MECH4450 Introduction To Finite Element Methods: FEA of Axially Loaded Bar
MECH4450 Introduction To Finite Element Methods: FEA of Axially Loaded Bar
MECH4450 Introduction To Finite Element Methods: FEA of Axially Loaded Bar
Element Methods
Weighted-Integral Formulation
L d du
0
w EA( x) f ( x) dx 0
dx dx
Weak Form
L
dw du du
L
0 EA( x) wf ( x) dx w EA( x)
0
dx dx dx 0
Finite Element Method Piecewise
Approximation
u
u
x
x +1
+1
+1
=0
Approximation Methods Finite
Element Method
Example:
Find the displacement field
Step 1: Discretization
1 2 3
1 2 3 4
dw
x2
du
x dx
EA( x ) w( x ) f ( x ) dx wx2 P2 wx1 P1 0
1
dx
Approximation Methods Finite
Element Method
Example (cont):
x x
x1 x2 x1 x0 x1
l
x2 x x x1 1x 1 x
1 ; 2 1 ; 2
l l 2 2
x x x1 1; x
2 x 1l x
1
l 2
Approximation Methods Finite
Element Method
Example (cont):
x2
1 fdx
EA 1 1 u1 x1 P1 f1 P1
l 1 1 u2 x2 P2 f 2 P2
2 fdx
x1
Approximation Methods Finite
Element Method
Example (cont):
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Element 2:
E II AII 0 1 1 0 u1II f1II P1II
l II 0 1 1 0 u2II f 2II P2II
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Element 3:
E III AIII 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
l III 0 0 1 1 u1III f1III P1III
0 0 1 1 u2III f 2III P2III
Approximation Methods Finite
Element Method
Example (cont):
E I AI E I AI
lI I 0 0
l
E A u1 f1 P1 f1I P1I
I I
E I AI E II AII E II AII
II 0 u2 f 2 P2 f 2I f1II P2I P1II
lI lI l l II
II III
II III
0 E II AII E II AII E III AIII E III AIII u3 f 3 P3 f 2 f1 P2 P1
II III
l II l III u4 f 4 P4 f III P III
l l
III III
2 2
0 E III AIII E A
0 III
l l III
Approximation Methods Finite
Element Method
Example (cont):
l II l II
l III
III u3 f 3 0
l
u4 f 4 P
E III AIII E A
III III
0 III
l l III
Approximation Methods Finite
Element Method
What if u1 a
Condensed system:
K 22 K 23 K 24 u2 F2 K 21
K
32 K33 K34 u3 F3 a K31
K 42 K 43 K 44 u4 F4 K 41
Approximation Methods Finite
Element Method
Example (cont):
Step 7: solution
1 2 3 x2
1 2 3 4 1 fdx
EA 1 1 u 1x P1 f1 P1
1
l 1 1 u2 x2
Element equation for linear bar element:
P2 f 2 P2
2 fdx
Global system: x1
E I AI E I AI
I
I 0 0
l l
E I AI E I AI E II AII E II AII u1 F1 f1I P1I
l I lI
II
l
l II
0 u2 F2 f I f II P I P II
III III II
2 1
III
2II 1III
E II AII E II AII E III AIII E A u3 F3 f f P P
0 II III 2 III 1 2 III 1
l l II l III l u4 F4 f 2 P2
E III AIII E III AIII
0 0 III
l l III
Exercises Linear Element
Example 1:
E = 100 GPa, A = 1 cm2
Force vector:
f1 f1I 1 P1 P1I
f I II
2 f 2 f1 2 P2 0
II III
f
3 2 f f1 2 P3 0
f 4 f 2III 1 P4 10
Example 1:
E = 100 GPa, A = 1 cm2
Condensed system:
2 1 0 u2 2 u2 15
107 1 2 1 u3 2 7
u3 28 10 m
0 1 1 u4 11 u 39
4
Displacement field:
x0
x 0,1 u u11 u22 u22 15 107 15 x 107 m
1
2 x x 1
x 1, 2 u u21 u32 15 28 107 13x 2 107 m
1 1
3 x x2
x 2,3 u u31 u42 28 39 107 11x 6 107 m
1 1
Linear Formulation for Bar Element
u1 f(x) u2
u
P1 P2
x x=x1 L = x2-x1 x= x2
P1 f1 K11 K12 u1
P2 f 2 K12 K 22 u2
di d j
x2 x2
where K ij EA dx K ji , f i i f dx
x1 dx dx x1
1 1 2 1
x=x1 x=x2
x
Higher Order Formulation for Bar Element
u1 u2 u3
u
x 1 2 3
u1 u2 u3 u4
u
x 1 2 3 4
u1 u2 u3 u4 un
u
x 1 2 3 4 n
x x=x1 x= x2
x 0 x l
x x x1
x1 x2
x
Natural (or Normal) Coordinate: x
2
l/2
x=-1 x x=1
x 1 x 1
1 , 2
1 2 2 2
x=-1 x x=1
x x 1 x 1x
1 , 2 x 1x 1, 3
2 2
1 2 3
9 1 1
x=-1 x x=1 1 x x x 1, 2
27
x 1 x 1 x 1
16 3 3 16 3
1 2 3 4 3
27
x 1 x 1 x 1, 4 9 x 1 x 1 x 1
16 3 16 3 3
Quadratic Formulation for Bar Element
P1 f 1 K 11 K 12 K 13 u1
P2 f 2 K 12 K 22 K 23 u2
P f K K 33
3 3 13 K 23 3
u
3 1
2
where = dx = d
1 1
x2 1
l
and f i i f dx i f d x , i, j 1, 2, 3
x1 1
2
1 3
2
x x 1 x 1x
u( x ) u11 ( x ) u2 2 ( x ) u3 3 ( x ) u1 u2 x 1x 1 u3
2 2
x x 1 x 1x
1 , 2 x 1x 1, 3
2 2
1 2 1 2 3 2 + 1
= = 2 =
2 2
1
1
2 1 2 1 2 7 2 1 2 8
11 = d = 12 = 2 d =
1 2 2 3 1 2 3
1 1
2 1 2 + 1 2 2 16
13 = d = 22 = 2 2 d =
1 2 2 3 1 3
1
1
2 + 1 2 8 2 + 1 2 + 1 2 7
23 = 2 d = 33 = d =
2 3 1 2 2 3
1
Exercises Quadratic Element
Element 1 Element 2
7 8 1 u1 P1 7 8 1 u1 P1
1 1 2 2
EA1
8 16 8 u21 P21
EA2
8 16 8 u22 P22
3L 3L
1 8 7 u31 P31 2 2
1 8 7 u3 P3
Example 2:
Imposing boundary conditions
7 EA 8EA1 EA1 0 0
1
3L
3L 3L
0 P1
8EA1 8EA1 0
16 EA1
0
3L u 0
3L 3L 8EA2 EA3 2
EA1
7 EA1 7 EA2
3L u3 5
8EA1
3L 3L 3L 3L
3L 8EA2 u4 0
8EA2 16 EA2
0 0 3L 3L u5 10
3L
8EA2 7 EA2
EA3
0 0
3L 3L 3L
Solutions: u2 0.0008
u 0.0015
3
m
u
4 0.0023
u5 0.0030
Non-standard Cases
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