Axial Flow Compressors

Axial Flow Compressors

Elementary theory

Comparison of typical forms of turbine and
compressor rotor blades

Stage= S+R
S: stator (stationary blade)
R: rotor (rotating blade)
First row of the stationary blades is called guide vanes
** Basic operation
*Axial flow compressors:
1) series of stages
2) each stage has a row of rotor blades followed
by a row of stator blades.
3) fluid is accelerated by rotor blades.
In stator, fluid is then decelerated causing change in the

kinetic energy to static pressure.
Due to adverse pressure gradient, the pressure rise for
each stage is small. Therefore, it is known that a single
turbine stage can drive a large number of compressor
stages.
Inlet guide vanes
C are
C C used to guide the flow into the first
stage.
w
w2
w1
Elementary Theory:
Assume mid plane is constant r1=r2, u1=u2
assume
Ca=const, in the direction of u.
C w C w2 C w1
, in the direction of u.

Inside the rotor, all power is consumed.
Stator only changes K.E.P static, To2=To3
Increase in stagnation pressure is done in the rotor.
Stagnation pressure drops due to friction loss in the stator:
C1: velocity of air approaching the rotor.
1 : angle of approach of rotor.
u: blade speed.
V1: the velocity relative t the rotor at inlet at an
angle 1 from the axial direction.
V2: relative velocity at exit rotor at angle 2
determined from the rotor blade outlet angle.
2: angle of exit of rotor.
Ca: axial velocity.

Two dimensional analysis:
Only axial ( Ca) and tangential (Cw). no radial component

C1 u V1
V2 tangnt to blade at exit.
assuming C a1 C a2 C a
this V2 can be ontained V2 C a2 cos 2
then V2 & u triangle get C 2

normally 3 1 to prepare air to go to a similar stage
also C 3 C1
.
W m c p (To2 To1 )

from velocity triangles
assuming
Ca Ca1 Ca2
u/Ca tan1 tan 1 , u / Ca tan 2 tan 2

the power input to stage
'
(a)
W mu (Cw2 Cw1 )
where
Cw1 andCw2 are tangential components at inlet and exit of the rotors.
or in terms of the axial velocity
W muCa (tan 2 - tan1 )
From equation (a)
(tan 2 - tan1 ) (tan1 - tan 2 )

Energy balance
c p To5 c p (To3 To1 ) c (To2 To1 ) uC a (tan 1 tan 2 )
To5 uC a (tan 1 tan 2 ) / c p
pressure ratio at a stage
ps
po3
po1
s To5
1
To1
where, s stage isentropic efficiency
Ex.
u 180 m/s, 1 43.9o , s 0.85, 0.8,
Ca 150m / s, 2 13.5, To1 288, Rs 1.183 Rcentrifugal ,
higher due to centrifugal action

Degree of reaction
is the ratio of static enthalpy in rotor to static enthalpy

rise in stage
hr
static enthalpy rise in rotor
static enthalpy rise in the stage hs
For incompressible isentropic flow Tds=dh-vdp

dh=vdp=dp/
Tds=0
h=p/ ( constant )
Thus enthalpy rise could be replaced by static pressure rise
( in the definition of )
o 1
but generally choose =0.5 at mid-plane of

the stage.

=0: all pressure rise only in stator
=1: all pressure rise in only in rotor
=0.5: half of pressure rise only in rotor and half is in
stator. ( recommend design)
Assume C3 C1 , and Ca const. ( for simplicity)

To5 Tstagnation Tstage Ts
1 Ca (tan 1 tan 2 ) / 2u
1 tan , C a / u
tan (tan 1 tan 2 ) / 2

special condition
=0 ( impulse type rotor)
from equation 3
Ca (tan 1 tan 2 ) / 2u
1=-2 , velocities skewed left, h1=h2, T1=T2

=1.0 (impulse type stator from equation 1)
=1-Ca(tan1+tan2)/2u, 2=1
velocities skewed right, C1=C2, h2=h3T2=T3
=0.5
from 2
1
(tan 1 tan 2 )
2 2
2 1 ;
symmetric angles
V2 c1 , V1 c2 ;
P2 P1
P3 P1

Three dimensional flow
2-D
1. the effects due to radial movement of the fluid are ignored.
2. It is justified for hub-trip ratio>0.8
3. This occurs at later stages of compressor.
3-D are valid due to
1. due to difference in hub-trip ratio from inlet stages to
later-stages, the annulus will have a substantial taper.
Thus radial velocity occurs.
2. due to whirl component, pressure increase with
radius.

U
tan 1 tan 1 tan 2 tan 2
Ca
U (C w1 C w1 )
W m
UCa (tan 2 tan 1 )
m
UCa (tan 2 tan 1 )
m
Tos To 3 To1 To 2 To1
UCa
(tan 1 tan 2 )
cp
pressure rise per stage

Rs
po 3
Ts /( 1)
[1 s
]
po1
To1

Design Process of an axial compressor
(1) Choice of rotational speed at design point and annulus
dimensions
(2) Determination of number of stages, using an assumed
efficiency at design point
(3) Calculation of the air angles for each stage at the mean
line
(4) Determination of the variation of the air angles from root
to tip
(5) Selection of compressor blades using experimentally
obtained cascade data
(6) Check on efficiency previously assumed using the
cascade data
(7) Estimation on off-design performance
(8) Rig testing

Design process:
Requirements:
A suitable design point under sea-level static conditions
(with =1.01 bar and , 12000 N as take off thrust, may
emerge as follows:
Compressor pressure ratio
4.15
Air-mass flow
20 kg/s
Turbine inlet temperature
1100 K
With these data specified, it is now necessary to investigate
the aerodynamic design of the compressor, turbine and
other components of the engine. It will be assumed that the
compressor has no inlet guide vanes, to keep weight and
noise down. The design of the turbine will be considered in
Chapter 7.

Requirements:
choice of rotational speed and annulus dimensions;
determination of number of stages, using an assumed
efficiency;
calculation of the air angles for each stage at mean radius;
determination of the variation of the air angles from root to tip;
investigation of compressibility effects

Determination of rotational speed and annulus
dimensions:
Assumptions
Guidelines:
Tip speed ut=350 m/s
Axial velocity Ca=150-200 m/s
Hub-tip ratio at entry 0.4-0.6
Calculation of tip and hub radii at inlet
Assumptions Ca=150 m/s
Ut=350 m/s to be corrected to

250 rev/s
rr
1C a1 A 1rt 1
m
rt
Equations
continuity
Ca
m
rt
(a)
2
rr
1C a1 1 2
rt
thus
rr
1rt 1
rt
C a

U t 2 * * t t * N rps
350
N
, solve to get rt & rr / rt
2rt

procedure
To 1 Ta 288 K , Po1 Pa 1.01 bar
C1 C a1 150
2
C1
T1 To1
276.8
2c p 2
P1 T1
P1
Po1 To1
P1
1
1.106kg / m 3
RT

From equation (a)
0.03837
rt
rr
1
rt
N 350 / 2rt
assume rr / rt from 0.4 0.6
rr / rt
rt
0.4
0.2137
260.6
0.5
0.2262
246.3
0.6
0.2449
227.5

Consider rps250
Thus rr/rt=0.5, rt=0.2262, ut=2rt*rps=355.3 m/s
2
Get V1t u1t C a1
385.7
a RT1
v1t
M1
1.165
a
Is ok. Discussed later. Results r-t=0.2262,
r-r=0.1131, r-m=0.1697 m

At exit of compressor
Po2
Po1
4.15 [ given Po 2 4.19bar ];
where
To2
To1
Po2
n 1
n
Po
1
n -1
1
0.4
317, assume 0.9; To 2 452.5 K ;

n
1.4
T2
Ca
P2
T2 To2
441.3 K;
To
2c p
Po 2
2
P
2 A2 C a , A 2 0.044;
P2 3.84 bar; 2 2 3.03 kg/m 3 ; m
RT2
2
but A 2 h( 2rm ) h 0.0413; thus rt rm

rr rm
h
0.19303m;
2
h
0.1491 m
2
results
N 250 rps; u t 355.3;
C a 150; rm 0.1697 m
inlet : rt 0.2262m; rr 0.1131m;
Outlet : rt 0.1903m; rr 0.1491m

No. of stages
To =overall = 452.5-288=164.5K
rise over a stage 10-30 K for subsonic
4.5 for transonic
for rise over as stage=25
thus no. of stages =164.5/25 7 stages
- normally To5 is small at first stage
de haller criterion V2/V1 > 0.72
- work factor can be taken as 0.98, 0.93, 0.88 for 1 st,
2nd, 3 rd stage and 0.83 for rest of the stages.

Stage by stage
design;
Consider middle plane
stage 1
for no vane at inlet
u 2rm thus, u m 266 m/s
cpTo uC w
C w 76.9 m / s, 1 0
Cw1 0, C w 2 76.9m / s

Angles
u
tan 1
1 60.64
Ca
u C w2
tan 2
2 51.67
Ca
C w2
tan 2
2 27.14
Ca
thus the deflection in rotor blades
1 2 8.98 o
check de Haller
C / cos 2
v2
cos 1
a
0.79 which is less than 0.72

v1
C a / cos 1
cos 2

pressures poly tropic efficiencies
po3
To 5
assume s
1
p o1
To1
To 3 To1 To 5 308 K
p o 3 1.249
Ca
equation 1 (tan 1 tan 2 )
2u
C w 2 C1
1
0.856
2u

Second stage
To 5 25 K , 0.93
(1) c p To 5 uC a (tan 1 tan 2 )
tan 1 tan 2 0.6756
(a)
Ca
(2)
(tan 1 tan 2 ); take 0.7
2u
tan 1 tan 2 2.488
(b)
solve (a) and (b) 1 57.7 & 2 42.7 0
u
u
tan 1 tan ;
tan 2 tan 2
Ca
Ca
2
1 11.06; 2 41.05

To 3 308 25 333
Po3
Po1
s 25
1
308
3.5
p o 3 1.599 bar
V2
cos 1
de Haller for second stage ;
0.721
V1
cos 2
C3
cos 2
cos 27.15
0.907
C2
cos 1
cos 11.06
stage 3
0.88, T03 25 K , 0.5

Ca
c p To 5 uC a (tan 1 tan 2 );
(tan 1 tan 2 )
2u
solving 1 51.24; 2 28.0

de Haller no. is
cos1 cos 51.24
0.709
cos 2
cos 28
take To5 24 tan 1 tan 2 0.685
thus 1 50.92, 2 28.65; giving de Haller number of 0.718
* performance of 3 rd stage
p o3
0.9 24
333
3.5
1.246
p
o1 3
( p o 3 ) 1.599 1.246 1.992 bar; To3 3 333 24 357 K

From symmetry of the velocity diagram 1 2 28.63
and 2 1 50.92 0.the whirl velocities are given by
C 1 150 tan 28.63 81.9m / s; C 2 150 tan 50.92 184.7 m / s
stages 4 and 5,6
c p To 5 uC a (tan 1 tan 2 )
p o3
Ca
(tan 1 tan 2 )
2u
To5
3
24
1
.
005
10
; tan 1 tan 2
1
0.7267
p o1
To1
0.83 266.6 150
266.6
(tan 1 tan 2 ) 0.5 2
1.7773
150
yielding 1 51.38 0 and 2 27.71( 1 ).
the performance of the three stages can be summerized below :

Stage
1.992
2.447
2.968
357
381
405
1.228
1.213
1.199
po3
2.447
2.968
3.560
To 3
381
405
429
0.521
0.592
Po1
To1
po3
p o1
p o 3 p o1 0.455

Stage 7
At entry to the final stage the pressure and
temperature are 3.56 bar and 429 K. the required
compressor delivery pressure is 4.15*1.01=4.192 bar.
The pressure ratio of the seventh stage is thus given
by
po3
p o1
4.192
1.177
3.56
7
the temperature rise required to give
the pressure ratio can be detrmined from
3 .5
0.90Tos
1.177
1
429
givingTos 22.8 K

the corresponding air angles, assuming 50 per cent
reaction, are then 1=50.98,
2 28.52 ( 1 ) with a satisfactory

de Haller number of 0.717.
0
Design calculations using EES
"Determination of the rotational speed and annulus dimensions"

"Known Information"
To_1=288 [K]; Po_1=101 [kPa]; m_dot=20[kg/s]; U_t=350 [m/s]
$ifnot ParametricTable
Ca_1=150[m/s];r_r/r_t=0.5;cp=1005;R=0.287;Gamma=1.4
$endif
Gamr=Gamma/(Gamma-1)
m_dot=Rho_1*Ca_1*A_1
"mass balance"
A_1=pi*(r_t^2-r_r^2)"relation between Area and eye dimensions"
U_t=2*pi*r_t*N_rps
C_1=Ca_1
T_1=To_1-C_1^2/(2*cp)
P_1/Po_1=(T_1/To_1)^Gamr
Rho_1=P_1/(R*T_1)
$TabStops 0.5 2 in

Determination of the rotational speed and annulus dimensions
Known Information
To 1 = 288
[K]
Po 1 = 101
Ca 1 = 150
[m/s]
rr
rt
Gamr =
1 Ca 1 A1
A1 =
( rt
Ut =
2 r t N rps
P1
Po 1
1 =
To 1
cp
= 20
1005
[kg/s]
R =
U t = 350
0.287
mass balance
2
rr )
Ca 1
T1 =
0.5
m =
C1 =
[kPa]
T1
To 1
P1
R T1
C1
2 cp
Gamr
relation between Area and eye dimensions
[m/s]
1.4

Calculate radii at exit section
Choose (round) rotational speed as 250 rps

N rps
250
Thus calc new value for tip speed

rt 1 =
0.2262
Ut =
2 rt 1 N rps
rm =
0.1697
Known Information
To 1 = 288
P ratio =
[K]
4.15
Assumptions
Etta inf =
Ca 2 =
0.9
Ca 1
Ca 1 = 150
Gamr =
[m/s]

nratio
P ratio
To 2
Etta inf Gam r

Po 2
Po 1
Po 2
To 1
nratio
Po 1
2 Ca 2 A2
A2
2 h rm
C2
Ca 2
T2
P2
Po 2
2
C2
To 2
2 cp
T2
To 2
P2
R T2
rt =
rm +
rr =
rm
h
2
h
2
Gamr
nratio=(n-1)/n=(1/etta inf )/ga
A2 = 0.04398
Ca1 = 150 [m/s]
Ca2 = 150 [m/s]
cp = 1005 [J/kgK]
C2 = 150 [m/s]
Ettainf = 0.9
= 1.4
Gamr = 3.5
h = 0.041 [m]
m = 20 [kg/s]
nratio = 0.3175
Nrps = 250 [rev per sec]
Po1 = 101 [kPa]
Po2 = 419.2
P2 = 384 [kPa]
Pratio = 4.15
R = 0.287 [kJ/kgK]
2 = 3.032
rt1 = 0.2262 [m]
rm = 0.1697 [m]
rr = 0.1491 [m]
rt = 0.1903 [m]
To1 = 288 [K]
To2 = 452.5 [K]
T2 = 441.3 [C]
Ut = 355.3 [m/s]

Calculate number of stages
Known Information
To 1 = 288
P ratio =
[K]
4.15
Po 1 = 101
To outlet
[kPa]
452.5
cp =
1005
= 20
[kg/s]
Assumptions
delT stage
Ca 1 = 150
25
[m/s]
Gamr =
delT ov =
To outlet To 1
N stages
delT ov
delT stage
R =
0.287
1.4
Ca1 = 150 [m/s]
cp = 1005 [J/kgK]
delTov = 164.5
delTstage = 25
Po1 = 101 [kPa]
Pratio = 4.15
R = 0.287 [kJ/kgK] To1 = 288 [K]
= 1.4
Tooutlet = 452.5
Gamr = 3.5
m = 20 [kg/s]
Nstages = 6.58

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