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    Vertical Distance Measurement: ERE 371: Surveying For Engineers

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    Mohamed
    This document discusses various methods for measuring vertical distance and elevation in surveying. It begins by introducing the concepts of slope distance, horizontal distance, and vertical distance. It then covers traditional and modern methods for determining elevation changes such as taping, barometric leveling, trigonometric leveling, and GPS leveling. It discusses the theory and process of differential leveling including level loops, closures, and adjustments. It also covers related topics like earth curvature, refraction, profile leveling, and leveling notes and plots.

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    Vertical Distance Measurement: ERE 371: Surveying For Engineers

    Uploaded by

    Mohamed
    34 views60 pages
    This document discusses various methods for measuring vertical distance and elevation in surveying. It begins by introducing the concepts of slope distance, horizontal distance, and vertical distance. It then covers traditional and modern methods for determining elevation changes such as taping, barometric leveling, trigonometric leveling, and GPS leveling. It discusses the theory and process of differential leveling including level loops, closures, and adjustments. It also covers related topics like earth curvature, refraction, profile leveling, and leveling notes and plots.

    Original Description:

    Survey

    Original Title

    07 VertDist W

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    This document discusses various methods for measuring vertical distance and elevation in surveying. It begins by introducing the concepts of slope distance, horizontal distance, and vertical distance. It then covers traditional and modern methods for determining elevation changes such as taping, barometric leveling, trigonometric leveling, and GPS leveling. It discusses the theory and process of differential leveling including level loops, closures, and adjustments. It also covers related topics like earth curvature, refraction, profile leveling, and leveling notes and plots.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    34 views60 pages

    Vertical Distance Measurement: ERE 371: Surveying For Engineers

    Uploaded by

    Mohamed
    This document discusses various methods for measuring vertical distance and elevation in surveying. It begins by introducing the concepts of slope distance, horizontal distance, and vertical distance. It then covers traditional and modern methods for determining elevation changes such as taping, barometric leveling, trigonometric leveling, and GPS leveling. It discusses the theory and process of differential leveling including level loops, closures, and adjustments. It also covers related topics like earth curvature, refraction, profile leveling, and leveling notes and plots.

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    Vertical Distance

    Measurement
    ERE 371:
    Surveying for
    Engineers

    Introduction
    Surveying based on measuring two quantities

    Measurement of linear distances

    Slope Distance

    SAB

    Horizontal Distance

    HAB
    A

    Vertical Distance

    VAB

    Introduction
    Vertical distance measurement = leveling
    A

    VAB

    B
    Includes procedures that determine

    Review Ideas and Definitions


    Vertical line
    Level surface (line)
    Horizontal plane (line)
    Vertical datum
    Elevation

    Methods
    Traditional methods to determine elevation changes

    Recent approaches

    Taping
    Process
    Applications
    Modern variations

    Barometric Leveling
    Atmospheric pressure varies inversely with elevation

    Challenges

    Application

    Trigonometric Leveling
    Compute difference in elevation by measuring

    Measurements required

    Application

    Concept of Trigonometric Leveling


    Based on solution of right triangle
    V Ssin or V Htan

    elev C elev A V
    S

    Real Trigonometric Leveling


    Know elevation of A: want to find elevation of B
    As before: V = S sin
    Here hi = AD and r = BC

    elevB = elevA + hi + V - r
    S

    V
    B

    E
    A

    Applying Trigonometric Leveling


    Consider line length
    Short lines (< ~1000 ft)

    Longer lines

    Improving accuracy: reciprocal measurements

    GPS Leveling
    Modern GPS provides 3D location

    Traditional differential leveling considers gravity


    Concern

    Geoid-Ellipsoid Relationship
    Ellipsoid

    Mean Sea Level


    (Geoid)

    Terrain

    Converting Heights
    Conversions between ellipsoid heights and elevations

    Determining geoid height (N)

    Differential Leveling
    Usage

    General concept

    Theory of Leveling

    Rod
    Reading

    A: known
    elevation

    Rod
    Reading

    B: unknown
    elevation

    Additional Ideas and Definitions


    Benchmark (BM)
    Considerations

    Mean Sea Level (MSL)

    Leveling

    Additional Ideas and Definitions


    National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD29)
    First national datum established
    Adjustment of 100,000 km of leveling
    Included long term tidal data defined MSL

    North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88)


    Updated measurements
    Adjustment of 625,000 km of leveling (US, Canada, Mexico)
    Reference surface based on single tide gauge position
    No longer referenced to MSL

    Earth Curvature
    Earth curvature horizontal lines level lines

    Impact

    Earth Curvature
    Horizontal Line

    Level surface
    Vertical line

    Atmospheric Refraction
    Atmospheric refraction horizontal lines level lines

    Impact

    Atmospheric Refraction
    Horizontal Line

    Line of sight
    (refracted)

    Combining Effects
    Horizontal Line

    Refracted Line
    Combined
    effect

    Level surface

    Readings
    Chapter 4: Section 1 14
    Chapter 9: Section 5

    Differential Leveling Equipment


    Fundamentally two types of equipment
    Level
    Graduated rod

    Equipment variation

    Differential Leveling Equipment


    Types of levels
    Hand levels
    Dumpy & Wye levels
    Tilting levels
    Automatic levels

    Digital levels
    Electronic laser levels

    Leveling Instruments
    Dumpy levels
    Automatic levels

    Not Level

    Level

    Leveling Instruments
    Tilting levels

    Before Coincidence

    After Coincidence

    Differential Leveling Equipment


    Rods
    Made of wood, fiberglass or metal
    Graduated in decimal feet or decimal meters

    Types of rods

    Philadelphia rod
    Metric rod
    Digital rod
    Precision rod

    Differential Leveling Measurements


    Establishing horizontal plane
    Measuring vertical distances

    Theory of Leveling

    t
    Backsigh
    BS Rod
    Reading

    A: known
    elevation

    Foresight
    FS Rod
    Reading

    B: unknown
    elevation

    Top View

    Backsight
    A

    Foresight
    B

    Side View
    HI FS = ElevB

    ElevA + BS = HI

    ElevB = ElevA + BS - FS
    BS (+)
    1.037m

    elevA = 103.459m
    A: known
    elevation

    FS (-)
    0.895m

    HI = 104.496m

    elevB = 103.601m

    B: unknown
    Datum: elev = 0.000m elevation

    Operations in Differential Leveling


    Cannot usually determine elevation with one setup

    Establish turning points (TPs) and repeat basic process


    TP characteristics

    Create line of levels

    Differential Leveling Example

    1.055m

    1.451m
    0.927m

    BM A
    (elev.
    134.685m)

    1.295m
    0.713m

    1.835m

    TP1
    TP2

    Differential Leveling Field Book


    Point
    BM A

    BS(+)

    HI

    FS(-)

    1.055m

    Elev.
    134.685m

    135.740m
    TP 1

    0.927m

    1.451m

    134.289m

    1.295m

    133.921m

    1.835m

    132.799m

    135.216m
    TP 2

    0.713m
    134.634m

    Differential Leveling Field Book


    Point
    BM A

    BS(+)
    1.055m

    HI

    FS(-)

    Elev.
    134.685m

    1.451m

    134.289m

    1.295m

    133.921m

    1.835m

    132.799m

    0.917m

    133.638m

    0.841m

    134.330m

    1.027m

    134.687m

    135.740m
    TP 1

    0.927m
    135.216m

    TP 2

    0.713m
    134.634m

    1.756m
    134.555m

    TP 3

    1.533m
    135.171m

    TP 4

    1.384m
    135.714m

    BM A

    Closure
    General concept

    Level loop closure

    Methods: end on

    Level Loop Closure


    Compute closure based on endpoint
    Define allowable closure

    Compare field closure to allowable closure

    Differential Leveling Field Book


    Point
    BM A

    BS(+)
    1.055m

    HI

    FS(-)

    Elev.
    134.685m

    1.451m

    134.289m

    1.295m

    133.921m

    1.835m

    132.799m

    0.917m

    133.638m

    0.841m

    134.330m

    1.022m

    134.692m

    135.740m
    TP 1

    0.927m
    135.216m

    TP 2

    0.713m
    134.634m

    1.756m
    134.555m

    TP 3

    1.533m
    135.171m

    TP 4

    1.384m
    135.714m

    BM A

    Loop Closure = 134.692m 134.685 m = 0.007m

    Allowable closure = 6 mm 6 = 14.6 mm acceptable

    Page Checks
    Leveling notes lots of arithmetic

    For each page of notes

    Page checks only show arithmetic mistakes

    Page Check
    Point
    BM A

    BS(+)
    1.055m

    HI

    FS(-)

    Elev.
    134.685m

    1.451m

    134.289m

    1.295m

    133.921m

    1.835m

    132.799m

    0.917m

    133.638m

    0.841m

    134.330m

    1.022m
    7.361m

    134.692m

    135.740m
    TP 1

    0.927m
    135.216m

    TP 2

    0.713m
    134.634m

    1.756m
    134.555m

    TP 3

    1.533m
    135.171m

    TP 4

    1.384m
    135.714m

    BM A
    Sum

    7.368m

    BS FS = 7.368m 7.361m = 0.007m

    ElevBottom ElevTop = 134.692m 134.685m = 0.007m

    Differential Leveling Errors & Mistakes


    Instrumental errors

    Personal errors

    Natural errors

    Mistakes

    Earth Curvature and Refraction


    Horizontal Line

    Refracted Line
    Combined
    effect

    Level surface

    Line of Sight Error


    Issue
    Impact

    Solution

    Collimation Error Two Peg Test


    Line of sight
    Horizontal

    Line of sight
    Horizontal

    Balancing Foresights & Backsights


    Issue

    Solution

    In practice

    Balancing FSs and BSs

    Line of sight
    Horizontal

    Differential Leveling Errors


    Procedures to mitigate errors and mistakes

    Level Loop Adjustment


    Purpose of adjustment

    Methods for adjusting based on:

    Level Loop Adjustment

    Point
    BM A

    Elev.
    134.685m

    Correction

    Corrected Elev.
    134.685m

    TP 1

    134.289m

    -0.001 m

    134.288m

    TP 2

    133.921m

    -0.002 m

    133.919m

    132.799m

    -0.004 m

    132.795m

    TP 3

    133.638m

    -0.005 m

    133.633m

    TP 4

    134.330m

    -0.006 m

    134.324m

    BM A

    134.692m

    -0.007 m

    134.685m

    Computed closure = 0.007m


    6 setups increments of 0.007m/6 = -0.0012m

    Profile Leveling
    Process

    Variation of differential leveling


    Issues

    Profile Leveling
    TP 3

    TP 1
    0+00

    TP 2

    BM 1

    Turning points

    Backsight/Foresight

    Instrument location

    Intermediate sight

    Benchmark

    Profile Notes and Plots


    Notes

    Profile plots

    Cross-section leveling very similar

    Profile Leveling Notes


    Station
    BM 1

    BS(+)

    HI

    FS(-)

    IS

    4.18

    0+00

    Elev.
    895.06

    5.1

    894.1

    1+00

    3.2

    896.0

    1+43.52

    2.0

    897.2

    TP 1

    899.24

    2.25

    3+00
    TP 2
    4+26.89

    3.31
    898.18

    4.37

    4.1
    10.13

    892.42

    5+00
    TP 3

    895.93

    3.18

    894.1
    888.05

    6.6

    885.8

    4.3

    888.1
    889.24

    Profile Leveling
    900
    898
    896
    894
    Vertical 892
    Distance 890
    (Elevation)
    888
    886
    884
    882
    880
    0+00
    6+00

    1+00

    2+00

    3+00

    4+00

    Horizontal Distance (Stations)

    5+00

    Readings
    Chapter 4: Section 15.5
    Chapter 5: Sections 1 6, 9 14

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