H.

P
River map

KINNAU
R
(satluj
river
route).

Contents-

1.
2.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

River map and layout of kinnaur

Introduction of the district with an overview around Satluj river.
History
Climate
Geography
Population rate/growth/density
Literacy rate
Flora and fauna
Culture/tradition/occupation
Means of Transportation around Sutlej river.

3.
.
.

Housing pattern of villages around Sutlej river.

Plans/elevation/section.
Construction styles/techniques
-Foundation, Wall cons. Roof cons. Materials used ,Flooring, site plan
Temple
Construction styles/techniques
-Foundation, Wall cons. Roof cons. Materials used ,Flooring, site plan
Monastery
-Foundation, Wall cons. Roof cons. Materials used ,Flooring, site plan

.
.
.

 Kinnaur ,

surrounded by the Tibet

to the east, is in the northeast corner
of Himachal Pradesh, about 235km
(146mi) from the state capital,
Shimla. It has three high mountains
ranges, namely,Zanskar,Himalayas
andDhauldharthat enclose valleys
of Sutlej,Spiti,Baspaand their
tributaries.
The slopes are covered with thick
wood, orchards, fields and
picturesque hamlets. The much
religious Shivling lies at the peak of
Kinnaur Kailash mountain.
The district was opened for the
outsiders in 1889. The oldHindustan
-Tibet Roadpasses through the
Kinnaur valley along the bank of river
Sutlejand finally enters Tibet at
Shipki Lapass.

 Climate
Hindustan-Tibet Highway in Kinnaur
Most of Kinnaur enjoys a temperate climate due to its
high elevation, with long winters from October to May,
and short summers from June to September. The lower
parts of the Sutlej Valley and the Baspa Valley receive
monsoon rains. The upper areas of the valleys fall
mainly in the rain-shadow area. These areas are
considered to be arid regions, similar to the climate of
Tibet. Central Asian landscape are common.

A mountainous area, ranging in altitude from

2,320 to 6,816 metres (7,612 to 22,362ft),
Kinnaur is one of the smallest districts inIndiaby
population. It is famous for theKinnaur Kailash, a
mountain sacred toHindus, close to theTibetan
border.

Kinnaur District : Census 2011 data

Kinnaur District Population 2011
In 2011, Kinnaur had population of
84,121 of which male and female were
46,249 and 37,872 respectively. In
2001 census, Kinnaur had a population
of 78,334 of which males were 42,173
and remaining 36,161 were females.
Kinnaur District population constituted
1.23 percent of total Maharashtra
population. In 2001 census, this figure
for Kinnaur District was at 1.29 percent
of Maharashtra population.

Kinnaur District Population Growth

Rate
There was change of 7.39 percent in
the population compared to population
as per 2001. In the previous census of
India 2001, Kinnaur District recorded
increase of 9.91 percent to its
population compared to 1991.
Kinnaur District Density 2011
The initial provisional data released by
census India 2011, shows that density
of Kinnaur district for 2011 is 13 people
per sq. km. In 2001, Kinnaur district
density was at 12 people per sq. km.
Kinnaur district administers 6,401
square kilometers of areas.

Kinnaur Literacy Rate 2011

Average literacy rate of Kinnaur
in 2011 were 80.00 compared
to 75.20 of 2001.
If things are looked out at
gender wise, male and female
literacy were 87.27 and 70.96
respectively. F
or 2001 census, same figures
stood at 84.30 and 64.40 in
Kinnaur District.
Total literate in Kinnaur District
were 60,699 of which male and
female were 36,697 and
24,002 respectively.
In 2001, Kinnaur District had
51,913 in its district.

 SatlujThis is the principal river of Kinnaur almost dividing the district into two parts.
It runs within the Himalayan mountains for about 450 kilometers and the first part of its course is westnorth-west.
When it enters Kinnaur, it generally takes south-westerly direction. Within the District the length is
about 130 km. Its source is supposed to be at a great elevation on the southern face of the Kailash
range whence it flows into the sacred lake Rawan Hard.
As far as the village of Khab it is almost a razing torrent. At Khab it receives the Spiti river where the
bed of stream is still above 2,589 m high from the mean sea level.
The Satluj descends from about 3,050 m (the point of its entrance in the district), to 1,220 m at Chaura
flowing almost the whole way between narrow cliffs and therefore, there is no open ground worth
describing all along its bank.
The water of the river is more or less discoloured.Cultivated fields in terraces are generally at
considerable height from its banks and thus immune from the turbidity of water which largest in June,
July and August.
The average discharge is about 2,000 cusecs during the winter and 100,000 cusec during June-July.
The tributaries of the Satluj in this district are the Spiti, the Ropa, the Taiti, the Kashang, the Mulgoon,
the Yula, the Wanger, the Shorang and the Rupi on the right bank and the Tirung, the Gyanthing, the
Baspa, the Duling and the Solding running on the left bank.

Flora and fauna

Portions of Kinnaur are situated high

in theHimalaya, where vegetation is
sparse and consists primarily of
hardy grasses. Alpine species such
asjuniper,pine,fir,cypress, and
rhododendroncan be found at
elevations between 3,500 and 5,000
metres, primarily in Middle Kinnaur.
At lower altitudes, temperateclimate trees are found, including
oak,chestnut,maple,birch,alder,
magnolia,apple, andapricot.
Yaksanddzosare reared by local
farmers in the higher areas.
Scattered populations of the
Himalayan black bear and small
poniesmay also be found.

Apricot Flower locally know as

"chull".Locally it is famous for OIL
that is extracted from its seeds,the
famous dish of "Chull Fanting" and
wine made from its fruit.

Bharam Kamal :
Locally called
"Dongur".Its grows
at a height of 4500
M.

Royal apples

Buckwheat: Locally
called Oolga/Gashang
and is used to make
dosa like pan cakes. It
not a cereal and
therefore it take as a
substitute to food
during the fasting in
Northern India. In North
India its called "Kuttu"

Sheep being the local

animal is one of the
source of their income

Kinnauri Himalyan Goat

The People
The present day the Kinnauras do not constitute a homogenous group and display significant
territorial and ethnic diversity. For a better understanding of ethnic and cultural distribution, the
Kinnaur District may be classified into three territorial units.
Lower Kinnaur comprise area between Chora at the boundary of the Kinnaur District with
Rampur Bushahr and Kalpa including Nichar and Sangla valleys. The people of Lower Kinnaur are
primarily of the Mediterranean physical type. It is difficult to distinguish them from the people
residing in the adjoining Shimla District with whom they have some affinity. The people of lower
Kinnaur are mostly Hindus though the ethno-historical factors have resulted in some Buddhist
influence.
The middle Kinnaur is the area between Kalpa and Kanam including Moorang tehsil The people
of middle Kinnaur are of mixed racial strain. Some have marked Mongoloid and others marked
Mediterranean features. In some cases there is an admixture of the above two in varying
degrees. The inhabitants are Buddhist as well as Hindus. Many people have faith in both the
religions. The upper Kinnaur comprises of remaining north-eastern part of the district i.e. the
area between Pooh and Hangrang valley extending upto international border with
Tibet.

Culture
The Kinnauris have a strong culture and follow a unique blend of Buddhism and Hinduism. It is believed
that the Pandavas came and resided in this land while in the exile. In ancient mythology, the people of
Kinnaur are known as Kinners, the halfway between men and gods. Thousand year old monasteries still
exist in this area. Each village temple has its own deities whom the people of the village communicate with
and several decisions in dayto day life of the villagers are taken with their consent.

The people of district dress mostly woolen clothes. There clothing is well suited to the climate and is
artistic too in its own distinctive way.
Head dress: of men and women is a round woolen cap called thepang in the local dialect. It is generally of
light grey or of white colour with a colour velvet band on the outer fold. Band of green colour is most liked.
Crimson blue, yellow etc. may also be worn.
Men wear woolen shirts called chamn Kurti made of woolen cloth and tailored in the village. Another type
of dress which the men wear is Chhuba. It is long woolen coat somewhat resembling an Achkan. A
sleeveless woolen jacket worn outside the Chhuba. Men wear woolen churidhar pajama.

Women wrap up a woolen shawl like garment called dohru. The first wrap of dohru is on the back with
embridered border displayed throughout its length up to the heels. Darker shades of colours are preferred
for dohru. Besides beautiful coloured shawls are also worn by them over their shoulders. Choli a sort of full
sleeves blouse is worn by the women. Some of them have decorative lining also. However, now a days
wearing of cotton/synthetic salwar, kameez, pants and shirts have become popular among the young
Kinnauras

In kinnauras The Green Cap is the

identity of being Kinnauri, all most
all the men and women belonging to
Kinnaur wears the Green Cap. There
is special and expensive dress which
Kinnauri women wears in all the
functions. This dress includes the
tradional ornaments and jewellery
and woolen shawls as seen in the
image below, except this the
garlands of flowers and dry fruits
(mainly chilgoja and almonds) are
also presented to the guests.

Welcoming guest

Kinnauri bride

Lifestyle
Generally, Kinner houses have storerooms for
keeping grain anddried fruits, and separate
wooden grain-storage structures,
calledkathar.Pakpa, a piece of sheepskin or
yakskin, is often placed on the khayarcha mat.
Traditionally Kinners use utensils made of brass
and bronze. Modern influences have included the
introduction of Chinese crockery, and utensils
made of stainless steel and aluminium.
Clothes are mainly of wool. Thethepang, a grey
woollen cap, is worn with a white velvet band.
The Tibetanchhuba, a long woollen coat which
resembles anachkan, is worn as well, with a
sleeveless woollen jacket. While men wear
woollenchuridharpajamas, and tailored woollen
shirts such as thechamn kurti, the women wrap
themselves up in adohru.
The Kinners are classified mainly into two
castes: lower and upper caste. Again both of
these categories are divided into sub classes. The
caste system is more prevalent in the Lower and
Middle Kinnaur regions.

Farm worker wearing traditional

Kinnaur cap with bright green flap.

Languages
Both regional as well as social difference have influence on the linguistic
climate of the region. A typical village is a mixture of Rajput,
Blacksmiths and Carpenters, and all three speaks separate languages.
The regional difference in language is spectacular - out of the total nine
languages spoken in the district, six are regional differences and two
are social varieties.
Seven out of nine languages belong toTibeto-Burmanlanguage family
whereas the two caste languages belong toIndo-Aryanlanguage family.
All of these languages are predominantly used in the communication at
home. It is quite common to hear the people speaking in their own
language even inReckong Peo, the district headquarters.

Transportation through trolly

where buses and other vehicles
cant move

HOUSING PATTERN
The housing pattern of upper Kinnaur is
different from that of lower Kinnaur.
In the lower Kinnaur the houses are two
storeyed and built of stone and wood.
These are either slated roofs or having
flat roofs made of layers of bhojpatra
(tree bark) covered with earth. The door
are often folding and open inwards.
In upper Kinnaur the houses are usually
built of stone. These are flat roofed and
covered with earth. They are ill-built on
account of the scarcity of wood. The
houses are two storeyed and doors are
small. The ground floor is used as cattle
shed and upper storey for living
purposes. The size and plinth area of the
house depends upon the site available
for construction. The houses are white
washed in lower as well as upper
Kinnaur. Besides these traditional

Conical top

Gable roof
Roof Pent

roof
Wooden support
Rised plinth

Outer Staircase for the first

floor

Wooden log

An old 3 story House in

Kinnaur
Mud wall
the house frame is made
of huge wooden logs, &
stone formation,know as
"Kath-Kuni" .The walls are
plastered with clay (locally
called SHA-KAAM) mixed
with cow dung, and the
empty space trapped
between the wall act as
insulator , keeping the
house cozy in winters and
preventing from being hot
in summers.
Their roofs are made of
special type of Stone slate
and can bear any kind of
weather condition!
Such homes lasts for
centuries.
Wooden
panels

Kath kunni construction wall

Entrance gate in the

beginning of the house
Hexagonal roof
covered with locally
available material
slate

Cow
shed

Kitchen view of a typical kinnauri house

Usually the households

have some wooden chest
for keeping grain and dried
fruits. In addition most of
the houses have separate
wooden grain storage
structures locally called
'Kathar'. Khayarcha is a mat
used for sitting purposes,
which is made of goats hair.
Pakpa which is skin of
sheep or goat or some wild
animal as often placed on
khayarcha for sitting.
Traditionally the people
used to use utensils made
of brass, bronze and
aluminum. However, now a
days with the increased
outside contact they are
fast adopting the china

 The Buddhist
temples from
the 12th century
at Nako, in the
Kinnaur region
of Himachal
Pradesh

The monastery of
Mahabodhi society
was constructed
specially for the
Dalai Lama to
perform the
Kalachakra
ceremony in 1992.

This is an impressive modern

Buddhist edifice. Next to the
monastery is a 10 meter
statue of the standing
Buddha, which is visible from
a considerable distance.

REFERRENCES
BOOKS AUTHOR
Kinnaur in Himalyas
H.C Bajapai
Kinnaur
(a livlihood in himalyas)
Shiva
chandra bajpai.
Maps of india.
Temple architecture of Omacanda handa
western himalyas.

SHIMLA

AERIAL VIEW OF SHIMLA CITY

SHIMLA
Shimla lies in the western part of Himalayas.
Shimla is a district of Himachal Pradesh, it lies
between longitude 7700 and 7819 East and
latitude 3045 and 3144 North.
The altitude of the district ranges from 300mt.
(984ft) to 6000mts(19,685 ft ) .

Source:

DEMOGRAPHY
According to the 2011 census Shimla district has a population of
8,13,384 persons with males 4,24,486 and females 3,88,898.
The rural population is 6,11,884 and urban population is 2,01,500.
The district has a population density of 159 inhabitants per square
kilometer.
Shimla district has sex ratio of 916 females for every 1000 males. ( Rural
sex ratio of 952 per 1000 males and urban sex ratio of 816 per
1000males).
Its literacy rate of 84.55% with males 90.73% ,females 77.80%.
It has highest urban population of all districts in Himachal Pradesh.
Percentage of Urban population to total population is 24.77% of district
AREA
Shimla.
S. No.

Item

Year

Particular

1.

Total area

2011

5131 sq.km.

2.

Area under forest

2011

3418 sq.km.

3.

Area under
cultivation

2011

89454 sq.km.

Source: http://hpshimla.nic.in/Dist_disaster/Plan_2_50_57.pdf:

CLIMATE

The climate in Shimla district is predominantly cool during winters,

and moderately warm during summer .
Temperatures typical range from 4 to 31 centigrade over the
course of year.
The average temperature during summer is 19 and 28
centigrade, and in winter 1 and 10.
Monthly precipitation varies from 15ml. in November to 434ml. in
August. It is typically around 45ml. per month during winter and
spring, 175ml. in June.
The average total precipitation is 1575ml.

Source:

FLAURA AND FAUNA

The main forest in and around the district are that of Pine, Deodar,
Oak and Rhododendron.
Environmental degradation due to the increasing number of
tourists.

Source: http://hpshimla.nic.in/Dist_disaster/Plan_2_50_57.pdf:

SARAHAN
It is 7km away from Satluj river.
It is situated at an altitude of 2165 above sea level on the Chopal-Sarahan
road.
It is located at 31.52N 77.80E .
It is located 26 kilometers from Chopal and 136 kilometers from Shimla.

VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF SARAHAN

HOUSES
The village has many beautiful wooden houses constructed in traditional stone-andwood katth-kuni architecture typical of the region with roofs mostly covered in metal
sheets or slate stones.
The dense forest in this part may have been the underlined reason for extensive use of
Deodar Cedar (Cedrus deodara, ) tree in construction.
The tree with its qualities for being highly structural and resistant to climate
is one of the reasons of its high use and therefore wood- based architecture has
extensively developed in this part.
Some of the houses here are very old and are built with the ageless deodar wood
and have sustained

Rugged mountainous landscape of Sarahan

Row of wooden houses in the valley

Thehouses hereare twoor threestoreyhigh.

The lower level is constructed in traditional katth-kuni architecture.
Stone and wood are juxtaposed alternately and covered in mud plaster.
The top floor of the house protrudes out, supported by wooden members resting
on the wall.
The lower space is covered by the cantilevered part where usually animals are tied
outside.
The walls on the upper floor are covered in wooden panels.

A double storey-house in Sarahan

A wooden house in Sarahan

A typical house in Sarahan

The upper level is the main living area and has a separate entry. It opens into a
semi covered transition space like a balcony.
The strong stone base, a rather lighter super- structure that is finished and panelled
in ochre wood of deodar, and topped with slate shingles
The granaries in all these houses are attached externally or to the houses but
are generally marked as a separate entity.

Typical house in Sarahan: dressed wood

shingles of deodar used on the roof, granaries
attached to the house and the exterior spaces
used for household activities like cleaning,
laundering, cooking and so on.

Granary attached to the house

A long house in Sarahan with a

cow shed on the lower level

Source :design innovation and craft resource centre, research papers (indigenous architecture and building practices in Himachal pradesh
india)

BHIMAKALI TEMPLE

Bhimakali temple is the best example of tower style Temple situated/ constructed
with wood and stone in Himalayas.
The temple is approximately 800 years old.
The temple has influence of Hindu and Chinese architectural style. It has slanted
slate roofs, golden towers, pagoda/(s) and carved silver doors.

SITE PLANNING

The sacred temple complex measures approximately one acre.

Site chosen for the temple is sloping and has a total slope gradient of about 9
meters.

Whole of the temple complex is constructed as a series of courtyard encircled/

enclosed by buildings

This complex is design as a combination of 4 courtyard constructed at different

levels.
These different levelled courtyards are accessed by highly decorated and richly
carved gates having series of steps in front.

BUILDING DESIGN

Buildings are rectangular in the plan having thick walls constructed in kath-kunni
style.
A narrow stone staircase is provided to access the upper floors.
At the fourth floor level, floor is protruded out of the lower
floor on wooden brackets/ cantilevers.
At this level the outer walls are made up of cidar/ deodar wood which has nice and
intricate carving.
To reach the uppermost level (fifth floor) which houses the state of goddess
Bhimakali a wooden staircase is provided. The uppermost/fifth floor is further
project more over the floor below. Slanting roof constructed with timber and
covered with locally available slates is provided.
The second temple has only one projected floor at upper level. Lower floors of the
temple have walls constructed with wood and stone whereas, upper floor has
intricate woodwork on the exterior facade.

MAIN TEMPLE COMPLEX

ENTRANCE TO THE BHIMAKALI COMPLEX

ACCESS GATES

There are four main

gate/gateways at different levels
in the complex, which provides
access to different courtyard or
these are the circulation linkages
in between different courtyards.
First gate is constructed to
provide access to lowermost level
which contains Nar Singh temple,
administrative office and guest
house. This gate has richly carved
gold plating.
The second gate is made of wood
and is covered with intricately
carved silver foils/ covering. This
gate provides access to third
courtyard where kings palace is
located.
Third gate is constructed to
provide access to Raghunath

1ST
ENTRANCE
GATE OF THE
COMPLEX

CARVINGS AND DETAILS

Whole of the temple complex have rich carvings in woodwork and silver work .
Door frame is thick in size and have detailed carvings in wood or in silver.
Shutters are thicker in size and majorly idols of different gods and goddesses are
carved on them.
Staircase balusters, balcony railing, brackets to support upper floors, wall
panelling are made of wood and having very interesting floral and decorative
patterns carving. Bronze kalsha is provided on the roof top of every temple.

CARVED WOODEN ARCHED DOORWAY

CARVED WOODEN BALCONY

MATERIALS USED

Whole of the complex is constructed with the use of mainly indigenous/ locally
available materials. Locally available sand stone and cedar deodar wood are the
two main building materials which are used in the complex for wall
construction.
Natural slates are quarried from nearby slate mines and used as main roofing
material over the wooden roof trusses.

Source : indian journal of applied research

ashwani kumar, volume Volume : 4 | Issue : 9 | September 2014 | ISSN - 2249-555X

KATH - KUNI

It is an indigenous style of construction

which is evolved in western Himalayas.
In Kath-kuni or Kath-kundi style a mesh
of interlocking horizontal cedar (locally
deodar) sleepers/ logs is created.
In this mesh dressed or raw stone are
packed without any mortar.
Absence of vertical members for wall
construction is a characteristic of this style.
With inherent elasticity, the design has an
enormous seismic response.
There have been instances, when tremors
have dislodged the stones from the frame,
and later, have been hammered back into
the intact mesh of wood houses.

Source : indian journal of applied research

ashwani kumar, volume Volume : 4 | Issue : 9 | September 2014 | ISSN - 2249-555X

RAMPUR
Rampur, located 76 kilometers from Narkanda in Simla district.
Its elevation is 1350 m from sea level.
It is located at 31.45 N 77.63E.
Population : 18320
Rampur was a center for trade among Kashmir, Ladhakh, Bhutan, Kashgar,
Yarkand, and Tibet, with celebration of Lavi trade fair every November.,
Between the steep hills on one side and Sutlej River on the other ,almost on the very
thresholds of some of the earliest temples.

PADAM PALACE
The town itself is punctuated by red roofs and towers of Rampur palace, part of
which is made of wood in traditional Himachal style.
It shows the creative cross- fertilization of eastern and western values that marks the
best of late 19th century/early 20th century architecture in much of Asia.

indigenous towers that came before them. The newer and the larger palace
building of Rampur is dated 1919 on its cornerstone that was laid by Maharaja
Padam Singh (1919-27).
In this structure, stained glass windows and Victorian-inspired bric-a brac
combine with deodar beams, carved door frames, and fringed roof of Himachal type
along with Mughal and Rajput features.
It reveals a more successful blend of eastern and western elements than is
found in more British structures like the bungalow-style palaces of Sarahan.

A smaller building near the machandi pavilion is the Raj Gaddi, with its lacy
screen and small proportions.
It was built to serve only as a coronation hall when the control of Bashahr was
passed from generation to generation.
Just beyond this is a two- storeyed throne platform that projects out from the older
building in essentially M
The old palace building that is not currently inhabited is called Nau Nab or Nine
Buildings and it also combines Mughal and Rajput elements with hill-style
building conventions.
It is largely made of wood and great care is being taken to duplicate its original
patterns during its current restoration mughal style.

INTERIOR LIVING SPACE WITH

STAINED GLASS WINDOW

PAVILION DETAIL

THRONE PLATFORM

There is a wooden screen adorned with exquisite floral work and figurines,
which makes it even more beautiful.
While the upper floor is carved with woodwork, the lower floor has stone
arches to make it an interesting contrast.
The roof of the building is made of tin and has beautiful spiral projections.
Royal functions are held in the Hall of the palace nt of the palace, which is
known for its exquisite but intelligent woodwork.

Instead of cement, black gram was used between stone

blocks to hold them together.

CURLICUE CARVING ON THE DOOR

OF THE OLD BUILDING

CEILING DETAIL OF THE PATIO

DETAIL OF THE ENTRANCE PORCH

CEILING

Source :design innovation and craft resource centre, research papers (indigenous architecture and building practices in Himachal pradesh

BILASPUR

BILASPUR

Bilaspur district is situated in the Sub-mountain and low hills sub-tropical zone of
Himachal Pradesh.
The district lies between 31 12 30 and 31 35 45 north latitude and between
762345 and 765540 east longitude in the outer hills of the Himalayas next to
the Punjab plains and forms a part of the basin the river Sutluj which flows across it
for about 90 km.
It is bounded on the north by Mandi and Hamirpur district on the west by Hamirpur
and Una district on its south lies Solan district.
Maximum length of the district from east to west is about 51 km and maximum
width from north to south is about 43 km.
The district is mostly hilly and elevation of the lowest point is about 290m and that
of the highest is about 1980m.
There are 7 hill ranges in the district ; naina devi, kot, jhanjiar, tiun, bandala,
bahadurpur and rattanpur.

CLIMATE
The climate of the district Is temperate to sub-tropical.
The summers are invariably hot, the temperature rising to 42c (30 to 45c)
Winters in bilaspur are cool and the weather is pleasant overall. ( 10-25c)

RAINFALL
Annual rain fall for the last ten years
varied from 1121.9-1798.4 mm with a
average of 1478.8 mm.
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
During July and August relative humidity
was maximum in the district, which
favours the infestation of insect-pests and
diseases in different crops.

POPULATION
As per 1941 , population of bilaspur was
110,336
As per census 2001, area of bilaspur was
1154.45 km. the density of population was 292
persons per sq.km.
The district has an area of 1,167km2, and a
population of 382,056 (2011 census). Density
was of327 inhabitants per square kilometre.
As of 2011 it is the third least populous district
of Himachal Pradesh, afterLahul and
SpitiandKinnaur.

OCCUPATION
Main occupation found here is agriculture and other
house hold industries.
According to 2011 census , there are 2,20,888
agricultural workers (main, marginal) are there here.
There are 3,600 Other household industries workers.
There are 1,76,085 non workers .
TRANSPORTATION
Road transport is main mode to travel within
district. There is no railway line or airport in district.
Length of Pucca Roads (Road in Km.)691.932
Length of Kutcha Roads (Road in Km.)504.106
FOREST
The type found here is moist tropical forests.

LANGUAGE
Bilaspuri is the local language used here.

MAJOR RELIGIONS
Hindu, Muslim, Sikh are the main religions.

LITERACY RATE
As per 2011 census
male literacy 92.39%
Female literacy-78.90%

FESTIVALS
It celebrated here exhibit a high civic sense of associations
and social discipline.
Various type of fairs and festivals are celebrated almost
around the year.
The fairs and festivals observed throughout the year are
given here under :
Nalwari fair (cattle fair)
navratri fair(at Shri Naina Devi ji.)

FORT OF KOTKAHLUR
The fort is situated at a distance of few Kms. from
GanguwalHydro Electric Station. Its lies in Naina
Devi Hill.
The fort is a square structure completely built of
stones, each side about thirty meters long. Its
walls are about two meters thick.
It has two storeys each about fifteen meters high.
The floor of the second storey, supported on high
stone pillars.
At About twelve meters above the floor of the
second storey there were certain window shaped
places with small peeping holes for the garrison
to reconnoiter and, if need be to shoot at
besiegers.

GHAGHAS
The Latitude and Longitude of
ghagas bilaspur is 3137 and
7681 respectively.

 http://www.distancesfrom.com/in/ghag
as-bilaspur-latitude-longitude-ghaga
s-bilaspur-latitude-ghagas-bilaspurlongitude/LatLongHistory/966467.aspx
http://www.bilaspur.info/
http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/S
earchDetails.aspx?Id=24334
http://hpbilaspur.gov.in/fact.htm#Peo
ple