Sampling Design and Procedures

Sampling:
Design and Procedures

11-2
Sample vs. Census

Table 11.1
Type of Study
1. Budget
11-3
The Sampling Design Process

Fig. 11.1
Define the
Population
Determine the Sampling
Frame
Select Sampling Technique(s)
Determine the Sample Size
Execute the Sampling Process

11-4
Define the Target Population

The target population is the collection of elements or
objects that possess the information sought by the
researcher and about which inferences are to be made.
The target population should be defined in terms of

elements, sampling units, extent, and time.
1 An element is the object about which or from which

the information is desired, e.g., the respondent.
2 A sampling unit is an element, or a unit containing
the element, that is available for selection at some
stage of the sampling process.
3 Extent refers to the geographical boundaries.
4 Time is the time period under consideration.
11-5
Define the Target Population

Important qualitative factors in determining
the sample size
 the importance of the decision

 the nature of the research
 the number of variables
 the nature of the analysis
 sample sizes used in similar studies
 incidence rates
 completion rates
 resource constraints
Sample Sizes Used in Marketing
11-6
Research Studies
Table 11.2
Type of Study
Problem identificati
Classification of Sampling 11-7
Techniques
Fig. 11.2
Sampling
Techniques
Nonprobability Probability
Sampling Sampling
Techniques Techniques
Convenience Judgmental Quota Snowball

Sampling Sampling Sampling Sampling
Simple Systematic Stratified Cluster Other Sampling

Random Sampling Sampling Sampling Techniques
Sampling
11-8
Convenience Sampling
Convenience sampling attempts to obtain a
sample of convenient elements. Often,
respondents are selected because they happen
to be in the right place at the right time.
 use of students, and members of social

organizations
 mall intercept interviews without qualifying the
respondents
 department stores using charge account lists
 “people on the street” interviews
11-9
Judgmental Sampling
Judgmental sampling is a form of
convenience sampling in which the population
elements are selected based on the judgment
of the researcher.
 test markets
 purchase engineers selected in industrial
marketing research
 bellwether precincts selected in voting
behavior research
 expert witnesses used in court
11-10
Quota Sampling
Quota sampling may be viewed as two-stage restricted
judgmental sampling.
 The first stage consists of developing control categories, or
quotas, of population elements.

 In the second stage, sample elements are selected based on
convenience or judgment.
Population Sample
composition composition
Control
Characteristic Percentage Percentage Number
Sex
Male 48 48 480
Female 52 52 520
____ ____ ____
100 100 1000
11-11
Snowball Sampling
In snowball sampling, an initial group of
respondents is selected, usually at random.
 After being interviewed, these respondents

are asked to identify others who belong to the
target population of interest.
 Subsequent respondents are selected based

on the referrals.
11-12
Simple Random Sampling
1 Each element in the population has a known

and equal probability of selection.
2 Each possible sample of a given size (n) has a

known and equal probability of being the
sample actually selected.
3 This implies that every element is selected

independently of every other element.
11-13
Systematic Sampling
1 The sample is chosen by selecting a random starting point and then picking
every ith element in succession from the sampling frame.
2 The sampling interval, i, is determined by dividing the population size N by the

sample size n and rounding to the nearest integer.
3 When the ordering of the elements is related to the characteristic of interest,

systematic sampling increases the representativeness of the sample.
4 If the ordering of the elements produces a cyclical pattern, systematic sampling

may decrease the representativeness of the sample.
For example, there are 100,000 elements in the population and a sample of
1,000 is desired. In this case the sampling interval, i, is 100. A random number
between 1 and 100 is selected. If, for example, this number is 23, the sample
consists of elements 23, 123, 223, 323, 423, 523, and so on.
11-14
Stratified Sampling
1 A two-step process in which the population is partitioned
into subpopulations, or strata.
2 The strata should be mutually exclusive and collectively

exhaustive in that every population element should be
assigned to one and only one stratum and no population
elements should be omitted.
3 Next, elements are selected from each stratum by a

random procedure, usually SRS.
4 A major objective of stratified sampling is to increase

precision without increasing cost.
11-15
Stratified Sampling
 The elements within a stratum should be as homogeneous
as possible, but the elements in different strata should be
as heterogeneous as possible.
 The stratification variables should also be closely related to
the characteristic of interest.
 Finally, the variables should decrease the cost of the
stratification process by being easy to measure and apply.
 In proportionate stratified sampling, the size of the sample
drawn from each stratum is proportionate to the relative
size of that stratum in the total population.
 In disproportionate stratified sampling, the size of the
sample from each stratum is proportionate to the relative
size of that stratum and to the standard deviation of the
distribution of the characteristic of interest among all the
elements in that stratum.
11-16
Cluster Sampling
 The target population is first divided into mutually exclusive
and collectively exhaustive subpopulations, or clusters.
 Then a random sample of clusters is selected, based on a
probability sampling technique such as SRS.
 For each selected cluster, either all the elements are included
in the sample (one-stage) or a sample of elements is drawn
probabilistically (two-stage).
 Elements within a cluster should be as heterogeneous as
possible, but clusters themselves should be as homogeneous
as possible. Ideally, each cluster should be a small-scale
representation of the population.
 In probability proportionate to size sampling, the clusters
are sampled with probability proportional to size. In the
second stage, the probability of selecting a sampling unit in a
selected cluster varies inversely with the size of the cluster.
11-17
Types of Cluster Sampling

Fig. 11.3 Cluster Sampling
One-Stage Two-Stage Multistage

Sampling Sampling Sampling
Simple Cluster Probability

Sampling Proportionate
to Size Sampling
Strengths and Weaknesses of
11-18
Basic Sampling Techniques

Table 11.3
Technique Strengths Weaknesses
Nonprobability Sampling Least expensive, least Selection bias, sample not
Convenience sampling time-consuming, most representative, not recommended for
convenient descriptive or causal research
Judgmental sampling Low cost, convenient, Does not allow generalization,
not time-consuming subjective
Quota sampling Sample can be controlled Selection bias, no assurance of
for certain characteristics representativeness
Snowball sampling Can estimate rare Time-consuming
characteristics
Probability sampling Easily understood, Difficult to construct sampling

Simple random sampling results projectable frame, expensive, lower precision,
(SRS) no assurance ofrepresentativeness.
Systematic sampling Can increase Can decreaserepresentativeness
representativeness,
easier to implement than
SRS, sampling frame not
necessary
Stratified sampling Include all important Difficult to select relevant
subpopulations, stratification variables, not feasible to
precision stratify on many variables, expensive
Cluster sampling Easy to implement, cost Imprecise, difficult to compute and
effective interpret results
Procedures for Drawing Probability
11-19
Samples
Fig. 11.4
Simple Random
Sampling
1. Select a suitable sampling frame

2. Each element is assigned a number from 1 to N
(pop. size)
3. Generate n (sample size) different random
numbers
between 1 and N
4. The numbers generated denote the elements
that
Procedures for Drawing
11-20
Probability Samples
Fig. 11.4 cont. Systematic
Sampling
1. Select a suitable sampling frame

2. Each element is assigned a number from 1 to N (pop.
size)
3. Determine the sampling interval i:i=N/n. If i is a
fraction,
round to the nearest integer
4. Select a random number, r, between 1 and i, as
explained in
simple random sampling
5. The elements with the following numbers will
comprise the
11-21
Probability Samples
Fig. 11.4 cont. Stratified
Sampling
1. Select a suitable frame

2. Select the stratification variable(s) and the number of
strata, H
3. Divide the entire population into H strata. Based on the
classification variable, each element of the population is
assigned
to one of the H strata
4. In each stratum, number the elements from 1 to Nh (the
pop.
size of stratum h)
5. Determine the sample
H
nh = nsize of each stratum, nh, based on
proportionate or disproportionate stratified sampling,
where h=1
11-22
Probability Samples Cluster

Fig. 11.4 cont. Sampling
1. Assign a number from 1 to N to each element in the

population
2. Divide the population into C clusters of which c will be
included in
the sample
3. Calculate the sampling interval i, i=N/c (round to nearest
integer)
4. Select a random number r between 1 and i, as explained
in simple
random sampling
5. Identify elements with the following numbers:
r,r+i,r+2i,... r+(c-1)i
6. Select the clusters that contain the identified elements
7. Select sampling units within each selected cluster based
on SRS
or systematic sampling
Procedures for Drawing Probability
11-23
Samples
Fig. 11.4 cont.
Cluster
Sampling
Repeat the process until each of the remaining

clusters has a population less than the
sampling interval. If b clusters have been
selected with certainty, select the remaining
c-b clusters according to steps 1 through 7.
The fraction of units to be sampled with
certainty is the overall sampling fraction = n/N.
Thus, for clusters selected with certainty, we
would select ns=(n/N)(N1+N2+...+Nb) units. The
units selected from clusters selected under
PPS sampling will therefore be n*=n- ns.
Choosing Nonprobability vs.
11-24
Probability Sampling
Table 11.4 cont.
Factors
Nature of research
Tennis' Systematic Sampling Returns a
11-25
Smash
Tennis magazine conducted a mail survey of its subscribers to

gain a better understanding of its market. Systematic
sampling was employed to select a sample of 1,472
subscribers from the publication's domestic circulation list. If
we assume that the subscriber list had 1,472,000 names, the
sampling interval would be 1,000 (1,472,000/1,472). A
number from 1 to 1,000 was drawn at random. Beginning with
that number, every 1,000th subscriber was selected.
A brand-new dollar bill was included with the questionnaire as

an incentive to respondents. An alert postcard was mailed one
week before the survey. A second, follow-up, questionnaire
was sent to the whole sample ten days after the initial
questionnaire. There were 76 post office returns, so the net
effective mailing was 1,396. Six weeks after the first mailing,
778 completed questionnaires were returned, yielding a
response rate of 56%.

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Sampling Design and Procedures

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Sampling:

Design and Procedures

Sample vs. Census

The Sampling Design Process

Determine the Sample Size

Execute the Sampling Process

Define the Target Population

The target population should be defined in terms of

1 An element is the object about which or from which

Define the Target Population

 the importance of the decision

Convenience Judgmental Quota Snowball

Simple Systematic Stratified Cluster Other Sampling

 use of students, and members of social

quotas, of population elements.

 After being interviewed, these respondents

 Subsequent respondents are selected based

Simple Random Sampling

1 Each element in the population has a known

2 Each possible sample of a given size (n) has a

3 This implies that every element is selected

2 The sampling interval, i, is determined by dividing the population size N by the

3 When the ordering of the elements is related to the characteristic of interest,

4 If the ordering of the elements produces a cyclical pattern, systematic sampling

2 The strata should be mutually exclusive and collectively

3 Next, elements are selected from each stratum by a

4 A major objective of stratified sampling is to increase

Types of Cluster Sampling

One-Stage Two-Stage Multistage

Simple Cluster Probability

Basic Sampling Techniques

Probability sampling Easily understood, Difficult to construct sampling

1. Select a suitable sampling frame

1. Select a suitable sampling frame

1. Select a suitable frame

Probability Samples Cluster

1. Assign a number from 1 to N to each element in the

Repeat the process until each of the remaining

Tennis magazine conducted a mail survey of its subscribers to

A brand-new dollar bill was included with the questionnaire as

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