Sampling Methods
Sampling Methods
Sampling Methods
SAMPLING BREAKDOWN
Introduction
Why Sample?
We want to minimize the number of things we
examine or maximize the quality of our
examination of those things we do examine.
SAMPLING…….
STUDY POPULATION
SAMPLE
TARGET POPULATION
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Introduction
Why Sample?
Population
The group of elements from which a researcher
samples and to which she or he might like to
generalize
Population definition
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Introduction
Why Sample?
Sample
A number of individual cases drawn from a larger
population
Introduction
Sampling Frames, Probability versus
Nonprobability Samples
Target population
A population of theoretical interest
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
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Introduction
Sampling Frames, Probability versus
Nonprobability Samples
Sampling frame or study population
The group of elements from which a sample is
actually selected
NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING
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Introduction
Sampling Frames, Probability versus
Nonprobability Samples
Nonprobability Samples
A sample that has been drawn in a way that
doesn’t give every member of the population a
known chance of being selected
Introduction
Sampling Frames, Probability versus
Nonprobability Samples
Probability
A sample drawn in a way to give every member
of the population a known (nonzero) chance of
inclusion
Probability samples are usually more
representative than nonprobability samples of the
populations from which they are drawn
Introduction
Sampling Frames, Probability versus
Nonprobability Samples
Biased Samples
A sample that is not representative from the
population which it is drawn
Probability samples are LESS likely to be biased samples
Introduction
Sampling Frames, Probability versus
Nonprobability Samples
Generalizability
The ability to apply the results of a study to groups or
situations beyond those actually studied
A probability sample tends to be more generalizable
because it increases the chances that samples are
representative of the populations from which they are
drawn.
Sources of Error Associated with
Sampling
Sampling Error
Any difference between the characteristics of
a sample and the characteristics of the
population from which the sample is drawn
Types of Probability Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
Systematic Sampling
Stratified Sampling
Cluster Sampling
Multistage Sampling
Types of Probability Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
A probability sample in which every member of
a study population has been given an equal
chance of selection
One way to draw a simple random sample, is to
put all possibilities on paper, cut them up, and
then draw a sample from a hat
Research Randomizer (http://randomizer.org)
Types of Probability Sampling
Systematic Sampling
A probability sampling procedure that involves
selecting every kth element from a list of
population elements, after the first element has
been randomly selected
Example
Divide the total number of elements by the number
you want in your sample 24/6 = 4
Randomly select a number between 1 and 4 and
then select every 4th element from that number
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
• Applicable when population is small, homogeneous
& readily available
• All subsets of the frame are given an equal
probability. Each element of the frame thus has
an equal probability of selection.
• It provides for greatest number of possible
samples. This is done by assigning a number to
each unit in the sampling frame.
• A table of random number or lottery system is
used to determine which units are to be
selected.
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Types of Probability Sampling
Systematic Sampling
Selection interval
The distance between the elements selected in a
sample
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Types of Probability Sampling
Stratified Sampling
Steps to draw a stratified random sample
1. Group the study population into strata or into
groups that share a given characteristic
2. Randomly sample within each strata
Types of Probability Sampling
Cluster Sampling
A probability sampling procedure that involves
randomly selecting clusters of elements from a
population and subsequently selecting every element
in each selected cluster for inclusion in the sample
Cluster sampling is an option if data collection involves
visits to sites that are far apart
STRATIFIED SAMPLING……
Finally, since each stratum is treated as an
independent population, different sampling
approaches can be applied to different strata.
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Types of Probability Sampling
Cluster Sampling
Example
You are conducting a study of Kentucky high school
students
You could obtain a list of all high school students in the
state and complete random sampling
A cluster sample would be more practical
Obtain a list of all high schools in Kentucky
Random sample the high schools from the list
Obtain a list of students for each high school
selected and then contact each of those students
Types of Probability Sampling
Multistage Sampling
A probability sampling procedure that involves
several stages, such as randomly selecting
clusters from a population, then randomly
selecting elements from each of the clusters
CLUSTER SAMPLING
Cluster sampling is an example of 'two-stage
sampling' .
First stage a sample of areas is chosen;
Second stage a sample of respondents within
those areas is selected.
Population divided into clusters of homogeneous
units, usually based on geographical contiguity.
Sampling units are groups rather than individuals.
A sample of such clusters is then selected.
All units from the selected clusters are studied.
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Types of Nonprobabilty Sampling
Purposive Sampling
Quota Sampling
Snowball Sampling
Convenience Sampling
Types of Nonprobability Sampling
Purposive Sampling
A nonprobability sampling procedure that involves
selecting elements based on a researcher's
judgment about which elements will facilitate his or
her investigation
Types of Nonprobability Sampling
Quota Sampling
A nonprobability sampling procedure that
involves describing the target population in
terms of what are thought to be relevant
criteria and then selecting sample elements to
represent the “relevant” subgroups in
proportion to their presence in the target
population
Types of Nonprobability Sampling
Snowball Sampling
A nonprobability sampling procedure that involves
using members of the group of interest to identify
other members of the group
Types of Nonprobability Sampling
Convenience Sampling
A nonprobability sampling procedure that
involves selecting elements that are readily
accessible to the researcher
Sometimes called an available-subjects
sample
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