Chemistry Chapter 1

Chapter 1:
Lets Review:
The Tools of
Quantitative
Chemistry
Jeffrey Mack
California State University,
Sacramento
Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity

Kotz, Treichel, Townsend
Lets Review: The Tools of

Quantitative Chemistry
(revised, CPCC)
Note About Math & Chemistry

Numbers and mathematics are an inherent
and unavoidable part of general chemistry.
Students must possess algebra skills and
the ability to recognize orders of
magnitude quickly with respect to
numerical information to assure success
in this course.
The material presented is considered to
be a prerequisite to this course.
Units of Measure
Science predominantly uses the SI (System
International) system of units, which is similar
to the Metric System.
Units of Measure
The base units are modified by a series of
prefixes.
Temperature Units
Temperature is measured in the Fahrenheit,
Celsius, and the Kelvin temperature scale.
Temperature Conversion
Convert F to C
TC = 5/9 ( TF 32.00 )
Convert C to K
TK = TC + 273.15
Length, Volume, and Mass

In the metric system:
The base unit of length is the meter
1 m 100 cm
1 inch 2.54 cm
The base unit of volume is the liter
1 L 1 dm3
1 L 1000 mL
1 mL 1 cm3
1 L 1.057 quart
The base unit of mass is the gram
Energy Units
Energy is defined as the capacity to do
work. The SI unit for energy is the joule (J).
kg m
1J
2
s
Energy is also measured in calories (cal)

1 cal = 4.184 J
A kcal (kilocalorie) is often written as Cal.
1 Cal = 103 cal
Making Measurements: Precision

The precision of a measurement indicates
how well several determinations of the
same quantity agree.
Making Measurements: Accuracy

Accuracy is the agreement of a
measurement with the accepted, or
true value of the quantity.
Accuracy is reflected by the Experimental
Error,
Error often reported as the Percent Error:
Observed True Value
Percent Error = x 100%
True Value
Making Measurements:
Standard Deviation
The Standard Deviation ( s ) of a series of
measurements is equal to the square root of
the sum of the squares of the deviations from
the mean, divided by one less than the
number of measurements (n 1).
Standard Deviaton
xn x
n 1
Measurements are often reported to the

standard deviation to report the precision of
a measurement.
Mathematics of Chemistry
Exponential or Scientific Notation:
Most often in science, numbers are
expressed in a format that conveys the
order of magnitude.
3285 ft = 3.285 103 ft

0.00215 kg = 2.15 103 kg
Exponential or Scientific Notation
1.23 10
Coefficient or
Mantissa
(this number is 1 and
<10 in scientific notation
Base
Exponent
Exponential
part
Mathematics of Chemistry
Significant figures: The number of digits
represented in a number conveys the
precision of the number or measurement.
A mass measured to 0.1 g is far less precise
than a mass measured to 0.0001 g.
1.1 g
vs. 1.0001 g
(2 sig. fig.
vs.
5 sig. fig)
In order to be successful in this course, you

will need to master the identification and use
of significant figures in measurements and
calculations!
Counting Significant Figures

1. All non zero numbers are significant
2. All zeros between non zero numbers
are significant
3. Leading zeros are NEVER significant.
(Leading zeros are the zeros to the left
of your first non zero number)
4. Trailing zeros are significant ONLY if a
decimal point is part of the number.
(Trailing zeros are the zeros to the right
of your last non zero number).
Determining Significant Figures

Determine
the number
of Sig. Figs.
in the
following
numbers
zeros written
explicitly behind
the decimal are
significant
1256
4 sf
1056007
7 sf
0.000345
3 sf
0.00046909
5 sf
1780
3 sf
770.0
4 sf
0.08040
4 sf
not trapped by a
decimal place.
Rounding Numbers
1. Find the last digit that is to be kept.
2. Check the number immediately to
the right:
If that number is less than 5, then
leave the last digit alone.
If that number is 5 or greater, then
increase the previous digit by one.
Rounding Numbers
Round the following to 2 significant figures:
1056007
1100000
0.000345
0.00035
1780
1800
Sig. Figures in Calculations

Multiplication/Division
The number of significant figures in the answer is
limited by the factor with the smallest number of
significant figures.
Addition/Subtraction
The number of significant figures in the answer is
limited by the least precise number (the number
with its last digit at the highest place value).
NOTE: Counting numbers ( integers ), such as
12 dimes, will never limit the calculation.

Determine the correct number of sig. figs.
in the following calculation, and express the
answer in scientific notation.
from the calculator:
4 sf
2 sf
4 sf
23.50 0.2001 17 = 1996.501749 10 sf
Your calculator knows nothing of sig. fig. !

Determine the correct number of sig. figs. in
the following calculation, and express the
answer in scientific notation.
in sci. notation:
1.996501749 103
Rounding to 2 sf:
2.0 103

Determine the correct number of sig. figs.
in the following calculation:
391 12.6 + 156.1456

To determine the correct decimal to round to, align
the numbers at the decimal place:
391 12.6 +156.1456
391
12.6
+156.1456
no digits here
One must round the calculation to the least precise

decimal place.

391
-12.6
+156.1456
534.5456
one must round to here
(answer from calculator)

round to here (units place)
Answer: 535

Combined Operations: When there are both
addition & subtraction and or multiplication &
division operations, the correct number of sf
is determined by examination of each step.
Example: Complete the following math
mathematical operation and report the value
with the correct # of sig. figs.
(26.05 + 32.1) (0.0032 + 7.7) = ???

Example: Complete the following mathematical
operation and report the value with the correct
# of sig. fig.
(26.05 + 32.1) (0.0032 + 7.7) = ???
(26.05 + 32.1)
(0.0032 + 7.7)
1 determine the correct #
of sf in the numerator (top)
st
2nd determine the correct #

of sf in the denominator
(bottom)
The result will be limited by the least # of sf (division rule)

3 sf
26.05
(26.05 + 32.1)
(0.0032 + 7.7)
+ 32.1
0.0032
+ 7.7
2 sf
58.150
7.7032
The result
may only have
2 sf

Carry all of the digits through the calculation
and round at the end.
(26.05 + 32.1)
(0.0032 + 7.7)
= 7.5488
58.150
3 sig fig
7.7032
2 sig fig
= 7.5
2 sf
Round to here
Problem Solving and

Chemical Arithmetic
Dimensional Analysis:
Dimensional analysis converts one unit to
another by using a conversion factor (CF).
unit (1) conversion factor = unit (2)
The resulting quantity is equivalent to the
original quantity, it differs only by the units.
Problem Solving and

Chemical Arithmetic
Conversion factors come from equalities:
1 m = 100 cm
1m
100 cm
or
100 cm
1m
Problem Solving and

Chemical Arithmetic
Wanted Units
CF =
Given Units
Examples of Conversion Factors

Exact Conversion Factors:
CF in the same system of units,
and
CF determined by definition
1 m 100 cm
1 inch 2.54 cm
1 mile 5280 feet
Use of exact CFs will not affect the
significant figures in a calculation, because
exact CFs contain an infinite number of SFs
Examples of Conversion Factors

Inexact Conversion Factors: CF that
relate quantities in different systems of units
1.000 kg = 2.205 lb
SI units
1 .000 kg
(4 sig. figs.)
2.205 lb
British Std.
or
2.205 lb
1.000 kg
Use of inexact CFs will affect significant figures.
Problem Solving and

Chemical Arithmetic
Problem solving in chemistry requires
critical thinking skills.
Most questions go beyond basic knowledge
and comprehension.
You must first have a plan to solve a
problem before you plug in numbers.
You must evaluate the result to see if it
makes sense. (units, order of magnitude)
You must also practice to become proficient
because...
Chem is try
Problem Solving and

Chemical Arithmetic
Before starting a problem,
devise a Strategy Map.
Map
Use this to collect the
information given to work
your way through the
problem.
Solve the problem using
Dimensional Analysis.
Check to see that you
have the correct units
along the way.
Problem Solving and

Chemical Arithmetic
Most importantly, before you start...
PUT YOUR CALCULATOR DOWN!

Your calculator wont help you until you are
ready to solve the problem based on your
strategy map.
Problem Solving and

Chemical Arithmetic
Example:
Example How many meters are there in 125 miles?
First: Outline of the conversion:

miles ft in cm m
Each arrow indicates the use of a conversion
factor.
Problem Solving and

Chemical Arithmetic
Example:
Second: Setup the problem using

Miles ft in cm m
5280 ft 12 in 2.54 cm 1 m
2
125 miles
=
10 cm
1 in
1 mile 1 ft
Problem Solving and

Chemical Arithmetic
Example:
Third: Check your sf and cancel out units.

miles ft in cm m
5280 /ft 12 /in 2.54 /cm 1 m
125 miles
=
2
/
10 /cm
1/in
1 mile
1 /ft
/
3 sf
exact
exact
exact
exact
Problem Solving and

Chemical Arithmetic
Example:
Fourth: Now use your calculator:

miles ft in cm m
Carry though all digits, round at end
1m
2.54 cm
5280 ft
12 in
/
/
/
125 miles
=
/ 1 mile 1 ft 1 in 102 cm
/
/
/
/
3 sf
exact
2.01168 x 105 m
exact
Round to:
exact
exact
2.01 x 105 (3 sf)
Problem Solving and

Chemical Arithmetic
Example:
Example How many picometers are in 25.4 nm?
How many yards are in 25.4 m?
nm m pm
1m
1 10 pm
4
25.4nm
2.54 10 pm
9
1 10 nm
1m
12
m cm in ft yd
2
10 cm
1in
1ft 1yd
25.4m
27.8 yards
1m
2.54cm 12in 3ft
Problem Solving and

Chemical Arithmetic
Unit conversions: How many grams are
there in 5.67 pounds ?
1 kg 2.205 lb
1 kg 1000 g
lb kg g
1.000 kg
1000 g
5.67 lb x x = 2.57 x 103 g
2.205 lb
1 kg
Problem Solving and

Chemical Arithmetic
Unit conversions: How many cm3 are
there in 25.4 L ?
1 L = 103 mL
1 mL = 1 cm3
L mL cm
3
10 mL 1cm
4
3
25.4 L
2.54 10 cm
1L
1 mL
Problem Solving and

Chemical Arithmetic
Example:
Example How many square feet are in 25.4 cm2 ?
Map out your conversion:

cm2
2
1.00 in
/
25.4 cm
/ 2.54cm
/
2
3 sf
in2
ft2
2
1 ft
= 2.73403 10-2 ft2

12 in
/
exact
Round to:
exact
2.73 10-2 ft2
(3 sf)
Problem Solving and

Chemical Arithmetic
Example:
Example How many cubic feet are in 25.4 cm3 ?

cm3 in3 ft3
3
1.00 in
/
25.4 cm
/ 2.54cm
/
3
3 sf
1 ft
= 8.96993 10-4 ft3

12 in
/
exact
Round to:
exact
8.97 10-4 ft3
(3 sf)
Problem Solving and

Chemical Arithmetic
Example:
Example What volume in cubic feet would 0.851 g
of air occupy if its density is 1.29 g / L ?

g L
cm3 in3
ft3
3
1 L/ 10 cm
1 in
/
/
0.851 g/
1.29g/
1 L/
2.54 cm
/
3
3 sf
3 sf
exact
exact
2
2.33 10 ft
3 sf
1 ft

12 in
/
exact

Chemistry Chapter 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chemistry Chapter 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chemistry Chapter 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 1:

Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity

Lets Review: The Tools of

Note About Math & Chemistry

Length, Volume, and Mass

Energy is also measured in calories (cal)

Making Measurements: Precision

Making Measurements: Accuracy

Measurements are often reported to the

3285 ft = 3.285 103 ft

Exponential or Scientific Notation

In order to be successful in this course, you

Counting Significant Figures

Determining Significant Figures

Sig. Figures in Calculations

Sig. Figures in Calculations

Sig. Figures in Calculations

Sig. Figures in Calculations

Sig. Figures in Calculations

One must round the calculation to the least precise

Sig. Figures in Calculations

one must round to here

(answer from calculator)

Sig. Figures in Calculations

(26.05 + 32.1) (0.0032 + 7.7) = ???

Sig. Figures in Calculations

2nd determine the correct #

The result will be limited by the least # of sf (division rule)

Sig. Figures in Calculations

Sig. Figures in Calculations

Problem Solving and

Problem Solving and

Problem Solving and

Examples of Conversion Factors

Examples of Conversion Factors

Use of inexact CFs will affect significant figures.

Problem Solving and

Problem Solving and

Problem Solving and

PUT YOUR CALCULATOR DOWN!

Problem Solving and

First: Outline of the conversion:

Problem Solving and

Second: Setup the problem using

Problem Solving and

Third: Check your sf and cancel out units.

5280 /ft 12 /in 2.54 /cm 1 m

Problem Solving and

Fourth: Now use your calculator:

2.01 x 105 (3 sf)

Problem Solving and

Problem Solving and

Problem Solving and

Problem Solving and

Map out your conversion:

= 2.73403 10-2 ft2

2.73 10-2 ft2

Problem Solving and

Map out your conversion: