Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 832 views

    Filtration

    Uploaded by

    Salman Cn
    Filtration is a process that separates solids from liquids by passing a suspension through a permeable medium that retains the particles. During filtration, a pressure drop is applied across the filter medium to drive fluid flow through small holes or pores that retain large solid particles in a filter cake, while passing clear filtrate. As time passes, the filtrate flow rate diminishes or the pressure drop rises due to increasing resistance from the building filter cake or clogged medium. Filtration is commonly used to clarify juices, extracts, oils, beverages, and more by removing solid particles. Key factors that affect the filtration process include the filter design, operating pressure, particle properties, and fluid properties.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Filtration

    Uploaded by

    Salman Cn
    832 views19 pages
    Filtration is a process that separates solids from liquids by passing a suspension through a permeable medium that retains the particles. During filtration, a pressure drop is applied across the filter medium to drive fluid flow through small holes or pores that retain large solid particles in a filter cake, while passing clear filtrate. As time passes, the filtrate flow rate diminishes or the pressure drop rises due to increasing resistance from the building filter cake or clogged medium. Filtration is commonly used to clarify juices, extracts, oils, beverages, and more by removing solid particles. Key factors that affect the filtration process include the filter design, operating pressure, particle properties, and fluid properties.

    Original Description:

    separation

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Filtration is a process that separates solids from liquids by passing a suspension through a permeable medium that retains the particles. During filtration, a pressure drop is applied across the filter medium to drive fluid flow through small holes or pores that retain large solid particles in a filter cake, while passing clear filtrate. As time passes, the filtrate flow rate diminishes or the pressure drop rises due to increasing resistance from the building filter cake or clogged medium. Filtration is commonly used to clarify juices, extracts, oils, beverages, and more by removing solid particles. Key factors that affect the filtration process include the filter design, operating pressure, particle properties, and fluid properties.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    832 views19 pages

    Filtration

    Uploaded by

    Salman Cn
    Filtration is a process that separates solids from liquids by passing a suspension through a permeable medium that retains the particles. During filtration, a pressure drop is applied across the filter medium to drive fluid flow through small holes or pores that retain large solid particles in a filter cake, while passing clear filtrate. As time passes, the filtrate flow rate diminishes or the pressure drop rises due to increasing resistance from the building filter cake or clogged medium. Filtration is commonly used to clarify juices, extracts, oils, beverages, and more by removing solid particles. Key factors that affect the filtration process include the filter design, operating pressure, particle properties, and fluid properties.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 19
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    The key takeaways are that filtration is a process used to separate solids from liquids by passing a suspension through a permeable medium. The driving force is a pressure difference applied across the filter medium and cake layer, with the filtrate passing through and the solid particles being retained.

    The main types of filtration equipment discussed are filter funnel, filter press, leaf pressure filter, vacuum leaf filter, horizontal continuous filter, and rotary drum filter. These can operate in either batch or continuous mode.

    The factors affecting the filtration rate include the specific cake resistance, filter area, viscosity of the filtrate, dry mass of cake deposited per unit volume of filtrate, total pressure drop across the filter medium and cake layer, and resistance of the filter medium.

    FILTRATION

    Separation of solids from liquids by passing a suspension through a


    permeable medium which retains the particles
    Filter cake

    Slurry
    flow

    Filter medium

    Filtrate

    a pressure drop has to be applied across the medium (screen/cloth)


    fluid flow through small holes of a screen/cloth

    retains the large solid particles as a separate phase (porous cake)


    passes the clear filtrate
    porous filter cake acts as a filter for the suspended particles
    flow resistance increases as filter medium becomes clogged or cake builds
    up
    FKKKSA

    FILTRATION

    The valuable product may be:


    - the clear filtrate from the filtration or
    - the solid cake ( solid particles build up)

    essentially a mechanical operation


    less demanding in energy than evaporation or drying
    Used to remove solid particles from or to :
    1) Clarify juices
    2) Extracts
    3) Vegetable and fish oils.
    4) Fermented beverages.
    5) Recirculated cooking oil
    6) Flume water, milk, and soy milk.
    7) Separate potato starch from potato fruit water,
    8) High-melting fats from vegetable oils in fractionation processes.
    9) Crystals from mother liquors.
    10) Chemically precipitated impurities.
    FKKKSA

    FILTRATION
    As time passes during filtration, either
    - the filtrate flow rate diminishes or
    - pressure drop rises

    Constant-pressure filtration
    - pressure drop is held constant
    - flow rate allowed to fall with time
    Constant -rate filtration (less common)
    - pressure drop is progressively increased
    Liquid passes through 2 resistance in series:
    - cake resistance (zero at start & increases with time)
    - filter medium resistance (impt. during early stages of filtration)
    during washing, both resistances are constant, and filter medium resistance is
    usually negligible
    FKKKSA

    BASIC THEORY OF FILTRATION


    Rate of filtration = driving force/resistance

    dV pA

    dt
    cSV

    Rm
    A

    where

    L = thickness of cake (m)


    p = total pressure drop = pcake + pfilter medium (N/m2)
    A = filter cross section area (m2)
    = specific cake resistance (m/kg)
    = viscocity of filtrate ( Pa.s)
    cs = dry mass of cake deposited per unit volume of filtrate (kg
    solids/m3 filtrate)
    V = volume of filtrate (m3)
    Rm = resistance of filter medium to filtrate flow (m -1)
    FKKKSA

    CONSTANT PRESSURE FILTRATION (BATCH)


    dt cs V R K V B

    m
    p
    dV A 2 p
    A
    p

    K pV 2
    t
    BV
    2
    cs
    K p
    A 2 p

    B Rm
    A p

    Slope = Kp/2

    Time of filtration:

    where

    t/V (s/m3)
    Intercept = B

    Filtration volume , V (m3)

    Determination of constants in a constant-pressure filtration


    run
    2

    p
    = total pressure drop = pcake + pfilter (N/m )
    A = filter cross section area (m2)

    = specific cake resistance (m/kg)


    = viscocity of filtrate ( Pa.s)
    cs = dry mass of cake deposited per unit volume of filtrate (kg solids/m 3 filtrate)
    V = volume of filtrate (m3)
    Rm = resistance of filter medium to filtrate flow (m -1)
    FKKKSA

    CONSTANT PRESSURE FILTRATION (BATCH)


    Example 14.2-1
    Data for the laboratory filtration of CaCO3 slurry in water at 298.2 K are reported as
    follows at a constant pressure (-p) of 338 kN/m2. The filter area of the plate and frame
    press was A=0.0439 m2 and the slurry concentration was cs=23.47 kg/m3. Calculate the
    constant and Rm from the experimental data given, where t is time in s and V is
    filtrate volume collected in m3.

    Example 14.2-2
    The same slurry used in Example 14.2-1 is to be filtered in a plate-and-frame press
    having 20 frames and 0.873 m2 area per frame. The same pressure will be used in
    constant pressure filtration. Assuming the same filter-cake properties and filter cloth,
    calculate the time to recover 3.37 m3 filtrate

    FKKKSA

    EXAMPLE 14.2-1 CONSTANT PRESSURE FILTRATION


    = ? m/kg
    Rm = ?m-1

    CaCO3 slurry in water at 298.2K (25oC)


    A = 0.0439 m2
    cs = 23.47 kg solids/m3 filtrate
    -P = 338 kN/m2
    Solution:
    Given:

    BV
    2
    t Kp

    V B
    V
    2

    Kp/2 = 3.00 x 106 s/m6


    B =6400 s/m3
    FKKKSA

    K pV 2

    EXAMPLE 14.2-1 CONSTANT PRESSURE FILTRATION


    = ? m/kg
    Rm = ?m-1

    CaCO3 slurry in water at 298.2K (25oC)


    A = 0.0439 m2
    cs = 23.47 kg solids/m3 filtrate
    -P = 338 kN/m2
    Solution:
    Kp/2 = 3.00 x 10 s/m
    6

    B =6400 s/m

    R
    Ap m

    Kp = 6.00 x 10 s/m

    From Appendix A.2-4: = 8.937 x 10-4 Pa.s


    Substituting
    all the known values,
    Rm = 10.63 x 1010m-1
    = 1.863 x 1011 m/kg

    FKKKSA

    cs
    A 2 p

    EXAMPLE 14.2-2 CONSTANT PRESSURE FILTRATION


    CaCO3 slurry in water at 298.2K (25oC)
    A = 0.0439 m2
    cs = 23.47 kg solids/m3 filtrate
    -P = 338 kN/m2
    Plate-and-frame press having 20 frames (0.873 m 2 per frame)
    Time to recover 3.37 m3 filtrate = ?
    Solution:
    cs
    Kp = 6.00 x 10 s/m
    A 2 p
    R
    3
    B =6400 s/m Ap m
    6

    -4
    From Appendix A.2-4:

    =
    8.937
    x
    10
    Pa.s

    2
    Substituting
    all the known values plus the new area ( 20 x 0.873 = 17.46 m ),
    Kp = 37.93 s/m6

    B = 16.10 s/m3
    K pV 2
    37.93(3.37)2
    t
    BV
    16.1(3.37) 269.7s
    2
    2
    FKKKSA

    CONSTANT PRESSURE FILTRATION (BATCH)


    Washing of filter cake:

    dV

    dt

    Leaf filter:

    Plate-&-frame filter:
    Time of washing:

    K pV f B

    dV 1
    1
    dt f 4 K pV f B

    t washingliquid
    rateofwashing

    where

    dV
    3
    =
    rate
    of
    washing
    (m
    /s)
    dt

    Total cycle filter time = filtration time + washing time + cleaning time
    Cleaning time - remove the cake, clean the filter, and reassemble the filter
    Vf= total volume of filtrate for entire period at the end of filtration (m 3)
    FKKKSA

    CONSTANT PRESSURE FILTRATION (BATCH)


    Example 14.2-3
    At the end of the filtration cycle in previous example, a total filtrate volume of 3.37 m 3
    is collected in a total time of 269.7 s. The cake is to be washed by through-washing in
    the plate-and-frame press using a volume of wash water equal to 10% of the filtrate
    volume. Calculate the time of washing and the total filter cycle time if cleaning the
    filter takes 20 min

    FKKKSA

    EXAMPLE 14.2-3 CONSTANT PRESSURE FILTRATION


    filtrationtime 269.7s

    V = 3.37 m3 filtrate
    Washing liquid = 10% filtrate volume m 3 = 0.337 m3

    Time washing = ?
    Total filter cycle = ?
    Cleaning time = 20 min
    Solution:

    Kp = 37.93 s/m6
    B = 16.10 s/m3

    dV
    1
    1
    rate of washing (m3/s)= dt 4 K V B
    p f
    f
    dV

    dt

    1
    1

    1.737x103 m 3 /s

    f 4 37.93(3.37)16.1

    0.337 194s
    Time of washing, t washingliquid
    rateofwashing 1.737x103

    Total cycle filter time = filtration time + washing time + cleaning time

    Substituting all the known values ,


    Total cycle filter time = 269.7s + 194s + (20 x 60)s = 1663.7 s =27.73 min
    FKKKSA

    CONSTANT PRESSURE FILTRATION (BATCH)

    Plate and frame press (batch)

    FKKKSA

    CONSTANT PRESSURE FILTRATION( CONTINUOUS)


    Feed, filtrate & cake move at steady constant rates
    Filter medium resistance = negligible i.e. B = 0
    Time required for formation of cake:

    Flowrate of filtrate:

    where

    2
    V
    t Kp
    2

    V W c X
    tc
    c
    S

    tC= total cycle time


    W = massflowrate of slurry (kg/s)
    cX= slurry concentration in mass fraction
    cs = dry mass of cake deposited per unit volume of filtrate

    c X
    1mc X

    = density of filtrate (kg/m3)


    m = mass ratio of wet cake to dry cake (kg wet cake/kg dry cake)

    FKKKSA

    CONSTANT PRESSURE FILTRATION( CONTINUOUS)


    Filter medium resistance = negligible i.e. B = 0
    Flowrate of filtrate per filter area:
    1/ 2

    2
    f
    p

    V
    Atc tc cs

    where

    f = fraction of the cycle used for cake formation

    In the rotary drum:


    f = the fraction of submergence of the drum surface in the slurry

    t ftC f

    where

    n = drum speed

    Short cycle times and/or the filter medium resistance large:

    t ftC K p
    FKKKSA

    V2
    2

    BV

    V
    Atc

    1/ 2

    Rm /t c R /t 2c s p f /t c

    2
    m

    2
    c

    c s

    FILTRATION IN A CONTINUOUS ROTARY DRUM FILTER


    Example 14.2-4
    A rotary drum filter having a 33 % submergence of the drum in the slurry is to be used
    to filter aqueous CaCO3 slurry as given in Example 14.2-1 using a pressure drop of 67
    kPa. The solids concentration in the slurry is 0.191 kg solid/kg slurry and the filter cake
    is such that the kg wet cake/kg dry cake = 2. The density and viscosity of the filtrate
    can be assumed as those of water at 298.2 K. Calculate the filter area needed to filter
    0.778 kg slurry/s. The filter cycle time is 250 s. The specific cake resistance can be
    9
    0.3
    represented (4.37x10 )P .

    FKKKSA

    CONSTANT RATE FILTRATION


    Early stages of filtration - resistance of cake = negligible
    Slurry fed to the filter by a positive-displacement pump
    For a constant rate (dV/dt) in m3/s:

    cs dV Rm dV
    V
    p
    KV V C
    -p(N/m )
    2
    A dt A dt

    Slope = KV

    where

    Intercept = C

    KV is in N/m5
    C is in N/m2

    Cake is incompressible:

    Filtration volume , V (m3)


    Determination of constants in a constant-rate filtration run

    Pressure as cake thickness & volume of filtrate


    Total volume V:

    V t dV
    dt

    Hence:

    FKKKSA

    c s dV 2 Rm dV
    t
    p

    A dt A dt

    CONSTANT RATE FILTRATION

    Example
    A plate-and-frame press filter is used to filtrate an aqueous suspension.
    Working under constant filtration velocity, 250 l of filtrate are obtained
    after 45 min. During this period, the pressure drop increases from 39 200
    Pa to 343 000 Pa. If it were desired to work at a constant pressure of 343
    000 Pa, what amount of filtrate would be obtained after 45 min?

    FKKKSA

    FILTRATION EQUIPMENTS
    Cake accumulation and removal in batch mode
    Filter funnel
    Filter press
    Leaf pressure filter
    Vacuum leaf filter
    Continuous cake accumulation and removal
    Horizontal continuous filter
    Rotary drum filter

    FKKKSA

    You might also like

    pFad - Phonifier reborn

    Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

    Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


    Alternative Proxies:

    Alternative Proxy

    pFad Proxy

    pFad v3 Proxy

    pFad v4 Proxy