Chapter 4:

Tissue, Organ systems,

and Homeostasis

職能治療系 生物學
2007/11/1 醫學系 黃毓慈老師
A Panoramic View of Eukaryotic Cells
 An idealized animal cell
Centriole
Ribosomes Lysosome Not in most
plant cells
Flagellum
Cytoskeleton

Plasma
membrane

Mitochondrion
Nucleus
( 細胞核 )
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum (ER)
Smooth
endoplasmic
Golgi reticulum (ER)
apparatus
Figure 4.6A
 DNA double helix
Histones
“Beads
on a
string”

 The DNA in a cell is

packed into an Nucleosome

elaborate, multilevel
system of coiling
and folding
Tight helical fiber
Supercoil

Sister
chromatids
Figure 8.4
Centromere
 How DNA Controls the Cell
DNA

1 Synthesis of
 DNA controls the cell mRNA in the
nucleus mRNA

by transferring its
coded information
into RNA Nucleus

Cytoplasm
2 Movement of mRNA
mRNA into
 The information in cytoplasm via
nuclear pore
Ribosome

the RNA is used to

make proteins 3 Synthesis of
protein in the
cytoplasm
Protein
 Biology content
日期 章節 內容
 11/1 4 Animal Structures & Functions
 11/8 5,6 Skeletal System
& Muscular System
 11/15 13,14 Nervous & Sensory System
 11/22 8,9,10 Circulation & Immune System
 11/29 7,11 Digestion & Respiratory System
 12/6 小考
Body
 Cell
 Tissue

 Organ

 Organ systems

 Blood and fluid

 Body
Chapter 4

 4.1 Epithelial cells

 4.2 Connective tissue
 4.3 Muscle tissue
 4.4 Nervous tissue
 4.6 Cell junctions
 4.7 Membrane
 4.8 Organ systems
 4.9 Skin
 4.11 Homeostasis
How Would You Vote, p. 67
4.1 Epithelium ( 表皮細胞 ):
 the body’s covering and linings( 襯裡 )
 Functions: cover body surface: lines internal
cavities and tubes

 Two basic types of epithelium :

-- simple (one layer):
-- stratified (more layers):
 Glands ( 腺 ) develop from epithelium:
-- exocrine glands: through ducts or tubes
-- endocrine glands: no ducts (by bloodstream)
Table 4.1, p. 68
 free surface
of epithelium

simple
squamous
epithelium

basement
membrane
connective
tissue
Fig. 4.1a, p. 69
 cilia

columnar
cells
basement
membrane

TYPE: Simple squamous TYPE: Simple cuboidal

TYPE: Simple columnar
DESCRIPTION: Friction- DESCRIPTION: Single layer
reducing slick, single layer of squarish cells DESCRIPTION: Single layer of tall
of flattened cells cells; free surface may have cilia,
COMMON LOCATIONS: mucus-secreting glandular cells,
COMMON LOCATIONS: Ducts, secretory part of microvilli
Lining of blood and lymph small glands; retina; kidney
vessels, heart; air sacs of tubules; ovaries, testes; COMMON LOCATIONS: Glands,
lungs; peritoneum bronchioles ducts; gut; parts of uterus; small
bronchi
FUNCTION: Diffusion; FUNCTION: Secretion;
filtration; secretion of absorption FUNCTION: Secretion; absorption;
lubricants ciliated types move substances
Fig. 4.2b-d, p. 70
4.2 Connective tissue ( 結締組
織 ):
 Functions: binds, supports, adds strength;
some provide protection or insulation

 Soft connective tissue:

 Specialized connective tissue:
 locations
 functions
 Soft connective tissues:
-- loose: skin
-- Dense, irregular: capsule of organs
-- dense regular: tendons ( 腱 ), ligaments ( 韌
帶)

 Specialized connective tissues:

-- cartilage ( 軟骨 )
-- bone
-- adipose tissue ( 脂肪組織 )
-- blood
Loose connective Dense, irregular Dense, regular
tissue connective tissue connective tissue Cartilage

collagenous ground
collagenous substance
fiber
collagenous fibers with collagen
fibroblast fibers fibers

elastic fiber fibroblast cartilage cell

(chondrocyte)
TYPE: Loose connective TYPE: Dense, irregular TYPE: Dense, regular TYPE: Cartilage
tissue connective tissue connective tissue
DESCRIPTION: Cells
DESCRIPTION: DESCRIPTION: DESCRIPTION: embedded in pliable,
Fibroblasts, other cells, Collagenous fibers, Collagenous fibers in solid matrix
plus fibers loosely fibroblasts, less matrix parallel bundles, long
arranged in semifluid rows of fibroblasts, little COMMON LOCATIONS:
matrix COMMON LOCATIONS: matrix Ends of long bones,
In skin and capsules nose, parts of airways,
COMMON LOCATIONS: around some organs COMMON LOCATIONS: skeleton of embryos
Under the skin and most Tendons, ligaments
epithelia FUNCTION: Support FUNCTION: Support,
FUNCTION: Strength, flexibility, low-friction
FUNCTION: Elasticity, elasticity surface for joint
diffusion movement Fig. 4.2a-d, p. 70
 compact
bone tissue
nucleus
blood vessel
cell bulging
bone cell with fat
(osteocyte) droplet
TYPE: Bone tissue TYPE: Adipose tissue
DESCRIPTION: Collagen fibers, DESCRIPTION: Large, tightly packed
matrix hardened with calcium fat cells occupying most of matrix
COMMON LOCATIONS: Bones of COMMON LOCATIONS: Under skin,
skeleton around heart, kidneys
FUNCTION: Movement, support, FUNCTION: Energy reserves,
protection insulation, padding Fig. 4.2ef, p. 71
Table 4.2, p. 71
white blood cell

platelet

red blood cell

Fig. 4.3, p. 71
Engineering new tissue and
organs
 Tissue replacing
 Stem cells
 Source:
 adult: bone marrow, blood, epidermis of skin,
liposuction
 Fetal: cord blood, 羊水
Impacts, Issues, p. 72
Fig. 4.4d, p. 72
4.3 Muscle tissue:
 Functions: movement of the body and its
parts
 (Fig. 4.4)*
 Locations:
 Functions:
-- skeletal muscle ( 骨骼肌 ):
-- smooth muscle ( 平滑肌 ):
-- cardiac muscle ( 心肌 ):
Muscle cells:
Parallel muscle cells, fascicles ( 肌小束 ),
muscle layer and muscular organs
TYPE: Skeletal muscle

DESCRIPTION: Bundles of cylindrical, long, striated contractile cells;

many mitochondria; often reflex-activated but can be consciously
controlled

LOCATIONS: Partner of skeletal bones, against which it exerts great force

FUNCTION: Locomotion, posture; head, limb movements

TYPE: Smooth muscle

DESCRIPTION: Contractile cells tapered at both ends; not striated

LOCATIONS: Wall of arteries, sphincters, stomach, intestines, urinary

bladder, many other soft internal organs

FUNCTION: Controlled constriction; motility (as in gut); arterial blood flow

TYPE: Cardiac muscle

DESCRIPTION: Unevenly striated, fused-together cylindrical cells that

contract as a unit owing to signals at gap junctions between them

LOCATIONS: Heart wall

FUNCTION: Pump blood forcefully through circulatory system

Fig. 4.4a-c, p. 72
skeletal muscle cardiac muscle

smooth muscle

Fig. 4.4a-c, p. 72
4.4 Nervous tissue:
 Functions: communication between body
parts; coordination, regulation of cell activity
eg. sensory neurons: skin, nose, and eye

 nerve: (Fig. 4.5)

 Nervous cells: branched dendrites ( 樹突 ) and
axon ( 軸突 )
 Neuroglia: astrocytes
-- shuttle nutrients, support, insulation ( 絕緣體 )
Fig. 4.5a, p. 73
Fig. 4.5b, p. 73
Impacts, Issues, p. 73
4.5 Cell junctions:
 Functions: holding tissue together

(Fig. 4.6)*
 Tight junctions:

 Adhering junctions:

 Gap junctions:
cell

basement
membrane

intermediate
filaments

protein
channel
plaques

TIGHT JUNCTION ADHERING JUNCTION GAP JUNCTION Fig. 4.6, p. 74

 4.6 Membrane ( 膜 ):
 Functions: thin, sheetlike covers
(Fig. 4.7)
 Epithelium:

-- mucosa membrane (digestive, respiratory…

-- serous membrane (surface of heart)
-- cutaneous membrane (skin)
 Connective tissue:

-- synovial ( 關節滑液 ) membrane

 mucous serous cutaneous synovial
membrane membrane membrane membrane
(skin)

Fig. 4.7, p. 75
 4.7 Organ systems
 Ecoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
(Fig.4.8, 4.9)*
 Skeletal System and Muscular System

 Blood and Circulation System

 Immune System

 Digestion and Respiratory System

 Nervous System and Sensory System

 Endocrine System and Reproductive Systems

cranial cavity

spinal cavity

thoracic cavity

abdominal cavity

pelvic cavity

Fig. 4.8a, p. 76
 SUPERIOR (of two body parts, the one closer to head)

distal (farthest from trunk or

frontal plane from point of origin of a body
(aqua) part)
midsagittal
plane
(green) proximal (closest to
trunk or to point of
origin of a body part)

ANTERIOR
(at or near front of body)
POSTERIOR
(at or near back of body)

transverse
INFERIOR plane
(of two body parts, (yellow)
the one farthest from head)
Fig. 4.8b, p. 76
Integumentary Nervous Muscular Skeletal Circulatory Endocrine
System System System System System System

Fig. 4.9, p. 77
Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive
System System System System System

Fig. 4.9, p. 77
4.8 The skin:
example of an organ system
 Help body conserve water
 Avoid damage from UV light
 Resistant mechanical stress
 Epidermis: keratinocytes, melanocytes,
langerhans, and granstein cells
 Hairs, oil grands, sweat glands
 melanocyte
smooth muscle
sweat pore
sebaceous gland Langerhans cell
keratinized layer
living layer hair shaft

EPIDERMIS keratinocyte
Granstein cell

DERMIS

HYPODERMIS
adipose cells
nerve fiber
hair follicle
pressure receptor
sweat gland
Fig. 4.10a, p. 78
Impacts, Issues, p. 78
outer
epidermal
layer (all
dead cells)

keratinized
cells being
flattened

rapidly
dividing
cells of
epidermis

dermis
Fig. 4.10b, p. 79
dead, flattened cells
of a shaft of hair
Fig. 4.11, p. 79
Squamous cell carcinoma In-text Fig., p. 79
4.9 Homeostasis( 體內平衡） :
 Functions: to maintain the physical and
chemical characteristics of internal environment
 Extracellular fluid
 Homeostasis requires the interaction of
sensors, integrators and effectors
 Feedback ( 迴饋 ) mechanisms are important
homeostatic control
-- negative control and positive control
 Interstitial
Cell (tissue) fluid Blood

Blood
vessel

Extracellular fluid In-text Fig., p. 80

Stimulus Homeostasis ：

Receptor Integrator Effector

Feedback
Fig. 4.15
 STIMULUS input into the system

receptor integrator effector

(such as (such as (a muscle
nerve ending the brain or or a gland)
in the skin) spinal cord)

RESPONSE to stimulus causes change. The change is “fed back”

to receptor. In negative feedback, the system’s response cancels or
counters the effect of the original stimulus.

Stepped Art
Fig. 4.12, p. 80
dead, flattened skin cells sweat gland pore Fig. 4.13a, p. 81
STIMULUS effectors
After receptors integrator
The hypothalamus, Pituitary gland
overexertion In skin and
on a hot, dry a brain region, & thyroid gland
day, surface elsewhere; trigger
detect the compares input
temperature of widespread
body rises. temperature from the receptors
against the set adjustments in
change. many body
point for the body.
organs.

RESPONSE
Body temperature
falls,receptors
initiate shifts Effectors
in effector These carry out specific responses, including:
output.
Skeletal Smooth muscle in Sweat
muscles in blood vessels glands
chest wall dilates; blood secrete
work to get transporting more,
additional metabolic heat with cooling
oxygen into shunted to skin; effect on
lungs. some heat lost to the brain
surroundings. especially.

Overall slowing of activity results in Stepped Art

less metabolically generated heat.
Fig. 4.13b, p. 81
Fig. 4.14a, p. 82
Fig. 4.14b, p. 82
CHANGE IN SKIN TEMPERATURE CHANGE IN CORE TEMPERATURE

peripheral central thermoreceptors

thermoreceptors in hypothalamus,
in skin abdominal organs, and
elsewhere

hormonal signals from

“thermostat” centers
in hypothalamus

Fig. 4.14b, p. 82
 hormonal signals from
“thermostat” centers in
hypothalamus

motor
neurons

skeletal smooth muscles in

arterioles in skin sweat glands
muscles

voluntary muscle vasoconstriction,

changes in tone, vasodilation sweating
behavior shivering

adjustments adjustments in adjustment in adjustment

in heat gain muscle activity loss or in heat loss
or heat loss (in metabolic conservation of
heat output) metabolic heat

Fig. 4.14c, p. 82
Table 4.3, p. 83
Table 4.4, p. 85
p. 85
Fig. 4.15, p. 86
p. 86
Fig. 4.1, p. 69
Fig. 4.1, p. 69
Fig. 4.2a-d, p. 70
Fig. 4.2ef, p. 71
Fig. 4.3, p. 71
Fig. 4.2b-d, p. 70
Fig. 4.4a-c, p. 72
Fig. 4.6, p. 74
Fig. 4.7, p. 75
Fig. 4.8a, p. 76
Fig. 4.8b, p. 76
Fig. 4.10a, p. 78
Fig. 4.10b, p. 79
Fig. 4.11, p. 79
In-text Fig., p. 80
Fig. 4.12, p. 80
Fig. 4.13b, p. 81
STIMULUS receptors integrator effectors
After
overexertion
on a hot, dry In skin and The hypothalamus, Pituitary gland
day, surface elsewhere; a brain region, & thyroid gland
temperature of detect the compares input trigger widespread
body rises.
temperature from the receptors adjustments in
change. against the set many body organs.
point for the body.

RESPONSE
Body temperature
falls, receptors
initiate shifts Effectors
in effector These carry out specific responses, including:
output.
Skeletal Smooth muscle in Sweat
muscles in blood vessels glands
chest wall dilates; blood secrete
work to get transporting more,
additional metabolic heat with cooling
oxygen into shunted to skin; effect on
lungs. some heat lost to the brain
surroundings. especially.

Overall slowing of activity results in

less metabolically generated heat.
Fig. 4.13b, p. 81
 STIMULUS (input into the system)

receptor integrator effector

(such as a (such as (a muscle

nerve ending the brain or or gland)
in the skin) spinal cord)

RESPONSE to stimulus causes change. The change is “fed back”

to receptor. In negative feedback, the system’s response cancels
or counters the effect of the original stimulus.

Fig. 4.12, p. 80