Chapter 6

Differential Calculus

The two basic forms of calculus are

1
 Differentiation and the Derivative
The study of calculus usually begins with
the basic definition of a derivative. A
derivative is obtained through the process
of differentiation, and the study of all forms
of differentiation is collectively referred to
as differential calculus.If we begin with a
function and determine its derivative, we
arrive at a new function called the first
derivative. If we differentiate the first
derivative, we arrive at a new function
called the second derivative, and so on.
2
The derivative of a function is the
slope at a given point.
y

y  f ( x)

y

x

x 3
 Various Symbols for the Derivative

dy df ( x)
or f '( x) or
dx dx

dy y
Definition:  lim
dx x 0 x
4
 Figure 6-2(a). Piecewise Linear
Function (Continuous).

(a) y  f ( x) Continuous Function

5
 Figure 6-2(b). Piecewise Linear
Function (Finite Discontinuities).

(b) y  f ( x)
Discontinuities

x1 x2 x3 x

6
 Piecewise Linear Segment
( x2 , y2 )

y2  y1

( x1 , y1 )
x2  x1
7
Slope of a Piecewise Linear Segment

dy y2  y1
 slope 
dx x2  x1

8
Example 6-1. Plot the first derivative
of the function shown below.
(a) y  f ( x)
12

2 4 6 8 10 x

-12
9
(a) y  f ( x)
12

2 4 6 8 10 x

-12

(b)
dy
 f '( x)
dx 6
3

-12 10
Development of a Simple Derivative

yx 2

y  y  ( x  x ) 2

y  y  x  2 xx  (x )
2 2

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Development of a Simple Derivative
Continuation

y  2 xx  (x) 2

y
 2 x  x
x
dy y
 lim  2x
dx x 0 x
12
 Chain Rule

y  f (u ) u  u ( x)
dy df (u ) du du
  f '(u )
dx du dx dx
df (u )
where f '(u ) 
du 13
Example 6-2. Approximate the derivative
of y=x2 at x=1 by forming small changes.

y (1)  (1)  1
2

y (1.01)  (1.01)  1.0201

y  1.0201  1  0.0201
dy y 0.0201
   2.01
dx x 0.01
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Example 6-3. The derivative of sin u
with respect to u is given below.
d
 sin u   cos u
du
Use the chain rule to find the
derivative with respect to x of

y  4sin x 2

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Example 6-3. Continuation.

ux 2

du
 2x
dx
dy du dy du
 f '(u ) 
dx dx du dx
 4(cos u )(2 x)  8 x cos x 2

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 Table 6-1. Derivatives
f (x) f '(x) DerivativeNumber
af (x) af '(x) D-1
u(x)v(x) u'(x)v'(x) D-2
f (u) du df (u) du D-3
f '(u) 
dx du dx
a 0 D-4
xn (n0) nxn1 D-5

un (n0) du
nun1 D-6
dx
uv dv du
u v D-7
dx dx
u du dv
v u D-8
v dx dx
v2
eu du
eu D-9
dx
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Table 6-1. Derivatives (Continued)
a u
du
ln a  a u
D -1 0
dx
ln u 1 du
D -1 1
u dx
lo g a u 1 du
lo g a e  D -1 2
u dx
s in u  du 
cos u   D -1 3
 dx 
cos u du
 s in u D -1 4
dx
ta n u du
sec2 u D -1 5
dx
1
s in u 1 du   1  
   s in u   D -1 6
1  u 2 dx  2 2 
 1
 1 du
cos u
dx
0  cos 1
u    D -1 7
1  u 2

 1
ta n u 1 du   1  
   ta n u   D -1 8
1  u 2 dx  2 2 
18
Example 6-4. Determine dy/dx for
the function shown below.

y  x sin x
2

dy dv du
u v
dx dx dx

x 2 d  sin x   sin x
d  x 2

dx dx
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Example 6-4. Continuation.

dy
 x cos x  sin x  2 x 
2

dx
 x cos x  2 x sin x
2

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 Example 6-5. Determine dy/dx for
the function shown below.
sin x
y
x
du dv d  sin x  d  x
v u x  sin x
dy
 dx 2 dx  dx
2
dx
dx v x
x cos x  sin x
 2
x
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Example 6-6. Determine dy/dx for
the function shown below.
x2 2
 x
ye 2 u
2
 x2 
d  
du  2   1
      2x    x
dx dx  2
x2 x2
dy  
e 2
  x    xe 2
dx
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 Higher-Order Derivatives

y  f ( x)
dy df ( x)
 f '( x) 
dx dx
2 2
d y d f ( x) d  dy 
2
 f ''( x)  2
  
dx dx dx  dx 
3
d y d f ( x) d d y 
3
 2

3
 f ( x) 
(3)
3
  2
dx dx dx  dx 

23
Example 6-7. Determine the 2nd
derivative with respect to x of the
function below.

y  5sin 4 x
dy d
 5(cos 4 x)  (4 x)  20 cos 4 x
dx dx
2
d y d
2
 20   sin 4 x   (4 x )  80sin 4 x
dx dx
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 Applications: Maxima and Minima

1. Determine the derivative.

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Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration

Displacement y
dy
Velocity v
dt
2
dv d y
Acceleration a  2
dt dt
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Example 6-8. Determine local maxima
or minima of function below.

y  f ( x)  x  6 x  9 x  2
3 2

dy
 3 x  12 x  9
2

dx
3x  12 x  9  0
2

x  1 and x  3
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Example 6-8. Continuation.
dy
 3 x  12 x  9
2

dx
2
d y
2
 6 x  12
dx
For x = 1, f”(1) = -6. Point is a maximum and
ymax= 6.

For x = 3, f”(3) = 6. Point is a minimum and