OFDM

OFDM
What is OFDM?
Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing Method of encoding digital data on multiple carrier frequencies Conceptually OFDM is a specialized FDM, the additional constraint being - all the carrier signal are orthogonal to each other
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Basic Concept of OFDM

Wide Band Channel Multiple Narrowband Channel
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Send a sample using the entire band
Send samples concurrently using multiple orthogonal sub-channels.
Why OFDM is better?
Multiple sub-channels carry samples and sent at lower rate Only sum of the sub-channels are affected by interferers or multipath effect
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Importance of Orthogonality
Why not just use FDM???
Leads to interference of adjacent frequencies.
Guard band protect leakage interference.
FDM needs guard bands between adjacent frequency bands extra overhead, wastage of bandwidth,low spectral efficiency
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Orthogonal means peak of one carrier occurs at null of the other
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OFDM Orthogonality
OFDM subcarries pulses are rectangular in the time domain. They will have the form of sin(f)/f or sinc(f) in the frequency domain. If we line up the sinc function just right -the zero point of other sub-carriers line up at the peak of another subcarrier. This will make them to be orthogonal and there will no interference between each other.
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OFDM
High speed data transmission Effectiveness in combating the
frequency selective fading channel

OFDM can be viewed as a
widely used in broadband wireless communication
modulation or multiplex technique

Modulation technique - Viewed by the relation of input and output signal Multiplexing technique - Viewed by the output signal which is the linear sum of the modulated signal
OFDM System
Input Signal
S/P
Output Signal
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Advantage and Disadvantage of OFDM

Advantage
Immunity to delay spread
Disadvantage
Synchronization Need FFT/IFFT units at
and multipath
Resistance to frequency
transmitter, receiver frequency offset ratio
selective fading
Simple equalization Efficient bandwidth usage
Sensitive to carrier
High peak to average power
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OFDM - Intersymbol Interference (ISI)

ISI caused when - delayed
and attenuated versions of the signal (e.g produced due to multipath) overlap with the signal One symbol's delayed version may overlap with an adjacent symbol causing inter-symbol interference Simpe technique to avoid introduce a guard-band between adjacent symbols
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OFDM - Cyclic Prefix

A better aproach to
avoid ISI - introduce a cyclic prefix A trailing portion of the symbol is copied in front of it This will give an illusion that the signal is periodic
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OFDM Cyclic Prefix

Overhead - In either cases there is lost of some efficiency. However if each symbol is sufficiently large, the relative size of the interfering region is (hence the cyclic region) is small.
Advantages - CP allows the signal to be decoded even if the packet was detected after some delay.
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OFDM - History
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OFDM Application
Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) / Digital
Terrestrial Television Broadcasting (DTTB) Wireless ATM Network Demonstrator (WAND) IEEE 802.11a/HiperLAN2/MMAC WLAN Standards
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MIMO-OFDM key to greater performance

Building block for next next generation wireless access Advanced antenna technology that can carry 4 to 5 times more data traffic than UMTS-HSDPA (3G) networks. MIMO works by creating multiple parallel data streams between the multiple transmit and receive antenna. Using the multipath phenomenon, it can differentitate the seperate signal paths from each MIMO antenna. OFDM is the most amenable to MIMO technology
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Advantage of MIMO-OFDM
Less interference
Diversity gain
Increase data capacity

Power efficiency Bandwidth gain
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OFDM to OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple

Access)
OFDM - all subcarriers of the symbol are used for providing data to a specific user.
OFDMA - sub carriers of each symbol may be divided between multiple users thus enabling better use of of the radio access.
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OFDM in LTE
To achieve high radio spectral efficiency as well as enable efficient scheduling in both time and frequency domain, a multicarrier approach for multiple access was chosen by 3GPP.
For downlink - OFDMA were selected
For uplink - SCFDMA were selected
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OFDMA IN LTE
SC-FDMA were selected for the uplink because:
- OFDMA lead to high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) - requiring expensive power amplifier - increases power consumption for sender -Thus this will lead to a very expensive handset provide throughput up to 100Mbps downlink and 50Mbps uplink in 20MHz LTE Advanced - increases these goals to: 1Gpbs/500Mbps
4/10/2014

OFDM

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What are the advantages of using OFDM?

What are the advantages of using OFDM?

What is the importance of orthogonality in OFDM?

What is the importance of orthogonality in OFDM?

OFDM

Basic Concept of OFDM

Send a sample using the entire band

Send samples concurrently using multiple orthogonal sub-channels.

Why OFDM is better?

Guard band protect leakage interference.

Orthogonal means peak of one carrier occurs at null of the other

frequency selective fading channel

widely used in broadband wireless communication

modulation or multiplex technique

Advantage and Disadvantage of OFDM

transmitter, receiver frequency offset ratio

High peak to average power

OFDM - Intersymbol Interference (ISI)

OFDM - Cyclic Prefix

OFDM Cyclic Prefix

MIMO-OFDM key to greater performance

Increase data capacity

OFDM to OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple

For downlink - OFDMA were selected

For uplink - SCFDMA were selected

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