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Measurement and Sensors - Lecture2

The document discusses the characteristics of measuring instruments. It describes static characteristics such as accuracy, precision, bias, sensitivity, linearity, and resolution. It also discusses dynamic characteristics such as speed of response, fidelity, and lag. Static characteristics apply to instruments measuring unvarying processes, while dynamic characteristics apply to varying processes. The document provides definitions and explanations of each characteristic.

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Atharva Soni
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53 views

Measurement and Sensors - Lecture2

The document discusses the characteristics of measuring instruments. It describes static characteristics such as accuracy, precision, bias, sensitivity, linearity, and resolution. It also discusses dynamic characteristics such as speed of response, fidelity, and lag. Static characteristics apply to instruments measuring unvarying processes, while dynamic characteristics apply to varying processes. The document provides definitions and explanations of each characteristic.

Uploaded by

Atharva Soni
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Measurement and Sensors

Unit 1
Measurement system
CHARACTERISTICS OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
Performance characteristic measure:

• Static Characteristics: Static characteristics of an instrument are


considered for instruments which are used to measure an unvarying
process condition.
(The static characteristics are the value or performance given after the
steady state condition has reached).

• Dynamic Characteristics: Dynamic characteristics of an instrument


are considered for instruments which are used to measure a varying
process condition.
(Performance criteria based upon dynamic relations represent the
dynamic Characteristics).
STATIC CHARACTERISTICS

• 1) Accuracy :
• Accuracy is defined as the degree of closeness with which an instrument
reading approaches to the true value of the quantity being measured. It
determines the closeness to true value of instrument reading.
•
• Accuracy is represented by percentage of full scale reading or in terms of
inaccuracy or in terms of error value.
• Example, Accuracy of temperature measuring instrument might be
specified by ±3ºC. This accuracy means the temperature reading might be
within + or -3ºC deviation from the true value.
STATIC CHARACTERISTICS
2) Precision

• Precision is the degree of repeatability of a series of the


measurement.
• Precision is measures of the degree of closeness of agreement
within a group of measurements, which repeatedly made
under the prescribed condition.
• Precision is used in measurements to describe the stability or
reliability or the reproducibility of results.
STATIC CHARACTERISTICS

3) Bias
• Bias is quantitative term describe difference between the average of
measured readings made on the same instrument and its true value

4) Sensitivity
• Sensitivity is defined as the ratio of change in output signal (response) to
the change in input signal (measurand).
• It is the relationship indicating how much output changes when input
changes.
• f the sensitivity is constant then the system is said to be linear system. If
the sensitivity is variable then the system is said to be non linear system.
STATIC CHARACTERISTICS

4) Linearity
• Linearity of the instrument refers to the output is linearly or directly proportional to
input over the entire range of instrument.

5) Resolution
• Resolution refers to smallest change in the input value that is required to cause an
appreciable change in the output.
• (The smallest increment in input or input change which can be detected by an
instrument)

6) Hysteresis
• Hysteresis is Non-coincidence of loading and unloading curves on output. When input
increases, output also increases and calibration curve drawn. If input decreases from
maximum value and output also decreases but does not follow the same curve, then
there is a residual output when input is zero. This phenomenon is called Hysteresis.
The difference between increasing change and decreasing change of output values is
known as hysteresis error
STATIC CHARACTERISTICS

7) Dead Zone and Dead time


• Dead zone or dead band is defined as the range/region upto which the
instrument does not respond for an input change is called dead zone

• Dead time is the time required by an instrument to begin to respond to


change in input quantity.
(caused due to friction, backlash and hysteresis within the system )

8) Backlash
• Backlash may be defined as the maximum distance or angle through which
any part of the instrument can be moved without causing any motion of
next part of the system
• (cause due to manufacturing errors, lubrication, thermal expansion )
STATIC CHARACTERISTICS

• 9) Drift
• Drift is an undesirable change in output over a period of time that is
unrelated to change in input, for certain operating conditions.
• Drift occurred in instruments due to internal temperature variations,
ageing effects and high stress etc.

• 10) Threshold
• The minimum value of input which is necessary to activate an instrument
to produce an output , is termed its threshold. (Threshold is the minimum
value of the input required to cause the pointer to move from zero
position).
STATIC CHARACTERISTICS

11) Input Impedance


The magnitude of the impedance of element connected across the signal source is
called Input Impedance.
• A low input impedance device connected across the voltage signal source draws more
current and more power from signal source than high input impedance device.

12) Loading Effect


• Loading effect is the incapability of the system to faithfully measure, record or control
the input signal in accurate form.

13) Repeatability
• It is defined as the ability of an instrument to give the same output for repeated
applications of same input value under same environmental condition.

14) Reproducibility
Reproducibility is defined as the ability of an instrument to reproduce the same output
for repeated applications of same input value under different environment
STATIC CHARACTERISTICS
15) Static Error
• The difference between the measured value of quantity and true value (Reference
Value) of quantity is called as Error.
• Error = Measured value - True Value

16) Static Correction


• It is the difference between the true value and the measurement value of the
quantity
• δC= At – Am

17) Scale Range


• It can be defined as the measure of the instrument between the lowest and
highest readings it can measure. A thermometer has a scale from −40°C to 100°C.
Thus the range varies from −40°C to 100°C.

18) Scale Span


• It can be defined as the range interval of an instrument from the minimum to
maximum scale value. In the case of a thermometer, its scale goes from −40°C to
100°C. Thus its span is 140°C.
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS
• The dynamic behaviour of an instrument is determined by applying some
standard form of known and predetermined input and observing the
output . Generally dynamic behaviour is determined by applying following
three types of inputs.

• 1. Step Input: when primary element is subjected to an instantaneous and


finite change in measured variable.
• 2. Linear Input: when primary element subjected to input (measured
variable) changing linearly with time .
• 3. Sinusoidal input: when primary element follows a measured variable,
the magnitude of which changes in accordance with a sinusoidal function
of constant amplitude.
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS
(i) Speed of response
• It is the rapidity with which an instrument responds to changes in the
measured quantity.
(ii) Fidelity
• It is the degree to which an instrument indicates the changes in the measured
variable without dynamic error (faithful reproduction or fidelity of an
instrument is the ability of reproducing an input signal faithfully (truly).
(iii) Lag
• It is the retardation or delay in the response of an instrument to changes in
the measured variable. The measuring lags are two types:
• Retardation type: In this case the response of an instrument begins slowly
after a change in measured variable is occurred.
• Time delay type: In this case the response of an instrument begins after a
dead time, after the application of the input quantity.

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