Mekanika Tanah: Bochori

MEKANIKA TANAH
Bochori
197410252002121003
JURUSAN TEKNIK PERTAMBANGAN

FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNSRI 2010
INTRODUCTION
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Soil is a natural body consisting of layers of
mineral constituents of variable thicknesses,
which differ from the parent materials in their
morphological, physical, chemical, and
mineralogical characteristics 3
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Preface
Main Contents:
- Soil Physical Characteristics and Classification
- Permeability and Stress in Soil
- Deformation, Consolidation & Settlement
- Shear Strength Theory
- Earth Pressure & Retaining Walls’ Design
- Slope Stability
- Bearing Capability
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
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Geotechnical engineering has been practiced since antiquity. The first known building code
was the Sumerian Code of Lipit-Ishtar, found in Nippur in present day Iraq, and written
between 1868 to 1857 BC. It was soon followed by the code written by emperor Hammurabi
(1792-1750 BC), the founder of the Babylonian Empire. In the Code, there were detailed
punishments prescribed for poorly built foundations and buildings (see the next slide).
In India, some earth dams currently in use for irrigation were originally built 40,000 years
ago.
foundations 5,000
Chinese engineers developed stone mat years ago for buildings placed upon marshy soils
of the Yangtze River by linking the stones with lead keys.
Egyptian thinking was deeply rooted to their soil. In fact, the word “Egypt” meant “dark soil”
in the ancient Coptic language, derived from the black fertile mud that covered the land after
the annual flooding of the Nile each early June. Everything revolved around the Nile (named
“Hapi” by Ramses III), including the development of canals, levees and driven wooden piles
4,500 years ago.
Wood piles have recently been unearthed in Lucerne, Switzerland, that are over 4,000 years
old.
In Persia, aqueducts (“kanats”) were dug into mountains 10,000 years ago that are still in
daily use today. They supply endless water without pumps.
In Peru, steep slopes were stabilized with terraces for cultivation 8,500 years ago (slides of
the more recent terraces at Machu Picchu are shown next). The Inca’s developed their
famous road system (the Qhapaq Ñan) extending from Columbia to present day Argentina.
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1. Soil Formations and Deposits
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1.1 Rock Cycles
Soils The final products

due to weathering are
soils
(Das, 1998)
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1.2 Bowen’s Reaction Series
 The reaction series are similar to the weathering stability series.
More stable
Higher weathering resistance
(Das, 1998)
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1.3 Weathering
 Chelation
1.3.1 Physical processes of weathering –Involves the complexing and
 Unloading removal of metal ions .
– e.g. uplift, erosion, or change in fluid  Cation exchange
pressure. – is important to the formation of
clay minerals
 Thermal expansion and contraction
 Oxidation and reduction.
 Alternate wetting and drying  Carbonation
 Crystal growth, including frost action –is the combination of carbonate
ions such as the reaction with CO2
 Organic activity
– e.g. the growth of plant roots. 1.3.3 Factors affect weathering
 Many factors can affect the
weathering process such as
1.3.2 Chemical Process of weathering climate, topography, features of
 Hydrolysis parent rocks, biological reactions,
– is the reaction with water and others.
–will not continue in the static water.  Climate determines the amount of
–involves solubility of silica and alumina water and the temperature.
(Mitchell, 1993)
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1.4 Transportation of Weathering Products
1.4.1 Residual soils- 1.4.2 Transported soils-
to remain at the original to be moved and deposited to
place other places.
 In Hong Kong areas, the top
 The particle sizes of transported
layer of rock is decomposed
into residual soils due to the soils are selected by the
warm climate and abundant transportation agents such as
rainfall . streams, wind, etc.
 Engineering properties of – Interstratification of silts and
residual soils are different with clays.
those of transported soils  The transported soils can be
 The knowledge of "classical" categorize based on the mode of
geotechnical engineering is transportation and deposition (six
mostly based on behavior of
types).
transported soils. The
understanding of residual soils
is insufficient in general.
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1.4.2 Transported Soils (Cont.)
(1) Glacial soils: formed by transportation and deposition of

glaciers.
(2) Alluvial soils: transported by running water and deposited
along streams.
(3) Lacustrine soils: formed by deposition in quiet lakes (e.g.
soils in Taipei basin).
(4) Marine soils: formed by deposition in the seas (Hong
Kong).
(5) Aeolian soils: transported and deposited by the wind (e.g.
soils in the loess plateau, China).
(6) Colluvial soils: formed by movement of soil from its
original place by gravity, such as during
landslide (Hong Kong). (from Das, 1998)
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ANY QUESTION?
TERIMA KASIH
SAMPAI JUMPA MINGGU DEPAN

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MEKANIKA TANAH

JURUSAN TEKNIK PERTAMBANGAN

- Permeability and Stress in Soil

- Deformation, Consolidation & Settlement

- Shear Strength Theory

- Earth Pressure & Retaining Walls’ Design

Soils The final products

(1) Glacial soils: formed by transportation and deposition of

SAMPAI JUMPA MINGGU DEPAN

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