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Genetic Code & Transcriptional Control

The document discusses genetic code, transcription, and mutations. It explains that the genetic code contains 61 triplets that code for amino acids, with AUG coding for initiation and 3 stop codons ending translation. It also notes differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression and transcription factors. The document describes point mutations as single base pair changes, including substitutions that may be silent, missense, or nonsense, as well as insertions and deletions that can cause frameshift mutations. Finally, it mentions mutagens like radiation that can interact with DNA and cause genetic changes.

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49 views

Genetic Code & Transcriptional Control

The document discusses genetic code, transcription, and mutations. It explains that the genetic code contains 61 triplets that code for amino acids, with AUG coding for initiation and 3 stop codons ending translation. It also notes differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression and transcription factors. The document describes point mutations as single base pair changes, including substitutions that may be silent, missense, or nonsense, as well as insertions and deletions that can cause frameshift mutations. Finally, it mentions mutagens like radiation that can interact with DNA and cause genetic changes.

Uploaded by

api-19824406
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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You are on page 1/ 13

LECTURE 8

Genetic Code &


Transcriptional Control
Biology, Campbell & Reece. 7th Edn. Ch 17, pp.311-314, pp. 327-331; Ch 16, pp. 305-306

By

Mohamed Abumaree
Molecular Reproductive Biologist & Immunologist
College of Medicine
King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Science
2009
Genetic Code
 61 of 64 triplets code for
amino acids
 AUG initiation codon
signals the start of mRNA
translation
 Codes for Met
 So polypeptide chains
begin with Met
2
 An enzyme may
subsequently remove this
starter amino acid from
the chain

 3 termination codons
(stop) signal the end of
translation (don’t
designate amino acids)
Gene Expression in
Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes
 Prokaryotes & eukaryotes perform
transcription & translation similarly, but
differences exist!!
 A prokaryotic cell simultaneously transcribe
& translate the same gene & the newly made
protein can quickly diffuse to its site of function
 In eukaryotes:

1) RNA polymerases depend on transcription factor


2) Transcription is terminated differently
3) Ribosomes are slightly different
4) Transcription (nucleus) is separated from translation
(cytoplasm) & RNA processing occurs in the nucleus
5) A complicated mechanisms target proteins to the
appropriate organelle
Point mutations

Mutations are chemical changes in just


one base pair of a gene
Type of Point Mutations

Substitutions Insertions & Deletions

7
Substitutions
The replacement of
one nucleotide &
its partner with
another pair of
nucleotides

8
 Silent mutations: Same
amino acid & protein
 Missense mutation:
Different amino acid but
same protein function
 Nonsense mutation:
(Change causing translation
to be terminated prematurely
& the formation of a
polypeptide (nonfunctional)
shorter than the polypeptide
encoded by the normal gene
9
2. Insertions & Deletions
 Additions or losses of nucleotide pairs in a gene
 Have a catastrophic effect on the protein more than
substitutions
 Because mRNA is read as a series of nucleotide
triplets during translation, the nucleotides
insertion/deletion alter the reading frame of the
genetic message, such a mutation, called a frameshift
mutation, which occurs whenever the number of
nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three
All nucleotides
downstream of
deletion or insertion
will be improperly
grouped into codons &
the result will be
extensive missense
probably ending sooner
or later in nonsense &
premature
termination
Mutagens
 A number of physical & chemical
agents that interact with DNA causing
mutations

 Such as X–rays can cause genetic


changes
12
Mutagenic
radiation, a
physical mutagen,
includes ultraviolet
(UV) light, which
can cause
disruptive thymine
dimers in DNA

13

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