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Characteristics

This document discusses the characteristics of instruments used for measurement and control. It divides characteristics into static and dynamic categories. Static characteristics refer to the comparison between steady output and ideal output when input is constant, and include accuracy, precision, range, linearity, sensitivity, dead zone, threshold, hysteresis, drift, repeatability, and reproducibility. Dynamic characteristics refer to the comparison when input changes, and include speed of response, fidelity, overshoot, and dynamic error.

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66 views

Characteristics

This document discusses the characteristics of instruments used for measurement and control. It divides characteristics into static and dynamic categories. Static characteristics refer to the comparison between steady output and ideal output when input is constant, and include accuracy, precision, range, linearity, sensitivity, dead zone, threshold, hysteresis, drift, repeatability, and reproducibility. Dynamic characteristics refer to the comparison when input changes, and include speed of response, fidelity, overshoot, and dynamic error.

Uploaded by

nkchandru
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Measurement

&
Control
Characteristics
of
Instrument

INSTRUMENTATION CHARACTERISTICS

Shows the performance of instruments to be used.

Divided into two categories: static and dynamic


characteristics.
A)Static characteristics refer to the comparison
between steady output and ideal output when
the input is constant.
B)Dynamic characteristics refer to the comparison
between instrument output and ideal
output when the input changes.

A)Static
Characteristics

STATIC CHARACTERISTICS
1.

ACCURACY
Accuracy is the ability of an
instrument to show the exact reading.
Always related to the extent of the
wrong reading/non accuracy.
Normally shown in percentage of
error which of the full scale reading
percentage.

STATIC CHARACTERISTICS

2. PRECISION

An equipment which is precise is not


necessarily accurate.

Defined as the capability of an


instrument to show the same reading
when used each time (reproducibility of
the instrument).

STATIC CHARACTERISTICS
3. RANGE OF SPAN

Range
The region between the limits within which an
instrument
is designed to operate for measuring,
indicating or recording a physical quantity is called the
range of the instrument.

The range is expressed by stating the lower


and upper values.
Range -100C to 100C

Span
Span represents the algebraic differences
between the upper and lower range values of
the instrument.
An instrument which has a reading range of
100C to 100 C span is 200 C.

4.Linearity

Most instruments are specified to function over a


particular range and the instruments can be said to be
linear when incremental changes in the input and
output are constant over the specified range.

Maximum deviation from linear relation between input and


output.

The output of an instrument has to be linearly proportionate to


the measured quantity.

Normally shown in the form of full scale percentage (% fs).

The graph shows the output reading of an instrument when a


few input readings are entered.

Linearity = maximum deviation from the reading of x and the


straight line.

5.Sensitivity

This is the relationship between a change in the


output reading for a given change of the input.
(This relationship may be linear or non-linear.)
Sensitivity is often known as scale factor or
instrument magnification and an instrument with a
large sensitivity (scale factor) will indicate a large
movement of the indicator for a small input
change.

11

Sensitivity

Most sensitive

Variation of the physical variables

6. DEAD ZONE

Output
Reading

+
Measured
Variables
Dead Space

Defined as the range of input reading when there


is no change in output (unresponsive system).

7.Threshold

If the instrument input is very gradually increased


from zero there will be a minimum value required
to give a detectable output change. This minimum
value defines the threshold of the instrument.

Output

input
14

8.Hysteresis

This is the algebraic difference between the average errors at


corresponding points of measurement when approached from
opposite directions, i.e. increasing as opposed to decreasing
values of the input.

15

9.Drift

Zero drift is variation in the output of an


instrument which is not caused by any
change in the input; it is commonly caused by
internal temperature changes and component
instability.

16

Output

Output

sensitivity drift
zero
drift
input

Output

input
sensitivity drift

zero
drift
input

17

10.Reapatability

It is the ability of the measuring instrument to


give the same value every time the measurement of
given quantity is repeated, under the same conditions

11.RePRODUCIBILITY

Reproducibility is defined as the degree of


closeness by which a given value can be
repeatedly measured.
The reproducibility is specified for a period
of time.
Perfect reproducibility signifies that the
given readings that are taken for an input, do
not vary with time.

B)Dynamic
Characteristics

1.Speed of response

It is defined as the rapidity with which an instrument


responds to a change in the value of the quantity
being measured.

2.Fidelity

Fidelity of an instrumentation system is defined


as the degree of closeness with which the system
indicates or records the signal which is impressed
upon it. It refers to the ability of the system to
reproduce the output in the same form as the input.

3.Overshoot.
Because of mass and inertia, a moving part, i.e.,
the pointer of the instrument does not immediately
come to rest in the final deflected position. The pointer
goes beyond the steady state i.e., it overshoots

4.Dyanamic Error

The difference between the indicated quantity and


the true value of the time varying quantity is the dynamic
error, here static error of the instrument is assumed to be
zero.

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