Science 20 Unit B

PHYSICS

Chapter 1: Describing Motion

1.1 Average Speed
1.2 New technologies
1.3 Average Velocity
1.4 & 1.5 Graphing motion
1.6 Calculating displacement
1.7 & 1.8 Stopping distance & braking
1.9 Newtons first law

Lesson 1.1: Average Speed

What is uniform motion and nonuniform motion?

Uniform

motion is motion in a straight line at a

constant speed.

Eg.) a car traveling straight down a highway at 100

km/h

Non-uniform

motion is motion with a change

in speed, direction or both.

Eg.) a car slowing down or speeding up or turning

around

What is average speed?

Average

speed is the distance (m or km)

travelled over a specified time(s or h).
Formula: average speed(m/s)=total distance(m)
total time (s)
Means change in
v = d
d
t
v t (see next slide)

km/h

(km)

(h)

Unit Conversions (see next slide)

Common

conversions:
2 km x 1000 = 2000
Kilometer to meter: ___
___ m
Hours

2
to seconds: ___
h x 3600 = 7200
___ s

Minutes
km/h

120 s
2 min x 60 = ____
to seconds: ___

2
0.6
m/s: ___km/h
x 1000 3600 = ___m/s

= ___m

____ km/h 3.6 = ______m/s

x
x

Example problem 1.1

Example: What is the speed of a cyclist that travels 40

km in 2.5 h?

Step 1: Identify what you know and pick a formula

d=40km; t=2.5h; v=d/t
Step 2: Substitute into the formula
v = 40m/2.5h (2 significant digits)
Step 3: Solve
v = 16 km/h (2 significant digits needed)
Step 4: Use significant digits, units and a sentence
The speed of the cyclist is 16 km/h.

Try practice questions 1 3 on page 169

Answers to question 1-3

1a) What is the speed of the

motorist?

Step 1: d = 40km; t=0.50h; v=dt

Step 2: v = 40km 0.50h
Step 3: v = 80 (2 sig digs)
Step 4: The speed is 80 km/h

b & c) What is the speed of the

hunters and pioneers?
Hunters:4.4km/h;pioneers:4.0km/h

2) Where did the cyclist stop?

After 20 km

3) Who traveled at the most

constant speed?
The motorist has the straightest
line

What is instantaneous speed, scalar

quantities & vector quantities?
Instantaneous

speed: Speed at an instant in

time (eg) 40 km/h at this moment in time
Scalar quantity: a quantity consisting of
magnitude (amount) only, without direction.
Eg) the speed is 100 km/h
Vector quantity: a quantity consisting of
magnitude (amount) and direction (north).
Eg) the velocity is 100 km/h north

Example of scalars and vectors (pg

171 in text)

Scalars (no direction):

Vectors(magnitude & direction):

284 mL of Campbells soup

11.89 on the VCR
20C on thermometer
100.3 FM on the radio
575 g of cereal
46 km & 117 km
15 km & 19 km to right

Neither:

Highway 33 south (no magnitude is

given)

See What you Know Quiz

1. What is the equation for average speed?

2. What equation would you use to find d if
v & t were given?
3. 100 km/h = ____ m/s? (use conversions to find the answer; how many meters are in 1km,
how many seconds are in one hour?)

4. What is the difference between scalar and vector quantities?

5. Instantaneous speed is the _______ at an _______ in time.

See What you Know Quiz

1. What is the equation for average speed? v = d/t

2. What equation would you use to find d if
v & t were given? d = v * t
3. 100 km/h = ____ m/s?

(use conversions to find the answer; how many meters are in 1km,
how many seconds are in one hour?)

100km/h * 1000m/1km * 1h/3600s =

100 * 1000 / 3600 =

27.8 m/s

4. What is the difference between scalar and vector quantities?

Scalar: has magnitude/amount Vector: has magnitude & direction
5. Instantaneous speed is the speed at an instant in time.

Lesson 1.2: Solving Problems with

New Technologies

What are some technologies that

have improved driving?
Soundproofing
Suspension

systems
Power steering
Halogen light bulbs
Fuel efficient and fast engines

Example Problem 1.3

During a sneeze, a drivers eyes remain closed for

0.50s. If the car is moving at 100 km/h,
km/h how far does
the car move while the eyes are closed?
SOLUTION:

Step 1: t=0.50s; v=100km/h x 1000 3600=27.77m/s; d=vt

Step 2: d = 27.77m/s x 0.50s
Step 3: d=13.888 = 14
Step 4: The distance traveled is 14 m (about 3 car lengths)

Try Practice Questions 9 & 10 on page 175

Q8

Q9
Q 9) It takes 2.0s to reach for a CD.
a) If she is traveling 30 km/h what distance in
meters does she travel.
Step 1) v= 30km/h x 1000/3600 = 8.3333m/s
d=vt
Step 2) d=8.333 x 2.0s
Step 3) d=16.666666
Step 4) d = 17m

Example problem 1.4

While traveling down a dark country road, the headlights

allowed the driver to see 60m. If the driver is traveling at
70 km/h, how many seconds will it take to reach the end
of the headlight?
SOLUTION:

Step 1: d = 60m; v=70km/hx1000 3600=19.44m/s; t=dv

Step 2: t = 60m 19.44m/s
Step 3: t = 3.08571; t=3.1
Step 4: The time it would take is 3.1 s

Try Practice Problems 11 13 on page 176

Q 11-13

Lesson 1.3: Average Velocity

What are 3 vector

measurements?

Position:
Position

a vector describing the location of an

object relative to a reference point.

Sign convention: an agreement about which direction is

positive (north and east are positive)
Try practice question 14 on page 180

( d): a vector describing the

change in length & direction of an object traveling
in a straight line from a starting position.
Average velocity( v): a vector describing the
change in displacement over time. eg
Displacement

How do you determine

displacement?
A measurement

from the starting point (r

Example problem 1.5

5 cm=5 km [N]
or + 5km

Melissa

and Usha left 2.0 hrs ago

and travelled 5.0 km from base
camp.

Use a ruler and the scale at the

bottom of Figure B1.15 to identify
where Melissa and Usha could be.
Look at map to the right.- Scalzo or
John Creek
If Raj and Harvey want to join
Melissa and Usha, what information
other than the 5 km distance will they
need? They need to know direction.

5 cm=5 km[S]
or 5km

What is the head to tail method?

What is the resultant?
Vectors

can be drawn with arrows. The tail

(start) and the head (end) of one arrow is
labelled below.
Tail
9m (E)
Head
The head to tail method adds & subtracts
vectors by using the head and tails of arrows.
The resultant arrow is the arrow from the start
to the end (head) of the last arrow drawn.
start resultant arrow

Q 14
ANSWERS

to Q 14: From the base

camp:

The Terry Brook crossing is 2.5 km [N]

AND +2.5 km
The Kaleigh Creek crossing is 0.3 km [N]
AND +0.3 km
The Nick Brook crossing is 8.5 km [S]
AND -8.5 km

Example problem 1.6

Determine the displacement from the
Michael Creek crossing to the Nick 17.2 cm
Brook crossing if it is 17.2 cm
south on the map and 1.0 cm = 1.0
km.
SOLUTION: d = 17.2 km [S]
or 17.2 km
Try practice problems 15 & 16 on
page 181

Q 15 & 16
15

a)7.5 km [N] AND +7.5 km

15b) 13.5 km [N] AND + 13.5 km
15c) 5.0 km [S] AND 5.0 km
15d) 2.5 km [N] AND + 2.5 km
16) The answers are the same.
They end up in the same place.

b
a c
d

Comparing speed (scalar) and

velocity (vector)
Speed

has the
amount but no
direction; therefore
it is a scalar
quantity
Velocity has the
amount and
direction; it is a
vector quantity

What is average velocity?

Average

velocity is the displacement (m or km

w/direction) travelled over a specified time(s or h).
Average velocity(m/s)[N] = displacement(m)[N]
time (s)
v = d
d
t
v t

km/h ( )

(km) ( )

(h)

How do you solve velocity

problems example 1.7?
If

Scale1cm=1km

Raj travels along the trail from

John Creek crossing to the Nick
Brook crossing in 3.5 h, what is
Rajs average velocity for this trip?
SOLUTION:
13.5 cm

Step 1: d = 13.5 km [S]; t=3.5h; v=d/t

Step 2: v = 13.5 km[S]/3.5h
Step 3: v = 3.9 km/h [S]
Step 4: Rajs velocity is 3.9 km/h [S]

How do you solve velocity

problems example 1.8?

a)

Melissa leaves the Nick Brook crossing

and travels along the trail at 2.50 m/s [N]
for 1.25h.
What is Melissas displacement?

Scale1cm=1km
13.5 cm
11 cm

Step 1: t=1.25h; v=2.50m/sx3600/1000=9.00km/h[N]

d=vt
Step 2: d=9.00km/h[N] x 1.25 h
Step 3: d=11.3 km [N]
Step 4: Melissas displacement is 11.3 km [N]
b)

Where on the map does she stop?

North of Terry Creek (Look at red arrow)

3.5

17.2 cm

How do you solve

velocity problems
example 1.9?

a)

Melissa travels from Kathy creek to Nick Brook in

2.25h. They rest for 1.75h. They travel to Michael
creek in 3.00h.
What is Melissas average speed?
1) d=16+17.2=33.2km; t=2.25+1.75+3.00=7.00h
2) v= d/ t = 33.2km/7.00h
3 & 4) v=4.74 km/h is the speed

b)

16 cm

What is Melissas average velocity?

1) d = 17.2 16=1.2km [N]; t= 7.00 h; v = d/ t
2) v=1.2km[N] / 7.00h
3 & 4) v= 0.17 km/h [N] is the velocity

Try practice problems 17 & 18 on page 184

Q 17
5.0km
a) Look at map: 5.0 km
b) Look at map: 5.0 km [N]
10km
c) +10 5.0 = +5.0 km or 5.0 km [N]
d) 1) v= d/t; d=10+5=15km; t=2.5+3+1.5=7.0h
5.0km2) V=15km/7.0h
3) V = 2.142. Km/h
4) v= 2.1 km/h
e) 1) V = d/t; d = 10-5 = 5km[N]; t = 7.0 h
2) V = 5km[N] / 7.0h
3) V = 0.714
16 cm
4) V = 0.71 km/h (N)

1) scale
d=1.2km[N]
4) resultant
1) start

How do you find resultant

displacement using scale
diagram & head to tail
1.method?
Place a dot to represent the starting
2.

2) 1st arrow

3) 2nd arrow3.

4.

point and pick a scale where 1 cm = __

Draw the first arrow (vector) from the
starting point
Start the next arrow (vector) at the
head of the last arrow. Repeat step 3
for all the arrows.
To find the resultant displacement,
draw a dotted line from the starting
point to the end of the last arrow.

See what you know quiz

1.
2.
3.

4.
5.

What is the difference between speed and velocity?

Rearrange the velocity formula to find displacement
A person walks 5.0 m [N] and 6.0 m [S]. Sketch
using arrows, his travels and determine the
displacement. (Use head and tail method.)
Calculate the velocity of the person in Q 3 if it takes
10 s.
Calculate the speed of the person in Q 3 if it takes
10 s.

Lesson 1.4 & 1.5: Graphing

uniform and accelerated motion

Computer models & crash test

dummies in collisions
Models

showing the stress on the eye during a

collision help safety experts make appropriate
safety equipment like soft air bags and padded
sterring wheels
Surgens use robots to perform microsurgery on
the eye. A microscope is used because the
parts of the eye are so small they need to be
magnified.
Try questions 19 & 20 on page 187

What information does a graph tell

us about motion?

The slope of the line tells us information like velocity or

acceleration (slope = rise = y2-y1)
run

x2-x1

The shape of the line tells us if we have constant uniform

speed/velocity, acceleration or if the object has stopped
The area under the graph can tell us the
distance/displacement travelled. (Area = length x width)

What does a position-time graph

tell us about uniform motion?
The

slope of a position-time graph tells us the

average velocity. (slope = v = d/t)
2)

100
run

1) Slope = rise = (100 0 cm)

(5.0 0 s)

v = 20 cm/s [N]
d (cm)

1)

3)

2) Slope = rise = (100 100cm)

run

(10.0 5.0 s)

0 5.0

10.0

t (s)
run

15.0

v = 0 cm/s (stopped)

3) Slope = rise = (0 100 cm)

(12.0 10.0s)

v = - 50 cm/s [S]

What does a velocity-time graph tell

us about uniform motion?
The

Area under a velocity-time graph tells us the

displacement. (Area = d = v t

50

v (cm/s)

Area = length x width

[N]

5.0s x 50cm/s[N]
0

5.0

10.0
t (s)

15.0

d = 250 cm [N]

Try some on your own

Assignment

book Questions

Different types of graphs

What is the formula for

acceleration?
Acceleration is the change in velocity over a specific
time interval.
Acceleration(m/s/s) = change in velocity (m/s)
change in time (s)
Accleration = (final velocity initial velocity)
change in time
a = (vf vi)
(vf-vi)
t
vf = vi + at
a
t
NOTE: Rest or stopped means v = 0 m/s
,

vf = vi + a t

Acceleration

vf =final velocity (m/s) [ ]

vf = 0 if brake to a stop
vi= initial velocity(m/s) [ ]
Formula vi= 0 if starting at rest

vf- vi
a

Calculating acceleration from a

word problem-example 1
vi
A car

travelling 70 km/h [E] changes its

vf velocity to 90 km/h [E] in 4.5s. What is the
average acceleration?

Step 1: vf=90km/h=25 m/s; vi=70km/h=19.44..m/s;

t=4.5s; a=(vf-vi) t
Step 2: a = (25m/s-19.44m/s) 4.5s
Step 3: 1.2 m/s/s
Step 4: The average acceleration of the car is
1.2m/s/s [E]

Calculating acceleration from a

word problem-example 2
A sprinter

has
vi an average acceleration of 3.0
m/s2 from rest to his maximum velocity of
vf 11.0m/s. Calculate the time needed to reach
the maximum velocity. How does increasing
the acceleration give the sprinter better
results?

vi=o

Step 1: t = (vf - vi ) a; t = vf a
Step 2: t =11.0 m/s 3.0 m/s2
Step 3: t = 3.7 s
Step 4: It takes 3.7 s for the sprinter to reach his
maximum velocity.

Calculating acceleration from a

word problem-example 3
A group

vi

of teens riding a tube start from rest

and accelerate at 1.15 m/s2. What is the speed
after 6.0 s?
vf = ?

Step 1: vf =vvi=o
i + a t; vf = a t

Step 2: vf =(1.15 m/s2)(6.0 s)

Step 3: vf = 6.9m/s

Step 4: The teens reach a speed of 6.9 m/s after

traveling down the hill for 6.0 s.

Try some on your own

Solve

question30, 33 & 34 from your

assignment books on your own. Show your
steps

Compare your answer with the people in the

group - be ready to demonstrate your
questions on the board for a penny!

What does a position-time graph

tell us about accelerated motion?
An upward curve indicates
acceleration (speeding up)
A downward curve indicates
deceleration (slowing down)
Try to draw this on your own
starting at 160.0 cm and
decelerating to 0 cm after
6.00s.

d
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

What does a velocity-time graph tell

us about accelerated motion?
The

slope of a velocity time graph indicates

acceleration. Calculate the slope on your own.

42.0

9.0

slope = rise/run
a = (vf-vi)/t
a =42cm/s9.0 cm/s
5.6s
a= 5.9 cm/s

Determining negative acceleration.

Objects

that fall accelerate at -9.81 m/s/s due

to gravity (g). These objects have a negative
acceleration because they are heading in a
negative direction. Add this to your databooks.

g = 9.81 m/s/s
(down)

Try some on your own

On

your own do Questions 20, 26, 27 & 28 in

your assignment book. Show your steps.
Groups - be ready to demonstrate your
questions on the board for a penny.

2. What is the equation for

acceleration?
3. A car travelling 70 km/h [E]
changes its velocity to 90 km/h
[E] in 4.5s. What is the average
acceleration?
4. Use the velocity/time graph to find
acceleration.

Velocity (m/s)

1. What is acceleration?

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

SEE WHAT YOU KNOW

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Time (s)
5. What is the value of
acceleration due to gravity?

SEE WHAT YOU KNOW

1. What is acceleration?
change in velocity over a specific time
interval.

2. What is the equation for

acceleration?
a = (vf-vi)/t
3. A car travelling 70 km/h [E] changes
its velocity to 90 km/h [E] in 4.5s.
What is the average acceleration?

Step 1: vf=90km/h=25 m/s;

vi=70km/h=19.44..m/s; t=4.5s;
a=(vf-vi) t
Step 2: a = (25m/s-19.44m/s)
4.5s
Step 3: 1.2 m/s/s
Step 4: The average

acceleration of the car

is 1.2m/s/s [E]

a = vf-vi/t; vi = 3; vf = 9; t = 9-1 =
8
a = 8-3m/s/8s
a = 5/8 = 0.625m/s/s
a = 0.6m/s/s

5. What is the value of

acceleration due to gravity?
g = 9.81m/s/s

Velocity (m/s)

4. Use the velocity/time

graph to find acceleration.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

SEE WHAT YOU KNOW

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Time (s)

Lesson 1.6: Calculating

Displacement during acceleration

Determining the minimum length

(displacement) of an acceleration lane
Displacement

= area under a speed-time graph

Displacement(m[ ])=average velocity(m/s)xtime(s)
d = (vf+vi) x t; Dont need acceleration.
2
Formula in
databook

d
(vf+vi) t
2

t = ___d____
(vf + vi)/2

Formula 9 in databook

No a

Example problem using the

displacement equation

A car enters the acceleration lane with an initial velocity of

20.0 km/h [E]. The car reaches a final velocity of 100.0
km/h [E] in 8.00 s. What is the displacement in meters?
SOLUTION:

Step 1: vi=20.0km/hx1000/3600=5.55m/s[E];
vf=100km/hx1000/3600=27.77m/s[E]; t=8.00s; d= t(vf+vi)2
Step 2: d=8.00s(27.77+5.55m/s[E])/2
Step 3: d=133m [E]
Step 4: The displacement is 133 m [E]

Try practice question 32 on page 208

Displacement example using

acceleration due to gravity

Gravity causes objects to accelerate at -9.81m/s/s

(down) =g or decelerate at 9.81m/s/s (up)
up
Using acceleration due to gravity and the acceleration
formula, what is the initial velocity of the baseball if it
traveled for 1.8s to its maximum height where it briefly
stops.
SOLUTION:

Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:

vi = vf-at; vf = 0m/s (up), a = -9.81m/s/s (up), t = 1.8s

vi = 0m/s - 9.81m/s/s (up) * 1.8s
vi = 17.658m/s
vi = 18m/s

Try Some On Your Own

Choose

a partner (get into pairs)

One partner solve #32 from your Assignment
Book
2nd partner solve #33 from your Assignment
Book
Once

solved, teach your partner how you

solved the question
- Each person needs to write their partners question/answer
down as they are being taught.

Another displacement equation

Displacement

= area under the graph

Displacement = rectangle area + triangle area
Displacement = lw + bh
Displacement = initial velocity x time + 0.5
acceleration x time x time
d=(vi t) + (0.5at2) - no final velocity (vf)
formula #8 in databook

Another Displacement Equation

No vf

Draw and arrow from this slide to another displacement equation slide. It is out
of order in your notes.

Finding displacement when passing

another vehicle on the highway.

A care travelling 90km/h [E] accelerates at 0.50 m/s 2

while passing another vehicle. It it takes 5.0 s to pass,
what is the displacement?
SOLUTION

Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:

vi = 90 km/h /3.6 = 25 m/s (E), a= 0.50m/s2 (E), t=5.0s

d = (vit) + (0.5at2);
d = (25 x 5) + (0.5 x 0.50 x 52); 125 + 6.25
d = 131.25 = 1.3 x 102 m (E)

Try practice problem 33 on page 209

Example 1 with the new

displacement equation
Juanita

leaves the trampoline with an initial

velocity of 11.8 m/s up. Determine the
displacement after 0.80s.
SOLUTION:

Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:

vi = 11.8 m/s (up), a = 9.81 m/s2, t =0.80s

d= (vit) + (0.5at2)
d = (11.8 x 0.8) + (0.5x-9.81x0.82)
d= 9.44 + -3.1392 = 6.3 m (up)

You Create It!

Each person has 3 min. to create a word problem that

solves for displacement.

Choose which displacement equation you want to use

Write the question and write the solution on the back

Have one other person in your group check your

question and answer (make any adjustments)
Send questions to another group
Solve a question!!

Example 2 using the new

displacement equation (WATER)

A diver steps off the edge of a platform and enters the

water 5.0 m below. If the initial velocity of the diver
was zero, determine the time it takes the diver to reach
the water.
SOLUTION:

Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:

d = 5.0m, vi = 0, a = +9.81m/s2
d = vit + 0.5at2
5.0/(0.5x 9.81) = 0 + 0.5 x 9.81 x t2/(0.5 x 9.81)
1.0193. = t2; t= 1.0 s

Try questions 34 35 on page 211

Lesson 1.7 & 1.8: Stopping

distance and braking

What is reaction distance and

braking distance?
Reaction

distance: the distance a vehicle

travels while the driver is reacting. d=vt
Braking distance: the distance a vehicle travels
from the moment the brakes are first applied to
the time the vehicle stops. t = vi/a; d=t(vi/2)
Stopping distance = reaction distance +
braking distance
Try question 36

Your Reaction Time!

WHAT TO RECORD:
The time (t) it took to catch the meter stick s
The measurement of where you caught the
meter stick (dr) m
Record

answer

dr = Reaction Distance
b

ds = dr + db

dr = v*t
db = Braking Distance
ds = Stopping Distance

Example of calculating stopping

distance

If a driver is traveling at 30.6m/s, reacts after 1.50s & decelerates at 5.85

m/s/s, what is the stopping distance?
SOLUTION:

Reaction distance:

Braking distance: t = 5.23s

Step 1: dr = v*t
Step 2: dr = 30.6m/s*1.50s
Step 3: dr = 45.9m
Step 4: dr = 45.9m
Step 1: db = (vi/2)t
Step2: db = (30.6m/s/2)5.23s
Step 3:db = (15.3m/s)*5.23s
Step 4:db = 80.0m

Stopping distance: ds = dr + db 45.9+80.0 = 125.9 m

Try Practice Question 38 on page 216

Controlling traffic at intersections

A vehicle travelling at 60.0km/h approaches

an intersection where the light has just turned
yellow.
a)

If the reaction time is 1.50s and deceleration is

5.85m/s/s, what is the stopping distance?
(db-time = 2.85s)
Step 1: dr = v*t
Step 2: (60.0km/h)/3.6 = 16.7m/s * 1.50s = 25.1m
Step 3: (t = 2.85s) db = (vi/2)t = (16.7m/s /2)2.85s =
23.8m
Step 4: ds = dr+ db 25.1m + 23.8 = 48.9m

Controlling traffic at intersections

(OPTIONAL)

A vehicle travelling at 60.0km/h approaches an

intersection where the light has just turned yellow.
b) Using your answer in part a) & the info above, what is the time
required for the driver to travel this distance (area of no return)
at a uniform speed.
Step 1: total time = tr(reaction time) + tb(braking time)
Step 2: total time = 1.50s + 2.85s
Step 3: total time = 4.35s
Step 4: The time required is 4.35s
c) How long should the light remain yellow? The light should
remain yellow longer than 4.35s.
Try Question 39-42 on page 218

SEE WHAT YOU KNOW

If a driver is traveling at 30.6m/s, reacts after 1.50s &

decelerates at 5.85 m/s/s, what is the stopping distance?
SOLUTION:

Reaction distance:
Step 1: dr = v*t
Step 2: dr = 30.6m/s*1.50s
Step 3: dr = 45.9m
Step 4: dr = 45.9m

Braking distance: t = 5.23s

Step 1: db = (vi/2)t
Step2: db = (30.6m/s/2)5.23s
Step 3:db = (15.3m/s)*5.23s
Step 4:db = 80.0m

Stopping distance:
ds = dr + db 45.9+80.0 = 125.9 m

Lesson 1.9: Newtons First &

Second Laws of Motion

What are factors affecting

deceleration?

Forces of friction:
Force of air resistance
2.
Force of road resistance (Ice or wet conditions should be
considered since they decrease this force
3.
Force applied by the braking system
NET FORCE: sum of all these forces
1.

Mass: The larger the mass, the longer it takes to

decelerate.
Try question 43-44 on page 222

Newtons Laws

There are 3 laws of motion

We will begin looking at them in this
order for understandings sake:

Newtons 2nd Law

Newtons 1st Law
Newtons 3rd Law

What is Newtons Second law

An

object will accelerate in the direction of the

net force
Formula: a = F
or Fnet = ma
m

In Your Databooks
Units for
Force are
kg*m/s/s or
N

[]

2nd Law

F
m

[]
a

Example of Newtons Second law

A vehicle with a mass of 1250 kg is travelling 45 km/h

east, when the driver brakes and stops. a) Determine
acceleration if the force is 7000N.

Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:

b) Determine the length of time the net force must be

applied to stop (using your acceleration formula)

Step 1: t = (vf-vi)/a
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:

Try questions 45-46 on page 226.

What is Newtons 1st Law of Motion

In

the absence of a net force, an object in

motion will tend to maintain its velocity and an
object at rest will tend to remain at rest.
Net Force can be calculated by adding the
applied force and the frictional forces.

Forces in a West and South direction are negative.

Forces in a North and East direction are positive.
[]
[]
[]

Appling Newtons first law

a)

Determine the net force & acceleration of:

A motorcycle with a mass of 245 kg, applies a force of
1880N [W] to over come frictional forces of 520N [E].
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:

b)

A car with a mass of 1075 kg, applies a force of 4800N

[W] to overcome frictional forces of 4800N [E]
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:
Which Example Illustrates Isaac Newtons 1st Law?

What is inertia?
Inertia

is the property of an object to resist

changes in its state of motion.
Try practice questions 47-49 on page 233.
Which object from the slide before (245kg or
1075 kg) has the most inertia?
1075 kg has more inertia than the 245 kg
object because it resists changes more.

Seatbelts Why do they work?

Discuss

in your groups the usefulness of a

seatbelt using Newtons 1st Law and Inertia.
Pick a spokes person to share with the class
your answer.
Watch This

Lesson 2.4: A closer look at forces

and Newtons Third Law

Newtons 3rd Law

Whenever

on object exerts a force on a second

object, the second object exerts an equal but
opposite force on the first object.
F 1 on 2 = -F 2 on 1

Other examples of the 3rd Law

A car is cruising
down the street.

A rocket is lifting
off toward space.

A ball is dropped off

a very tall building.

The cars tires push

down on the road.

The rocket pushes down

on the gas (rocket fuel
exhaust).

The Earth is pulling

the ball down.

The road is pushing up

on the cars tires.

The gas pushes up

on the rocket.

The ball is pulling

up the Earth!

Example Problems
Identify

the action and reaction forces in the

illustration illustrations handed out to you.
Illustrations

the forces.

will be handed out for you to label

SEE WHAT YOU KNOW

An object will accelerate in the direction of

the net force

Fnet = Fa + Ff

F 1 on 2 = -F 2 on 1

Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the

second object exerts an equal but opposite force on the first
object.

Fnet = ma

In the absence of a net force, an object in motion will tend to

maintain its velocity and an object at rest will tend to remain at
rest.

Newtons 2nd Law

Newtons 1st Law

Newtons 3rd Law

An object will accelerate in

the direction of the net
force

In the absence of a net

force, an object in motion
will tend to maintain its
velocity and an object at
rest will tend to remain at
rest.

Whenever one object exerts

a force on a second object,
the second object exerts an
equal but opposite force on
the first object.

Fnet = ma

Fnet = Fa = Ff

F 1 on 2 = -F 2 on 1

Which of Newtons Laws

is demonstrated in the
word problem below?
(Place a check mark
under the correct
heading)

a)A vehicle with a mass of 1250 kg is accelerating at 5.6 m/s/s East. Determine,
just the force of the vehicle.
Step 1: Fnet = ma, m = 1250 kg, a = 5.6 m/s/s
Step 2: Fnet = 1250 kg*5.6 m/s/s [E]
Step 3: Fnet = 7000 N [E]
Step 4: Fnet = 7.0 X 103 N [E]

Chapter 2: Collisions

2.1 Momentum
2.2 Change in momentum

Lesson 2.1: Momentum

Momentum
The

product of an objects mass and its

velocity.

momentum
(kg*m/s)

mass

velocity

Label your
databooks

(kg)

(m/s)

Pg. 2

Example Problem 2.1

Determine the momentum of a vehicle with a
mass of 2100 kg moving at a velocity of
22 m/s[E].

Example Problem 2.1

Determine the momentum of a vehicle with a
mass of 2100 kg moving at a velocity of
22 m/s [E]. (Let east be the positive direction)
SOLUTION
Step 1: p = mv, m = 2100 kg, v = +22 m/s [E], p = ?
Step 2: p = mv; p = (2100 kg) (+22 m/s)
p = + 4.6 X 104 kg*m/s [E]

Now You Try

Can

these objects have the same momentum,?

= 0.43 kg,
m = 0.17kg,
m= 0.058kg
If the velocity is the same, which object has the
most momentum?
If the momentum is the same, which object will
have the highest speed?

More practice
Do

# 1-5 of the Chapter 2 questions in your

Assignment Book
Q 1)
Q 2)
Q 3)
Q 4)
Q 5)

See What You Know

1. Momentum is the product of an objects ______ and its
__________.
2. Write the formula for finding momentum.
3. Fill in the units for each value:
m = _____, v = _____, p = _____
4. Determine the momentum of a vehicle with a mass of
2020 kg moving at a velocity of 24 m/s[E].
5. Which object will have the larger momentum if moving
at the same velocity? A bowling ball or a soccer ball?

See What You Know

1. Momentum is the product of an objects mass and its
velocity.
2. Write the formula for finding momentum.
p = mv
3. Fill in the units for each value:
m = kg, v = m/s, p = kg*m/s
4. Determine the momentum of a vehicle with a mass of
2020 kg moving at a velocity of 24 m/s[E]. 4.8 E4
5. Which object will have the larger momentum if moving at
the same velocity? A bowling ball or a soccer ball?

Lesson 2.2: Change in Momentum

Momentum Changes

Momentum of an owl changes when it interacts with its

prey because the velocity changes.
Momentum of a snow ball changes when a person rolls it
across a field because the mass changes.
Equation for momentum is p = mv, so a change in
momentum is caused by change in mass(m) or
velocity(v). (we will focus on change in
velocity for
the rest of class)
What variable in the formula changes for the
owl?
velocity

Change in Momentum
A change in momentum is equal to the mass
times the change in velocity.
Formula: p = m(vf-vi)

Example Problem (add this to your

notes)
A 4.00 kg water balloon reaches a velocity of 31.3
m/s just before striking the ground. The velocity
of the balloon is 0 m/s after striking the ground.
Calculate the change in momentum.
Answer:
Step1
p = m(vf-vi)
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4

p = 4.00 kg(0 m/s 31.3 m/s)

p = 4.00 kg(-31.3 m/s)
p =-125.2 kg*m/s= -1.25 X102 kg*m/s

Force formulas that cause Change in

Momentum
1. FIRST FORCE FORMULA:
a
a = vf-vi
and F =m (vf-vi)
t
t

Force is equal to the mass times change in velocity,

divided by time.
2. SECOND FORCE FORMULA
m(v
pf-vi)
p = m (vf-vi) and F=

t
Force is equal to the change in momentum
divided by time.

Force formulas that cause Change

in Momentum in your databooklets
F = Force (N)
m = mass (kg)
This formula Rearranged is:
F= p
t
Copy this formula in your
databook, next to the force
formula.

vf = final velocity (m/s)

vi = initial velocity (m/s)
t = time (s)
p = momentum (kg*m/s)

Data Tool Kit

m=
vf =
vi =
t=
NOTE: your direction will be [W]

Calculations
1st Force Formula:

F = m(vf-vi)/t

Your Momentum:

p = m(vf-vi)

2nd Force Formula:

F = p/t

Your Momentum by manipulating the

2nd Force Formula:

Example Problem #1 (2.4 in the text)

A 2.1 kg barn owl flying at a velocity of 15 m/s[E] strikes head-on
with the windshield of a car travelling 30 m/s[W]. If the time
interval for the impact was 6.7 X10-3s, determine the force that
acted on the owl.
ANSWER:
Step 1 F = m(vf-vi), m=2.1kg, vf=-30m/s, vi=15m/s,
t
Step 2 F = 2.1 kg(-30m/s 15m/s) = 2.1 kg(-45 m/s)
6.7X10-3s
Step 3 F = -1.4X104 kg*m/s2
Step 4 F = -1.4X104 N OR 1.4X104 N[W]

6.7X10-3s

Example problem #2
A 2000 kg car travelling at 25 m/s [E] strikes a tree and
comes to rest.
rest
a) Calculate the change in momentum.
b) If the impact took 0.23 s, determine the force exerted on
the car using the momentum from a).
Answer:
a) p = m(vf-vi) = 2000kg(0m/s-25m/s) = -50X103 N [E]
b) F = p = -50X103 N = -217391 N = 2.2X105 N [E]
t

0.23 s

Try some on your own

A 500 g ball thrown at a velocity of 5.00 m/s
strikes a wall. After 0.25 s, the ball rebounds
back with a velocity of 4.50 m/s.
a) What is the change in momentum?
b) What is the force exerted on the ball using
F = m(vf-vi)/t ?
c) What is the force exerted on the ball using
F = p/t ?
1.

Answers to Try It On Your Own

a) What is the change in momentum?
m=(Convert 500g/1000) = 0.5 kg, vf = 4.50m/s, vi= 5.00m/s
p=m(vf-vi)/t = 0.5 kg(4.50m/s-5.00m/s)
p=-0.25 kg*m/s OR -0.25 N

b) What is the force exerted on the ball using F = m(vf-vi)/t ?

F = 0.5kg(4.50m/s-5.00m/s)/0.25 s
F = -0.25 kg*m/s / 0.25 s = -1.0 kg*m/s/s or -1.0 N

c) What is the force exerted on the ball using F = p/t ?

F = p/t
F = -0.25 kg*m/s / 0.25 s = -1.0 kg*m/s/s or -1.0 N

Factors Affecting Change in Momentum

Change in momentum depends on the force
applied to the object and the time interval over
which the force acts.
Formula: momentum can be determined from the
force formula manipulated
p

Highlight the formula in your databook and add the

triangle.

Example Problem 2.5

Calculate the p for:
Case 1: Two dogs pull a sled,
each with a force of 15 N
and a total force of 30 N. If
they pull for 10 s, what is
their change in momentum?
p = Ft
p = 30 N*10 s= 3.0E2 kg*m/s
Case 2: Four dogs pull a sled,
each with a force of 15 N
and a total force of 60 N if
they pull for 10 s, what is
their change in momentum?
p = Ft
p = 60N * 10s= 6.0E2 kg*m/s

Case 3: Two dogs pull a sled,

each with a force of 15 N
and a total force of 30 N. If
they pull for 5 s, what is
their change in momentum?
p = Ft
p = 30 N * 5s = 1.5E2 kg*m/s
Case 4: Four dogs pull a sled,
each with a force of 7.5 N
and a total force of 30 N if
they pull for 10 s, what is
their change in momentum?
p = Ft
p = 30N * 10s= 3.0E2 kg*m/s

Case Study Questions

1.
2.
3.

4.

Which dog sled had the most momentum and

why?
Which dog sled had the least momentum and
why?
Why did case 1 and 4 have the same
momentum, even though they had a different
number of dogs?
What two factors affect momentum?

Try it on your own

Try practice questions #6, 8 and 9 from your

assignment books.

If you need more practice Try practice questions #7,8

on pg. 251

See What You Know

1. Name two factors that affect a change in momentum?
2. A 2.1 kg barn owl flying at a velocity of 15 m/s[E] strikes head-on
with the windshield of a car travelling 30 m/s[W]. If the time interval
for the impact was 6.7 X10-3s, determine the force that acted on the owl.
3. What is the 2nd Force Formula?
4. Four dogs pull a sled, each with a force of 15 N and a total force of 60 N
if they pull for 10 s, what is their change in momentum?
5. Is momentum a scalar or a vector quantity?

See What You Know

1. Name two factors that can affect a change in momentum?
a change in mass and a change in velocity OR force and a change in time
2. A 2.1 kg barn owl flying at a velocity of 15 m/s[E] strikes head-on
with the windshield of a car travelling 30 m/s[W]. If the time interval
for the impact was 6.7 X10-3s, determine the force that acted on the owl.
Step 1 F = m(vf-vi), m=2.1kg, vf=-30m/s, vi=15m/s,
t
Step 2 F = 2.1 kg(-30m/s 15m/s) = 2.1 kg(-45 m/s)
6.7X10-3s
6.7X10-3s
Step 3 F = -1.4X104 kg*m/s2
Step 4 F = -1.4X104 N OR 1.4X104 N[W]

See What You Know

3. What is the 2nd Force Formula?
F = p
t
4. Four dogs pull a sled, each with a force of 15 N and a total
force of 60 N if they pull for 10 s, what is their change in
momentum?
p = Ft
p = 60N * 10s= + 6.0E2 kg*m/s
5. Is momentum a scalar or a vector quantity?
quantity

Lesson 2.3: Impulse

What is impulse?
The

product of the net force applied to an

object and the time interval during which the
force acts.
Is also equal to the
change in momentum.

What two factors influence

impulse?
From

the description of impulse, what do you

think are the two factors that influence
impulse?
Force and Time
Underline Force and Time in the description
(located in the last slide)

What is the formula for impulse?

Impulse does not have its own symbol, it is
represented by the word impulse or the variables
Ft.

impulse = Ft

Where is impulse in the databook?

Highlight this on
page 2 of your
databooks

UNITS

F = kg*m/s2 OR N
t= s
Impulse = N*s

Example of solving a impulse

problem?
A hockey puck strikes a goalies mask. The time
interval of the impact with the mask is 0.012 s,
during which the mask exerts a force of 400 N to
change the momentum of the puck. Determine
the impulse provided by the mask on the puck.
impulse = Ft
impulse = + 400 N * 0.012 s
impulse = + 4.8 N*s

Impulse and Destructive/NonDestructive Force.

An

impulse can keep destructive forces as

small as possible by allowing for a long time
interval for the interaction.
impulse = Ft

On the other hand

An

impulse = Ft

impulse can increase destructive forces by

allowing only a short time interval for the
interaction.

What are ways that impulse affects

our daily lives?
Impulse affects...
How sports equipment is designed
The design of safety features in vehicles such
as plastic shock absorbing bumpers, padded
dashboards, shock-absorbing steering wheel,
seat belts and air bags.
How we catch a baseball
How crash barriers are designed
How we remove snow from our boots
Etc.

Lesson 2.5: Conservation of

Momentum

Lesson 2.6: Designing a helmet