiring.html Slide 17: None Slide 18: None Slide 19: None Slide 20: None

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Current Electricity 2

Copyright Maire Duffy, Clonkeen College

http://micro.magnet.fsu.e du/electromag/java/filam entresistance/

Resistors in Series and Parallel

In Series the total resistance is R = R1 + R2 + R3

Factors affecting Resistance of a conductor

Factors affecting Resistance of a conductor

Factors affecting Resistance of a conductor

(For a wire with circular cross-sectional area)

(When its balanced)

Effects of an Electric Current

Heat Chemical Magnetic Joules Law

Effects of an Electric Current

Effects of an Electric Current

Relationship between V and I for conductors

Relationship between V and I for conductors

Domestic Electric Circuits

Domestic Electric Circuits

Domestic Electric Circuits

Domestic Electric Circuits

Domestic Electric Circuits

Slide 2: Resistors image

Resistor colour codes

Electroplating image ~ www.finishing.com/faqs/howworks.html None None Circuit Breaker image ~ Edfenergy

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