34 Circulation

Figure 34.
2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 34.2
Mouth
Gastrovascular
cavity
1 mm
Figure 34.4
(a) Single circulation: fish
Gill capillaries
(b) Double circulation:

amphibian
Vein
Pulmonary
circuit
Pulmocutaneous
circuit
Lung
and skin
capillaries
Artery
Heart:
Atrium (A)
Ventricle (V)
(c) Double circulation:

mammal
A
Right
Lung
capillaries
A
V
A
Left
Right
A
V
Left
Systemic
capillaries
Body capillaries
Key
Oxygen-rich blood
Oxygen-poor blood
Systemic circuit
Systemic
capillaries
Systemic circuit
Figure 34.4a
(a) Single circulation: fish
Gill capillaries
Artery
Heart:
Atrium (A)
Ventricle (V)
Vein
Body capillaries
Key
Oxygen-rich blood
Oxygen-poor blood
Figure 34.4b
(b) Double circulation:

amphibian
Pulmocutaneous
circuit
Lung
and skin
capillaries
A
Right
A
Left
V
Systemic
capillaries
Systemic circuit
Key
Oxygen-rich blood
Oxygen-poor blood
Figure 34.4c
(c) Double circulation:

mammal
Pulmonary
circuit
Lung
capillaries
A
V
Right
A
V
Left
Systemic
capillaries
Systemic circuit
Key
Oxygen-rich blood
Oxygen-poor blood
Figure 34.5
Superior
vena cava
Capillaries of
head and
forelimbs
Pulmonary
artery
Capillaries
of right lung
Pulmonary artery
Capillaries
of left lung
Aorta
6
2
4
11
Pulmonary
vein
Right atrium
Pulmonary
vein
Left atrium
10
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Inferior vena cava
Aorta
8
Capillaries of
abdominal organs
and hind limbs
Figure 34.6
Aorta
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary
artery
Right
atrium
Left
atrium
Semilunar
valve
Semilunar
valve
Atrioventricular
(AV) valve
Atrioventricular
(AV) valve
Right
ventricle
Left
ventricle
Figure 34.9
LM
Artery Vein
Red blood
cells
100 m
Valve
Basal lamina
Endothelium
Smooth
muscle
Connective
tissue
Endothelium
Smooth
muscle
Artery
Vein
Capillary
15 m
Red blood cell
Venule
LM
Arteriole
Connective
tissue
Capillary
Figure 34.9a
Valve
Connective
tissue
Endothelium
Basal lamina
Smooth
muscle
Smooth
muscle
Capillary
Endothelium
Artery
Vein
Arteriole
Venule
Connective
tissue
Figure 34.9b
LM
Artery Vein
Red blood
cells
100 m
Capillary
LM
Red blood cell
15 m
Figure 34.9c
Figure 34.11
Direction of blood
flow in vein
(toward heart)
Valve (open)
Skeletal muscle
Valve (closed)
Figure 34.13
Cellular elements 45%
Plasma 55%
Constituent
Water
Ions (blood
electrolytes)
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Major functions
Solvent for
carrying other
substances
Osmotic balance,
pH buffering,
and regulation
of membrane
permeability
Leukocytes (white blood cells)

Separated
blood
elements
per L (mm3)
of blood
Functions
5,00010,000
Defense
and
immunity
Lymphocytes
Basophils
Eosinophils
Plasma proteins
Neutrophils
Albumin
Osmotic balance,
pH buffering
Fibrinogen
Clotting
Immunoglobulins
(antibodies)
Defense
Substances transported by blood

Nutrients (such as glucose, fatty
acids, vitamins)
Waste products of metabolism
Respiratory gases (O2 and CO2)
Hormones
Number
Cell type
Monocytes
Platelets
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
250,000400,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
Blood
clotting
Transport
of O2 and
some CO2
Figure 34.13a
Plasma 55%
Major functions
Constituent
Water
Solvent for carrying other

substances
Ions (blood electrolytes)

Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Osmotic balance, pH buffering,

and regulation of membrane
permeability
Plasma proteins
Albumin
Osmotic balance, pH buffering
Fibrinogen
Clotting
Immunoglobulins
(antibodies)
Defense
Substances transported by blood

Nutrients (such as glucose, fatty acids, vitamins)
Waste products of metabolism
Respiratory gases (O2 and CO2)
Hormones
Figure 34.13b
Cellular elements 45%

Number
Cell type
per L (mm3) of blood
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Basophils
5,00010,000
Functions
Defense and
immunity
Lymphocytes
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Monocytes
Platelets
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
250,000400,000
5,000,0006,000,000
Blood clotting
Transport of O2 and
some CO2
Figure 34.14
Stem cells
(in bone marrow)
Lymphoid
stem cells
Myeloid
stem cells
B cells T cells
Erythrocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Neutrophils
Platelets
Basophils
Eosinophils
Figure 34.20
Branch of
pulmonary vein
(oxygen-rich
blood)
Branch of pulmonary
artery (oxygen-poor
blood)
Terminal
bronchiole
Nasal
cavity
Pharynx
Left
lung
Larynx
(Esophagus)
Alveoli
Trachea
Right lung
Capillaries
Bronchus
50 m
Bronchiole
Diaphragm
(Heart)
Dense capillary bed
enveloping alveoli
(SEM)
Figure 34.20a
Nasal
cavity
Pharynx
Left
lung
Larynx
(Esophagus)
Trachea
Right lung
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Diaphragm
(Heart)
Figure 34.20b
Branch of
pulmonary vein
(oxygen-rich
blood)
Branch of pulmonary
artery (oxygen-poor
blood)
Terminal
bronchiole
Alveoli
Capillaries
Figure 34.20c
50 m
Dense capillary bed

enveloping alveoli (SEM)
Figure 34.22
Rib cage
expands as
rib muscles
contract.
Air
inhaled.
Rib cage gets

smaller as
rib muscles
relax.
Air
exhaled.
Lung
Diaphragm
1 Inhalation:
Diaphragm contracts
(moves down).
2 Exhalation:
Diaphragm relaxes
(moves up).
Figure 34.23-1
Homeostasis:
Blood pH of about 7.4
Stimulus:
Rising level of CO2
in tissues lowers
blood pH.
Figure 34.23-2
Homeostasis:
Stimulus:
Rising level of CO2
in tissues lowers
blood pH.
Carotid
arteries
Sensor/control
center:
Cerebrospinal
fluid
Medulla
oblongata
Aorta
Figure 34.23-3
Homeostasis:
Response:
Signals from
medulla to rib
muscles and
diaphragm
increase rate
and depth of
ventilation.
Stimulus:
Rising level of CO2
in tissues lowers
blood pH.
Carotid
arteries
Sensor/control
center:
Cerebrospinal
fluid
Medulla
oblongata
Aorta
Figure 34.24
120 27
Inhaled air
Exhaled air
160 0.2
O2 CO2
O2 CO2
Alveolar
epithelial
cells
CO2
O2
Alveolar
spaces
Alveolar
capillaries
Pulmonary
veins
Pulmonary
arteries
40 45
104 40
O2 CO2
O2 CO2
Systemic
veins
Systemic
arteries
Systemic
capillaries
Heart
CO2
O2
<40 >45
O2 CO2
Body tissue
cells
Figure 34.UN03
Inhaled air
Exhaled air
Alveolar
epithelial
cells
Alveolar
spaces
CO2
O2
Alveolar
capillaries
Pulmonary
arteries
Pulmonary
veins
Systemic
veins
Systemic
arteries
Heart
CO2
O2
Systemic
capillaries
Body tissue

34 Circulation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

34 Circulation

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

34 Circulation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Figure 34.

2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

(a) Single circulation: fish

(b) Double circulation:

(c) Double circulation:

2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

(a) Single circulation: fish

(b) Double circulation:

(c) Double circulation:

2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Red blood cell

2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Red blood cell

2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cellular elements 45%

Leukocytes (white blood cells)

Substances transported by blood

2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

Solvent for carrying other

Ions (blood electrolytes)

Osmotic balance, pH buffering,

Osmotic balance, pH buffering

Substances transported by blood

Cellular elements 45%

per L (mm3) of blood

Leukocytes (white blood cells)

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Dense capillary bed

2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Rib cage gets

2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.